Quality of life in patients with a permanent stoma after rectal cancer surgery

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) estimates are necessary to understand the patient’s perspective as well as for decision-making and planning of health care. Historically surgical outcomes, such as complications, tumor response, survival and relapse, have been the most important end points. Surgical outcomes have improved over time in several aspects. The recurrence rate of rectal cancer has decreased to <10 % [1], compared to earlier figures of up to 30 % [2], and survival after rectal cancer has also improved. As more patients survive, with reduced risk for recurrent disease, the HRQoL has become increasingly important. Moreover, the legislation of patients´ involvement in the decision of treatment options further stresses the importance of tools for HRQoL.

The HRQoL estimates represent a crucial feedback system to the physician and are helpful when implementing new as well as when evaluating already established techniques [3].

Surveys can be divided into general health and disease-specific questionnaires, the former covering aspects concerning a broad spectrum of health and daily life. Country-specific estimates from the healthy population, facilitating interpretation of patient estimates, are available for most general validated questionnaires. Unexpected side effects to treatment can be found using these general questionnaires [4]. Disease-specific questionnaires concentrate on health-related issues associated with the given disease.

The incidence of parastomal hernia is still not established; however, the frequencies range from a few percent up to 78 % [5, 6]. Parastomal hernia can give the patient a bulge around the stoma, but on the other hand some parastomal hernias are subclinical and some bulges do not correspond to a hernia. Patients often experience a bulge as being inconvenient, sometimes due to difficulties with stoma appliances. If the bulge represents a hernia, it might be possible to offer surgical treatment. HRQoL has been shown to be impaired in patients with a stoma, especially with one that easily leaks or with complications like parastomal hernia [7, 8]. On the contrary, there are studies challenging the assumption that patients with a stoma perceive inferior HRQoL [9]. As cancer and cancer-associated treatment also can affect HRQoL [10], this must be taken into account.

In Sweden, it is mandatory by law to register all patients operated for rectal cancer in the National Cancer Registry (NCR). Patients are reported by both the clinician and the pathologist. Registrations in the national quality register started in 1995 [1], the Swedish Rectal Cancer Register (SRCR), and are checked for completeness against the NCR. Although patients have the possibility to decline participation in the SRCR, the completeness was 99 % in 2013. Approximately, 2000 new rectal cancers are diagnosed annually in Sweden and almost 90 % of these are operated. During the period 1996–2004, approximately one-third of the surgically treated patients were operated with a permanent stoma [abdomino-perineal resection (APR) or Hartman’s procedure (HA)], whereas two-thirds were operated with an anterior resection (AR). In addition to this, a large proportion of patients are operated with low anterior resection and temporary loop ileostomy, and approximately 20 % of this group never have their stoma reversed.

The aim of this study was to evaluate HRQoL in rectal cancer patients with permanent stoma. The hypothesis was that stoma-related complaints and complications decrease HRQoL.

Answers were obtained from 453 participants, representing a response rate of 46 %. In total, 336/453 (74.2 %) of the patients had a permanent stoma: 281 had a permanent colostomy and 55 had a non-reversed loop ileostomy and were thus regarded as permanent stomas The median age in this group was 71 years (35–97). 117 (25.8 %) of the patients had a colorectal or coloanal anastomosis with a median age of 71 years (37–89). A higher proportion of male patients answered the questionnaires: 261 males (57.6 %) and 192 (42.4 %) females, which reflects the original male/female (55/45 %) rate. Median follow-up time after rectal cancer surgery was 91 months (48–155), 90 months (48–155) in the stoma group and 93 months (49–155) in the non-stoma group (Fig. 1). 430 patients answered the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire (324 with a stoma and 106 without permanent stoma) and 419 answered the EORTC QLQ-CR38 questionnaire (316 with a stoma and 103 without permanent stoma). 308 patients with a permanent stoma answered the CQ questionnaire. Of the 413 patients answering the SF-36 form, 308 had a permanent stoma. The distribution of answers is shown in Fig. 1. In the group not responding to the HRQoL (533 patients), the median age was 74 years (35–87) and median follow-up time was 95 months (50–158).

