Top

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

03-01-2019 | Original Paper

A Randomised-Controlled Trial of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children

Auteurs: Hajar Mazahery, Cathryn A. Conlon, Kathryn L. Beck, Owen Mugridge, Marlena C. Kruger, Welma Stonehouse, Carlos A. Camargo Jr., Barbara J. Meyer, Bobby Tsang, Beatrix Jones, Pamela R. von Hurst

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 5/2019

Abstract

We evaluated the efficacy of vitamin D (VID), omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFA, OM), or both (VIDOM) on core symptoms of ASD. New Zealand children with ASD (n = 73; aged 2.5–8.0 years) received daily 2000 IU vitamin D₃, 722 mg docosahexaenoic acid, both, or placebo. Outcome measures were Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Sensory Processing Measure (SPM). Of 42 outcome measures comparisons (interventions vs. placebo), two showed greater improvements (P = 0.03, OM and VIDOM for SRS-social awareness) and four showed trends for greater improvements (P < 0.1, VIDOM for SRS-social communicative functioning, OM for SRS-total, VIDOM for SPM-taste/smell and OM for SPM-balance/motion). Omega-3 LCPUFA with and without vitamin D may improve some core symptoms of ASD but no definitive conclusions can be made.

vorige artikel Parental Perceptions of a Comprehensive Diagnostic Evaluation for Toddlers at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder

volgende artikel Not So Fast: Autistic traits and Anxious Apprehension in Real-World Visual Search Scenarios

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Al-Haidar, F. A. (2008). Parental attitudes toward the prescription of psychotropic medications for their children. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 15(1), 35–42.

Allaire, J., Harris, W. S., Vors, C., Charest, A., Marin, J., Jackson, K. H., & Lamarche, B. (2017). Supplementation with high-dose docosahexaenoic acid increases the Omega-3 Index more than high-dose eicosapentaenoic acid. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 120, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2017.03.008. CrossRef

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association CrossRef

Amminger, G. P., Berger, G. E., Schafer, M. R., Klier, C., Friedrich, M. H., & Feucht, M. (2007). Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: A double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biological Psychiatry, 61(4), 551–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.007. CrossRefPubMed

Azzam, H. M. E., Sayyah, H., Youssef, S., Lotfy, H., Abdelhamid, I. A., Elhamed, A., & Maher, S. (2015). Autism and vitamin D: An intervention study. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 22(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.xme.0000457269.05570.78. CrossRef

Bandini, L. G., Anderson, S. E., Curtin, C., Cermak, S., Evans, E. W., Scampini, R., & Must, A. (2010). Food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. Journal of Pediatrics, 157(2), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.02.013. CrossRefPubMed

Bender, B. G., Ellison, M. C., Gleason, M., Murphy, J. R., Sundstrom, D. A., & Szefler, S. J. (2003). Minimizing attrition in a long-term clinical trial of pediatric asthma. Annals of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, 91(2), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62173-4. CrossRef

Bent, S., Bertoglio, K., Ashwood, P., Bostrom, A., & Hendren, R. L. (2011). A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Devevlopmental Disorder, 41(5), 545–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1078-8. CrossRef

Bent, S., Hendren, R. L., Zandi, T., Law, K., Choi, J. E., Widjaja, F., & Law, P. (2014). Internet-based, randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for hyperactivity in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(6), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.01.018. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bolte, S., Poustka, F., & Constantino, J. N. (2008). Assessing autistic traits: cross-cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS). Autism Research, 1(6), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.49. CrossRefPubMed

Boone, K. M., Gracious, B., Klebanoff, M. A., Rogers, L. K., Rausch, J., Coury, D. L., & Keim, S. A. (2017). Omega-3 and -6 fatty acid supplementation and sensory processing in toddlers with ASD symptomology born preterm: A randomized controlled trial. Early Human Development, 115, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.09.015. CrossRefPubMed

Brown, T., Morrison, I. C., & Stagnitti, K. (2010). The reliability of two sensory processing scales used with school-age children: Comparing the response consistency of mothers, fathers, and classroom teachers rating the same child. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 3(4), 331–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/19411243.2010.541775. CrossRef

Brown, T., & Subel, C. (2013). Known-group validity of the infant toddler sensory profile and the sensory processing measure-preschool. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 6(1), 54–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/19411243.2013.771101. CrossRef

Cass, W. A., Smith, M. P., & Peters, L. E. (2006). Calcitriol protects against the dopamine- and serotonin-depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 1074, 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1369.023. CrossRef

Cheng, Y. S., Tseng, P. T., Chen, Y. W., Stubbs, B., Yang, W.-C., Chen, T. Y., & Lin, P. Y. (2017). Supplementation of omega 3 fatty acids may improve hyperactivity, lethargy, and stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 2531–2543. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S147305. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cholemkery, H., Kitzerow, J., Rohrmann, S., & Freitag, C. (2014). Validity of the social responsiveness scale to differentiate between autism spectrum disorders and disruptive behaviour disorders. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(2), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0427-5. CrossRefPubMed

