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01-05-2015 | Original Article

A French description of German psychology laboratories in 1893 by Victor Henri, a collaborator of Binet

Auteurs: Serge Nicolas, Marissa E. Barnes, David J. Murray

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 3/2015

Abstract

There is a rich tradition of writings about the foundation of psychology laboratories, particularly in the United States but also in France. Various documents exist concerning former German laboratories in American and French literature. But the most interesting French paper was certainly written by a young psychologist named Victor Henri (1872–1940) who was a close collaborator of Alfred Binet (1857–1911) in the 1890s. Visiting various psychology laboratories, he wrote, in 1893, a clear description of the laboratories of Wundt, G. E. Müller, Martius and Ebbinghaus. An English translation is given of Henri’s paper and the historical importance of his contribution is here expounded by contrasting the German and French psychologies of the time.

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All translated passages, in this article, in the translation of Henri’s (1893a) paper (see electronic supplement), and in the references, are the authors’ translations unless otherwise specified.

While Henri had been in Leipzig with Wundt and Külpe (1894–1895), Binet had invited Henri to develop a new orientation for psychological research: the study of intelligence. It would be in 1896 that Binet and Henri would publish their original paper entitled “Individual psychology” (see Nicolas, Coubart, & Lubart, 2014). The program of individual psychology they proposed was the first step towards the invention of the first intelligence scale (see Nicolas, Andrieu, Croizet, Sanitioso, & Burman, 2013). At the same time, Henri’s continued interest in the development of memory in children, led him to prepare (with his wife Catherine Henri) a questionnaire on early childhood memories (i.e., the questionnaire required children to recollect their earliest memories). They published the results of their questionnaire in 1897 (Henri & Henri, 1897), providing empirical evidence for the paucity of memories for events that occurred early in life (see Nicolas, Gounden, & Piolino, 2013). After his stay in Göttingen (1896–1897) in Müller’s laboratory, Henri returned to Paris (June 1897) and assisted Binet with his work on individual psychology (Binet & Henri, 1898). In 1898 he left the laboratory of psychology directed by Binet to join the laboratory of physiology directed by Albert Dastre (1844–1917), because in France at the time there was no university position for the holder of a doctorate in experimental psychology. As a result, Victor Henri eventually specialized in the field of physico-chemical biology. Until 1904 at least, Victor Henri maintained friendly ties with Binet and Müller, but he cut loose from experimental psychology, concentrating his efforts in the field of physical chemistry. At Georg Elias Müller’s invitation, he took part in the first German congress on experimental psychology, which was held in Giessen from April 18 to 24, 1904. During this congress, he presented an oral paper on the methods of individual psychology, in collaboration with Binet. Promoted to lecturer in physiology in 1907, he became one of the world’s greatest specialists in the field of physical chemistry (Duchesne, 1967). In 1920, he was appointed professor of physical chemistry at the University of Zurich. He was thus a pioneer in several disciplines: psychology, physiology, organic physical chemistry and inorganic physical chemistry.

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Titel: A French description of German psychology laboratories in 1893 by Victor Henri, a collaborator of Binet
Auteurs: Serge Nicolas
Marissa E. Barnes
David J. Murray
Publicatiedatum: 01-05-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 3/2015
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-014-0574-4

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