Top

Journal of Child and Family Studies

Gepubliceerd in:

14-05-2019 | Original Paper

Shelter Versus Living with Abusive Partner: Differences Among Mothers and Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence

Auteurs: Ricardo J. Pinto, Diogo Lamela, Clara Simães, Alytia Levendosky, Inês Jongenelen

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 10/2019

Abstract

Objectives

A growing body of literature has examined differences in the mental health and social support of abused women living in shelters compared with women from the community. However, less attention has been given to the differential effects of living in shelters and living with abusive partner in both mothers and children. A cross-sectional study was carried out to examine differences on cortisol awakening response (CAR), depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms, and social support in a Portuguese sample of women living in shelter compared to women living with abusive partner. Mothers also reported on their children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms.

Methods

The sample included 162 mothers and their children (4–10 years of age), of whom 81 were living with the abusive partner and 81 were living in shelters.

Results

After adjusting for covariates, mothers living in shelters showed better psychological, physiological and social functioning. In contrast, children living in shelters displayed higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms compared with children living at home with their mothers and abusive partners.

Conclusions

This study suggests that for women, shelter residence may be helpful for mental health and for significant improvements in perceived social support, but for children, the results seem to suggest that they are not benefiting from the time they spend at shelter. Future studies using samples from women in shelters need to evaluate if the services offered are suitable for children’s needs.

vorige artikel Children’s and Parents’ Perceptions of Vulnerability as Weakness: Associations with Children’s Well-Being

volgende artikel The Weight Status of Only Children in China: The Role of Marital Satisfaction and Maternal Warmth

Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press.

Bennett, L., Riger, S., Schewe, P., Howard, A., & Wasco, S. (2004). Effectiveness of hotline, advocacy, counseling, and shelter services for victims of domestic violence: a statewide evaluation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(7), 815–829. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504265687.CrossRefPubMed

Blasco-Ros, C., Sánchez-Lorente, S., & Martinez, M. (2010). Recovery from depressive symptoms, state anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in women exposed to physical and psychological, but not to psychological intimate partner violence alone: a longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-98.CrossRef

Canavarro, M. (1999). Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos–BSI [BSI: Brief Symptom Inventory]. In M. Simões, M. Gonçalves & L. Almeida (Eds.), Testes e provas psicológicas em Portugal [Psychological tests in Portugal] (pp. 95–109). Portugal: Braga.

Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J. W., & Kim, H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231–280. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Carpenter, G., & Stacks, A. (2009). Developmental effects of exposure to intimate partner violence in early childhood: a review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 31, 831–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.03.005.CrossRef

Christopoulos, C., Cohn, D. A., Shaw, D. S., Joyce, S., Sullivan-Hanson, J., Kraft, S. P., & Emery, R. E. (1987). Children of abused women: I. adjustment at time of shelter residence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 611–619. https://doi.org/10.2307/352206.CrossRef

Clow, A., Thorn, L., Evans, P., & Hucklebridge, F. (2004). The awakening cortisol response: methodological issues and significance. Stress, 7, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890410001667205.CrossRefPubMed

Correia, A., & Sani, A. (2015). As casas de abrigo em Portugal: Caraterização estrutural e funcional destas respostas sociais [Shelters in Portugal: Characterization of the social answers]. Análise Psicológica, 33, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.918.CrossRef

Cummings, E., & Davies, P. (2011). Marital conflict and children: an emotional security perspective. New York, USA: Guilford Press.

Cutrona, C., & Russell, D. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationships, 1, 37–67.

Cutrona, C. E., & Troutman, B. R. (1986). Social support, infant temperament, and parenting self-efficacy: a mediational model of postpartum depression. Child Development, 57, 1507–1518. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130428.CrossRefPubMed

Derogatis, L. R. (1982). BSI: Brief Symptom Inventory. Minneapolis, MN: National Computers Systems.

Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., García-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., & Pallitto, C. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527–1528. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240937.CrossRefPubMed

Diário da República n° 17/2018. Regulatory Law n°2/2018. https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/114561723/details/maximized?res=en

Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., & Williamson, D. F. (2002). Exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction among adults who witnessed intimate partner violence as children: implications for health and social services. Violence and Victims, 17(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.1.3.33635.CrossRefPubMed

Edleson, J. L. (1999). Children’s witnessing of adult domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(8), 839–870. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626099014008004.CrossRef

Elder, G. J., Wetherell, M. A., Barclay, N. L., & Ellis, J. G. (2014). The cortisol awakening response—applications and implications for sleep medicine. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.001.CrossRefPubMed

Emery, C. R. (2011). Controlling for selection effects in the relationship between child behavior problems and exposure to intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(8), 1541–1558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510370597.CrossRefPubMed

Evans, S., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: a meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005.CrossRef

Fantuzzo, J., DePaola, L., Lambert, L., Martino, T., Anderson, G., & Sutton, S. (1991). Effects of interparental violence on the psychological adjustment and competencies of young children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.59.2.258.CrossRefPubMed

Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8.CrossRefPubMed

Fleitlich, B., Loureiro, M., Fonseca, A., & Gaspar, F. (2005). Questionário de Capacidades e de Dificuldades (SDQ-Por)[Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire—Portuguese version]. www.sdqinfo.org.