Constantino, J., & Gruber, C. (2012). The social responsiveness scale, Second Edition (SRS-2). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Dugas, C., Simard, M.-N., Fombonne, E., & Couture, M. (2017). Comparison of two tools to assess sensory features in children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2018.024604. CrossRef

Emond, A., Emmett, P., Steer, C., & Golding, J. (2010). Feeding symptoms, dietary patterns, and growth in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 126(2), e337–e342. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2391. CrossRefPubMed

Enko, D., Fridrich, L., Rezanka, E., Stolba, R., Ernst, J., Wendler, I., & Halwachs-Baumann, G. (2014). 25-Hydroxy-vitamin D status: Limitations in comparison and clinical interpretation of serum-levels across different assay methods. Clinica y Laboratorio, 60(9), 1541–1550. https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2014.131114. CrossRef

Fedorova, I., Alvheim, A. R., Hussein, N., & Salem, N. Jr.. (2009). Deficit in prepulse inhibition in mice caused by dietary n–3 fatty acid deficiency. Behavioral Neuroscience. 123(6), 1218–1225. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017446. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Feng, J., Shan, L., Du, L., Wang, B., Li, H., Wang, W., & Jia, F. (2017). Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in autism spectrum disorder. Nutritional Neuroscience, 20(5), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415x.2015.1123847. CrossRefPubMed

Flock, M. R., Skulas-Ray, A. C., Harris, W. S., Etherton, T. D., Fleming, J. A., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2013). Determinants of erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acid content in response to fish oil supplementation: A dose-response randomized controlled trial. Journal of American Heart Association, 2(6), e000513. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.113.000513. CrossRef

Fortunato, J. J., da Rosa, N., Laurentino, M., Goulart, A. O., Michalak, M., Borges, C., & Petronilho, F. (2017). Effects of ω-3 fatty acids on stereotypical behavior and social interactions in Wistar rats prenatally exposed to lipopolysaccarides. Nutrition, 35, 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.019. CrossRefPubMed

Fox, N., Hunn, A., & Mather, N. (1998). Sampling. Trent Focus for Research and Development in Primary Health Care.

Graf-Myles, J., Farmer, C., Thurm, A., Royster, C., Kahn, P., Soskey, L., & Swedo, S. (2013). Dietary adequacy of children with autism compared with controls and the impact of restricted diet. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 34(7), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182a00d17. CrossRefPubMed

Harris, W. S., & Von Schacky, C. (2004). The Omega-3 Index: A new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Preventive Medicine, 39(1), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.030. CrossRefPubMed

Hendren, R. L. (2013). Autism: biomedical complementary treatment approaches. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 22(3), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2013.03.002. vi. CrossRef

Hertz-Picciotto, I., Green, P. G., Delwiche, L., Hansen, R., Walker, C., & Pessah, I. N. (2010). Blood mercury concentrations in CHARGE Study children with and without autism. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(1), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900736. CrossRefPubMed

Holick, M. F., Binkley, N. C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Hanley, D. A., Heaney, R. P., & Weaver, C. M. (2011). Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(7), 1911–1930. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385. CrossRef

Horvath, A., Lukasik, J., & Szajewska, H. (2017). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not affect autism spectrum disorder in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nutrition, 147(3), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.242354. CrossRefPubMed

Humble, M. B., Gustafsson, S., & Bejerot, S. (2010). Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) among psychiatric out-patients in Sweden: relations with season, age, ethnic origin and psychiatric diagnosis. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 121(1–2), 467–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.013. CrossRefPubMed

Institute of Medicine. (2011). Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC, USA: The National Academies Press.

Jia, F., Wang, B., Shan, L., Xu, Z., Staal, W. G., & Du, L. (2015). Core symptoms of autism improved after vitamin D supplementation. Pediatrics, 135(1), e196–e198. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2121. CrossRefPubMed

Johnson, C. R., Handen, B. L., Zimmer, M., & Sacco, K. (2010). Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in young children with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 22(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-009-9152-x. CrossRef

Johnson, S. M., & Hollander, E. (2003). Evidence that eicosapentaenoic acid is effective in treating autism. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(7), 848–849. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v64n0718c. CrossRefPubMed

Karlson, C. W., & Rapoff, M. A. (2009). Attrition in randomized controlled trials for pediatric chronic conditions. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(7), 782–793. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsn122. CrossRefPubMed

Katan, M. B., Deslypere, J. P., van Birgelen, A. P., Penders, M., & Zegwaard, M. (1997). Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: An 18-month controlled study. Journal of Lipid Research, 38(10), 2012–2022. PubMed

