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28-08-2018 | Original Article

Retrieval-mediated directed forgetting in the item-method paradigm: the effect of semantic cues

Auteurs: Ivan Marevic, Jan Rummel

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 3/2020

Abstract

Item-method directed forgetting is widely considered a storage phenomenon. However, by applying a multinomial model, which separates storage and retrieval effect components, Rummel et al. (J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 42(10):1526–1543, 2016) recently provided evidence that item-method directed forgetting effects are reflected by both storage and retrieval changes. The current investigation demonstrates that supposedly intentionally forgotten information can still be retrieved to some extent when semantic cuing facilitates retrieval of this information. Participants studied word pairs, with some pairs being followed by a “forget” and others by a “remember” instruction. A subset of items shared the same superordinate semantic category. In Experiment 1, a sub-portion of to-be-forgotten items was semantically related and less forgetting occurred selectively for these items when the category was reinstated during test. This finding was replicated and extended to reinstatement effects for to-be-remembered items in Experiment 2. The application of the storage–retrieval model confirmed that providing a category cue facilitates retrieval of to-be-forgotten as well as to-be-remembered information. The results are discussed in light of existing theories of directed forgetting.

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Parameters s and u indicate singleton recall of items stored as pairs or singletons. Parameter l accounts for the possibility that some items are lost from memory during the delay between the first and the second memory test.

The present results would not have differed had the full sample of 81 participants been used.

We chose to reinstate the shared category for TBF and TBR items in separate experimental groups, because an initial pretest with N = 76, in which both TBF and TBR items shared two distinct superordinate categories for the same participants, suggested that participants noticed the relatedness of the items also in the absence of a category cue—probably because the proportion of items sharing a category was too high in the to-be-studied item set.

Note that in the Category-Cue Forget and No-Category-Cue Forget groups, semantically related items were post-cued as TBF and in the Category-Cue Remember and No-Category-Cue Remember Groups they were post-cued as TBR.

Setting the s and u parameters equal for each item type and condition resulted in a worse model fit, ∆G²(3) = 38.33, p < .001. The results of Experiment 1 did not change when we re-ran the analyses with the same restrictions as in Experiment 2.

When applying logistic mixed models with the predictors item type and an effect-coded contrast comparing semantically related items with the respective semantically unrelated items to the No-Category groups, the results are as follows: in the No-Category-Cue Forget groups of Experiments 1 and 2, there were no significant differences between the TBF_SR and TBF_UR items for free recall, z = 0.72, p = .467 and z = 1.45, p = .146, and cued recall,, z = 0.79, p = .429 and z = 0.51, p = .604. In the No-Category-Cue Remember group of Experiment 2, there also was no significant difference between the TBR_SR and TBR_UR items for free recall, z = 0.21, p = .831, and cued recall, z = 1.27, p = .203.

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Titel: Retrieval-mediated directed forgetting in the item-method paradigm: the effect of semantic cues
Auteurs: Ivan Marevic
Jan Rummel
Publicatiedatum: 28-08-2018
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 3/2020
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1085-5

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