Galano, M., Hunter, E., Howell, K., Miller, L., & Graham-Bermann, S. (2013). Predicting shelter residence in women experiencing recent intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 19, 518–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213487056.CrossRefPubMed

Gondolf, E. W., & Fisher, E. R. (1988). Battered women as survivors: an alternative to treating learned helplessness. Lexington, MA, England: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com.

Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.CrossRefPubMed

Goodman, A., Lamping, D. L., & Ploubidis, G. B. (2010). When to use broader internalising and externalising subscales instead of the hypothesised five subscales on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): data from British parents, teachers and children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9434-x.CrossRefPubMed

Gordon, J. S. (1996). Community services for abused women: a review of perceived usefulness and efficacy. Journal of Family Violence, 11(4), 315–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02333420.CrossRef

Graves, K. N., & Shelton, T. L. (2007). Family empowerment as a mediator between family-centered systems of care and changes in child functioning: identifying an important mechanism of change. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(4), 556–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9106-1.CrossRef

Grych, J. H., Jouriles, E. N., Swank, P. R., McDonald, R., & Norwood, W. D. (2000). Patterns of adjustment among children of battered women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.1.84.CrossRefPubMed

Hegarty, K. L., O’Doherty, L. J., Chondros, P., Valpied, J., Taft, A. J., Astbury, J., & Gunn, J. M. (2013). Effect of type and severity of intimate partner violence on women’s health and service use: findings from a primary care trial of women afraid of their partners. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(2), 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512454722.CrossRefPubMed

Holden, G. W., & Ritchie, K. L. (1991). Linking extreme marital discord, child rearing, and child behavior problems: evidence from battered women. Child Development, 62(2), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01533.x.CrossRefPubMed

Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: a review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 797–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004.CrossRef

Howell, K., Graham-Bermann, S., Czyz, E., & Lilly, M. (2010). Assessing resilience in preschool children exposed to intimate partner violence. Violence and Victims, 25, 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.2.150.CrossRefPubMed

Hucklebridge, F., Sen, S., Evans, P. D., & Clow, A. (1998). The relationship between circadian patterns of salivary cortisol and endogenous inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A. Life Sciences, 62(25), 2321–2328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00213-6.CrossRefPubMed

Hughes, H. M., & Barad, S. J. (1983). Psychological functioning of children in a battered women’s shelter: a preliminary investigation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53(3), 525. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1983.tb03396.x.CrossRefPubMed

Hunter, E., & Graham-Bermann, S. (2013). Intimate partner violence and child adjustment: moderation by father contact? Journal of Family Violence, 28, 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9517-x.CrossRef

Huth-Bocks, A. C., & Hughes, H. M. (2008). Parenting stress, parenting behavior, and children’s adjustment in families experiencing intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 23(4), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9148-1.CrossRef

IBM Corporation (2011). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 20.0) [Computer Software]. Armonk, NY.

Itzhaky, H., & Porat, B. A. (2005). Battered women in shelters: internal resources, well-being and integration. Affilia, 20, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109904272117.CrossRef

Jaffe, P., Wolfe, D., Wilson, S. K., & Zak, L. (1986). Family violence and child adjustment: a comparative analysis of girls’ and boys’ behavioral symptoms. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.143.1.74.CrossRefPubMed

Jarvis, K. L., Gordon, E. E., & Novaco, R. W. (2005). Psychological distress of children and mothers in domestic violence emergency shelters. Journal of Family Violence, 20(6), 389–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-005-7800-1.CrossRef

Jones, L., Hughes, M., & Unterstaller, U. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in victims of domestic violence: a review of the research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2, 99–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838001002002001.CrossRef

Kamimura, A., Nguyen, Y., Al-Shaikhly, T., & Olson, L. M. (2015). Women in a shelter: victims of intimate partner violence – their health and safety needs. Violence and Gender, 2, 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2015.0004.CrossRef