Kerley, C. P., Power, C., Gallagher, L., & Coghlan, D. (2017). Lack of effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in autism: A 20-week, placebo-controlled RCT. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102(11), 1030–1036. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-312783. CrossRefPubMed

Lewis, R. D., Laing, E. M., Hill Gallant, K. M., Hall, D. B., McCabe, G. P., Hausman, D. B., & Weaver, C. M. (2013). A randomized trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in children: Dose-response effects on vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(12), 4816–4825. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2728. CrossRef

Logan, V. F., Gray, A. R., Peddie, M. C., Harper, M. J., & Houghton, L. A. (2013). Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation is more effective than vitamin D2 in maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status over the winter months. British Journal of Nutrition, 109(6), 1082–1088. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512002851. CrossRefPubMed

Mankad, D., Dupuis, A., Smile, S., Roberts, W., Brian, J., Lui, T., & Anagnostou, E. (2015). A randomized, placebo controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of young children with autism. Molecular Autism, 6, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0010-7. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Marí-Bauset, S., Llopis-González, A., Zazpe-García, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., & Morales-Suárez-Varela, M. (2015). Nutritional status of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): A case–control study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disordorder, 45(1), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2205-8. CrossRef

Mazahery, H., Camargo, C. A. Jr., Conlon, C., Beck, K. L., Kruger, M. C., & von Hurst, P. R. (2016a). Vitamin D and autism spectrum disorder: A literature review. Nutrients, 8(4), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8040236. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mazahery, H., Conlon, C., Beck, K. L., Kruger, M. C., Stonehouse, W., Camargo, C. A. Jr., & von Hurst, P. R. (2016b). Vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid supplements in children with autism spectrum disorder: A study protocol for a factorial randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trials, 17(1), 295. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1428-8. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mazahery, H., Stonehouse, W., Delshad, M., Kruger, M. C., Conlon, C. A., Beck, K. L., & von Hurst, P. R. (2017). Relationship between long chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and autism spectrum disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control and randomised controlled trials. Nutrients, 9(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020155. CrossRef

Mazahery, H., Stonehouse, W., & von Hurst, P. R. (2015). The effect of monthly 50,000 IU or 100,000 IU vitamin D supplements on vitamin D status in premenopausal Middle Eastern women living in Auckland. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(3), 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.264. CrossRefPubMed

Mazahery, H., & von Hurst, P. R. (2015). Factors affecting 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration in response to vitamin D supplementation. Nutrients, 7(7), 5111–5142. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075111. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

McPheeters, M. L., Warren, Z., Sathe, N., Bruzek, J. L., Krishnaswami, S., Jerome, R. N., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2011). A systematic review of medical treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 127(5), e1312–e1321. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0427. CrossRefPubMed

Meguid, N. A., Atta, H. M., Gouda, A. S., & Khalil, R. O. (2008). Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of Egyptian children with autism. Clinical Biochemistry, 41(13), 1044–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.05.013. CrossRefPubMed

Meiri, G., Bichovsky, Y., & Belmaker, R. H. (2009). Omega 3 fatty acid treatment in autism. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 19(4), 449–451. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2008.0123. CrossRefPubMed

Milte, C. M., Parletta, N., Buckley, J. D., Coates, A. M., Young, R. M., & Howe, P. R. (2012). Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, cognition, and behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition, 28(6), 670–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.12.009. CrossRefPubMed

Ministry of Health and Cancer Society of New Zealand. (2012). Consensus Statement on Vitamin D and Sun Exposure in New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry of Health and Cancer Society of New Zealand.

Ooi, Y. P., Weng, S. J., Jang, L. Y., Low, L., Seah, J., Teo, S., & Sung, M. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acids in the management of autism spectrum disorders: Findings from an open-label pilot study in Singapore. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(8), 969–971. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.28. CrossRefPubMed

Parham, L. D., Ecker, C., Miller-Kuhaneck, H., Henry, D. A., & Glennon, T. (2007). Sensory processing measure (SPM) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Parletta, N., Niyonsenga, T., & Duff, J. (2016). Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and correlations with symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autistic spectrum disorder and typically developing controls. PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0156432. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156432. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Patrick, L., & Salik, R. (2005). The effect of essential fatty acid supplementation on language development and learning skills in autism and Asperger’s syndrome. Autism Asperger’s Digestion, 39, 36–37.

Patrick, R. P., & Ames, B. N. (2015). Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: Relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior. FASEB Journal, 29(6), 2207–2222. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.14-268342. CrossRefPubMed

Raine, A., Portnoy, J., Liu, J., Mahoomed, T., & Hibbeln, J. R. (2015). Reduction in behavior problems with omega-3 supplementation in children aged 8–16 years: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(5), 509–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12314. CrossRefPubMed

Robson, L. G., Dyall, S., Sidloff, D., & Michael-Titus, A. T. (2010). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase the neurite outgrowth of rat sensory neurones throughout development and in aged animals. Neurobiology of Aging, 31(4), 678–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.027. CrossRefPubMed

Rockell, J. E. P., Skeaff, C. M., Venn, B. J., Williams, S. M., & Green, T. J. (2008). Vitamin D insufficiency in New Zealanders during the winter is associated with higher parathyroid hormone concentrations: Implications for bone health? New Zealand Medical Journal, 121(1286), 75–84. PubMed

Rothman, K. J. (1990). No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons. Epidemiology, 1(1), 43–46. CrossRef

Saad, K., Abdel-Rahman, A. A., Elserogy, Y. M., Al-Atram, A. A., Cannell, J. J., Bjorklund, G., & Ali, A. M. (2015). Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutritional Neuroscience., 19(8), 346–351. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830515y.0000000019. CrossRefPubMed

Saad, K., Abdel-Rahman, A. A., Elserogy, Y. M., Al-Atram, A. A., El-Houfey, A. A., Othman, H. A., & Abdel-Salam, A. M. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12652. CrossRefPubMed

Salas, A. A., Woodfin, T., Phillips, V., Peralta-Carcelen, M., Carlo, W. A., & Ambalavanan, N. (2018). Dose–response effects of early vitamin D supplementation on neurodevelopmental and respiratory outcomes of extremely preterm infants at 2 years of age: A randomized trial. Neonatology, 113(3), 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484399. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sifers, S. K., Puddy, R. W., Warren, J. S., & Roberts, M. C. (2002). Reporting of demographics, methodology, and ethical procedures in journals in pediatric and child psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.19. CrossRefPubMed

Singh, K., Connors, S. L., Macklin, E. A., Smith, K. D., Fahey, J. W., Talalay, P., & Zimmerman, A. W. (2014). Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(43), 15550–15555. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416940111. CrossRef

Tang, M., Zhang, M., Cai, H., Li, H., Jiang, P., Dang, R., & Wu, Y. (2016). Maternal diet of polyunsaturated fatty acid altered the cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus and influenced glutamatergic and serotoninergic systems of neonatal female rats. Lipids in Health and Disease, 15(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0236-1. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ucuz, I. I., Dursun, O. B., Esin, İS., Özgeriş, F. B., Kurt, N., Kiziltunç, A., & Orbak, Z. (2015). The relationship between Vitamin D, autistic spectrum disorders, and cognitive development: Do glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor play a role in this relationship? International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 61(4), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047387714Y.0000000054. CrossRef

van der Wurff, I. S. M., Meyer, B. J., & de Groot, R. H. M. (2017). A review of recruitment, adherence and drop-out rates in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation trials in children and adolescents. Nutrients. 9(5), 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050474. CrossRefPubMedCentral

Vieth, R., Kimball, S., Hu, A., & Walfish, P. G. (2004). Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients. Nutrition Journal, 3, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-3-8. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Voigt, R. G., Mellon, M. W., Katusic, S. K., Weaver, A. L., Matern, D., Mellon, B., & Barbaresi, W. J. (2014). Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with autism. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 58(6), 715–722. https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000000260. CrossRefPubMed

Wang, T., Shan, L., Du, L., Feng, J., Xu, Z., Staal, W. G., & Jia, F. (2016). Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(4), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0786-1. CrossRef

Yui, K., Koshiba, M., Nakamura, S., & Kobayashi, Y. (2012). Effects of large doses of arachidonic acid added to docosahexaenoic acid on social impairment in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Journal of Clinincal Psychopharmacology, 32(2), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182485791. CrossRef

Titel: A Randomised-Controlled Trial of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children
Auteurs: Hajar Mazahery
Cathryn A. Conlon
Kathryn L. Beck
Owen Mugridge
Marlena C. Kruger
Welma Stonehouse
Carlos A. Camargo Jr.
Barbara J. Meyer
Bobby Tsang
Beatrix Jones
Pamela R. von Hurst
Publicatiedatum: 03-01-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 5/2019
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3860-y

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2019

Temperament as an Early Risk Marker for Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Longitudinal Study of High-Risk and Low-Risk Infants

A Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial of Immersive Virtual Reality Treatment with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Specific Phobias in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Stop Making Noise! Auditory Sensitivity in Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis: Physiological Habituation and Subjective Detection Thresholds

Brief Report: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a Behavioral Intervention for Minimally Verbal Girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder

“I Would Like for My Child to be Happy with His Life”: Parental Hopes for Their Children with ASD Across the Lifespan

Transactional Relations Between Parenting Stress and Child Autism Symptoms and Behavior Problems