Kernic, M. A., Wolf, M. E., Holt, V. L., McKnight, B., Huebner, C. E., & Rivara, F. P. (2003). Behavioral problems among children whose mothers are abused by an intimate partner. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(11), 1231–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2002.12.001.CrossRef

Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Benjet, C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(5), 378–385. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012.CrossRefPubMed

Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt, A. R., & Kenny, E. D. (2003). Child witnesses to domestic violence: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.339.CrossRefPubMed

Leslie, L., Gordon, J., Meneken, L., Premji, K., Michelmore, K., & Ganger, W. (2005). The physical, developmental, and mental health needs of young children in child welfare by initial placement type. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(3), 177–185.CrossRef

Levendosky, A., Bogat, G., Theran, S., Trotter, J., von Eye, A., & Davidson, II, W. (2004). The social networks of women experiencing domestic violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AJCP.0000040149.58847.10.CrossRefPubMed

Levendosky, A., Leahy, K., Bogat, G., Davidson, W., & Von Eye, A. (2006). Domestic violence, maternal parenting, maternal mental health, and infant externalizing behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 544–552. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.4.544.CrossRefPubMed

Liang, B., Goodman, L., Tummala-Narra, P., & Weintraub, S. (2005). A theoretical framework for understanding help‐seeking processes among survivors of intimate partner violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1–2), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-6233-6.CrossRefPubMed

Lindhorst, T., & Beadnell, B. (2011). The long arc of recovery: characterizing intimate partner violence and its psychosocial effects across 17 years. Violence Against Women, 17(4), 480–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211404548.CrossRefPubMed

Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. (1976). Learned helplessness: theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 105(1), 3–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.105.1.3.CrossRef

Marcelino, D., & Gonçalves, S. (2012). Perturbacão pós-stress traumático: características psicométricas da versão portuguesa da Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian Version (PCL-C) [Psychometric properties of the PCL-C Portuguese version]. Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Pública, 30, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsp.2012.03.003.CrossRef

Martinez‐Torteya, C., Anne Bogat, G., Von Eye, A., & Levendosky, A. (2009). Resilience among children exposed to domestic violence: the role of risk and protective factors. Child Development, 80, 562–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01279.x.CrossRefPubMed

Marzocchi, G. M., Capron, C., Di Pietro, M., Tauleria, E. D., Duyme, M., Frigerio, A., & Thérond, C. (2004). The use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in Southern European countries. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(2), ii40–ii46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-2007-1.CrossRef

Melo, A. (2005). Emoções no período escolar: Estratégias parentais face à expressão emocional e sintomas de internalização e externalização da criança (Doctoral dissertation). http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/4926

Mertin, P., & Mohr, P. B. (2001). A follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in Australian victims of domestic violence. Violence and Victims, 16(6), 645–654.PubMed

Moreira, J., & Canaipa, R. (2007). A Escala de Provisões Sociais: desenvolvimento e validação da versão portuguesa da “social provisions scale”. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicológica, 2(24), 23–58.

Mullineaux, P. Y., Deater-Deckard, K., Petrill, S. A., Thompson, L. A., & DeThorne, L. S. (2009). Temperament in middle childhood: a behavioral genetic analysis of fathers’ and mothers’ reports. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 737–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.008.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Orava, T. A., McLeod, P. J., & Sharpe, D. (1996). Perceptions of control, depressive symptomatology, and self-esteem of women in transition from abusive relationship. Journal of Family Violence, 11, 167–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02336668.CrossRef

Paiva, C., & Figueiredo, B. (2006). Versão portuguesa das Escalas de Táticas de Conflito Revisadas: estudo de validação. Revista Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 8(2), 14–39.

Panchandadeswaran, S., & McCloskey, L. A. (2007). Predicting the timing of women’s departure from abusive relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506294996.CrossRef

Panzer, P. G., Philip, M. B., & Hayward, R. A. (2000). Trends in domestic violence service and leadership: implications for an integrated shelter model. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 27(5), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021941129326.CrossRefPubMed

Pinto, R. J., Correia, L., & Maia, A. (2014). Assessing the reliability of retrospective reports of Adverse Childhood Experiences among adolescents with documented childhood maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 29, 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-014-9602-9.CrossRef

Poole, A., Beran, T., & Thurston, W. E. (2008). Direct and indirect services for children in domestic violence shelters. Journal of Family Violence, 23(8), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9191-6.CrossRef

Portuguese Association of Victims Support. (2015). Relatório anual de 2015 [Annual report of 2016]. https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/pdf/Estatisticas_APAV_Relatorio_Anual_2015.pdf

Portuguese Association of Victims Support. (2016). Relatório anual de 2016 [Annual report of 2016]. https://apav.pt/apav_v3/images/pdf/Estatisticas_APAV_Relatorio_Anual_2016.pdf

Portuguese Child Protective Services (CPCJ). (2015). Relatório de avaliação das atividades das CPCJ [Annual Report of Child Protective Services]. http://www.cnpcjr.pt/preview_documentos.asp?r=6508&m=PDF

Portuguese Child Protective Services (CPCJ). (2016). Relatório de avaliação das atividades das CPCJ [Annual Report of Child Protective Services]. http://www.cnpcjr.pt/preview_documentos.asp?r=5752&m=PDF

Portuguese Internal Security System. General Secretary Office. (2015). Relatório anual de segurança interna [Annual report of internal security]. http://www.parlamento.pt/fiscalizacao/paginas/relatoriossegurancainterna_xiil.aspx

Portuguese Internal Security System. General Secretary Office. (2016). Relatório anual de segurança interna [Annual report of internal security]. http://www.parlamento.pt/fiscalizacao/paginas/relatoriossegurancainterna_xiil.aspx

Pruessner, J. C., Wolf, O. T., Hellhammer, D. H., Buske-Kirschbaum, A., Von Auer, K., Jobst, S., & Kirschbaum, C. (1997). Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sciences, 61(26), 2539–2549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4.CrossRefPubMed

Putnam, S. P., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Development of short and very short forms of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_09.CrossRef

Sackett, L., & Saunders, D. (1999). The impact of different forms of psychological abuse on battered women. Violence and Victims, 14(1), 105–117.CrossRef

Santos, S. V. (1997). Versão portuguesa do Parenting Stress Index (PSI): Validação preliminar [Preliminary validation of the Portuguese version of the Parenting Stress Index]. Avaliaçao Psicológica: Formas e Contextos, 5, 139–149.

Smyth, N., Clow, A., Thorn, L., Hucklebridge, F., & Evans, P. (2013). Delays of 5–15 min between awakening and the start of saliva sampling matter in assessment of the cortisol awakening response. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 1476–1483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.013.CrossRefPubMed

Smyth, N., Thorn, L., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P., & Clow, A. (2015). Detailed time course of the cortisol awakening response in healthy participants. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62, 200–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.011.CrossRefPubMed

Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Adam, E. K., Pruessner, J. C., Wüst, S., & Clow, A. (2016). Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: expert consensus guidelines. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 63, 414–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.010.CrossRefPubMed

Straus, M. A. (2001). Scoring and norms for the CTS2 and CTSPC. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Family Research Laboratory. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/CTS28a3.pdf.

Straus, M., Hamby, S., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2) development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 283–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251396017003001.CrossRef

Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Tan, C., Basta, J., Sullivan, C. M., & Davidson, W. S. (1995). The role of social support in the lives of women exiting domestic violence shelters an experimental study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(4), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626095010004004.CrossRef

Triantafyllou, D., Wang, C., & North, C.S. (2016). Correlates of duration of intimate partner violence among women seeking services at a domestic violence support center. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(6), 1127–1138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516647522.

Tutty, L. M., Weaver, G., & Rothery, M. A. (1999). Residents’ views of the efficacy of shelter services for assaulted women. Violence Against Women, 5(8), 898–925. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778019922181545.CrossRef

Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1994). The PTSD checklist-civilian version (PCL-C). Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD.

Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C. V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A., & Jaffe, P. G. (2003). The effects of children’s exposure to domestic violence: a meta-analysis and critique. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024910416164.CrossRefPubMed

Wüst, S., Wolf, J., Hellhammer, D. H., Federenko, I., Schommer, N., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000). The cortisol awakening response-normal values and confounds. Noise and Health, 2(7), 79–88.PubMed

Titel: Shelter Versus Living with Abusive Partner: Differences Among Mothers and Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence
Auteurs: Ricardo J. Pinto
Diogo Lamela
Clara Simães
Alytia Levendosky
Inês Jongenelen
Publicatiedatum: 14-05-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 10/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01454-0

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2019

Executive Function in the Adolescent Mother- Grandmother Dyad and Development of the Young Child

The Experiences of Male Partners of Women with Postnatal Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis

Implementing the Coping Positively with My Worries Manual: A Pilot Study

Effects of Parental Internalizing Problems on Irritability in Adolescents: Moderation by Parental Warmth and Overprotection

Adolescents’ Conflict Resolution with Their Parents and Best Friends: Links to Life Satisfaction

Family Functioning and Not Family Structure Predicts Adolescents’ Reasoning and Math Skills