Comparison of mean values between the stoma and non-stoma group for SF-36 scorings showed higher mental health (MH) ratings (p = 0.007) in the group without stoma. Mental component summary (mcs) ratings had a tendency to be better in the group without stoma. Stoma group patients had lower ratings compared to the Swedish “normal population” except in bodily pain (BP), where the Swedish “normal population” seemed to have more pain. The non-stoma group scored similar to the Swedish “normal population” in most domains. However, vitality (VT) and general health (GH) seemed, but not significantly, to be better in the Swedish “normal population” compared to both the stoma and non-stoma groups (Fig. 2; Table 1). Multivariate analysis adjusting for age and gender revealed higher rating for mental health (MH, p = 0.059) in the group without stoma (Table 1).

EORTC QLQ-C30 showed higher scores for physical (PF, p = 0.016) and emotional (EF, p = 0.003) function for patients operated without stoma. Stoma patients scored higher for fatigue (FA, p = 0.019), dyspnea (DY, p = 0.038) and loss of appetite (AP, p = 0.027). Diarrhea (DI, p = 0.012) and constipation (CO, p = 0.017) were more pronounced in the group without stoma. A higher, but not significant, degree of financial impact (FI, p = 0.081) and inferior global QoL (p = 0.052) was shown for patients with permanent stoma. Both the stoma and the non-stoma group (Fig. 3; Table 2) scores showed generally impaired health compared to the “normal” Swedish population in the year 2000 [17]. In the multivariate analysis (Table 2), constipation (CO, p = 0.017) and diarrhea (DI, p < 0.001) showed similar results. Financial impact (FI, p = 0.031) showed significant impact when adjusting for age and gender. The EORTC QLQ-CR38 showed higher ratings for body image (BI, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 gender and age adjusted), but sexual functioning (SX, p = 0.034) was worse in patients operated without stoma (Fig. 4; Table 3).

When patients with a permanent stoma operated with APR or HA answered the question in CQ; “Do you have a bulge or a hernia around your stoma?”, 97 patients stated a bulge or a hernia “part of the time” to “all of the time”, whereas 76 patients stated that they did not experience hernia or a bulge. 135 patients did not answer the question (Fig. 5). The prevalence of a bulge or a parastomal hernia in this group was 31.5 % (97/308). According to the answers in CQ, 36/308 (11.7 %) patients were operated due to parastomal hernia. Though operated due to parastomal hernia, half of this group stated having a bulge/hernia around the stoma. The hernia was repaired with mesh in 17 cases, local tissue repair in 7 cases and stoma relocation in 8 cases. In four cases, the method of repair was not given. Furthermore, 64/308 (20.8 %) patients needed to seek acute health care due to stoma complaints not related to bulge or no bulge.

Mean values were compared between the group with a permanent stoma and with or without bulge/hernia around the stoma. Physical function (PF, p = 0.038) in EORTC QLQ- C30 and physical role functioning (RP, p = 0.033) in SF-36 were better in the group without bulge/hernia. Sexual enjoyment (SE) and sexual functioning (SX) tended to be inferior in the group with a bulge/hernia according to scorings from EORTC QLQ-CR38 (Table 4).

A hernia or a bulge around the stoma had significantly negative effect on sex life (p = 0.004) as well as psychological well-being (p = 0.002) according to CQ answers. Pain was significantly more associated with a bulge or hernia (p < 0.001) with negative impact on QoL. On the contrary, physical activity was negatively affected (p = 0.018) in those without a bulge/hernia (Table 5). When adjusting for age and gender in multivariate analysis, these findings remained significant (Table 5). The functionality of the stoma was significantly (p < 0.001) impaired by fear of leakage (Table 6).

No difference between genders was found correlated to the experience of a bulge or hernia around the stoma.

Overall HRQoL in patients operated for rectal cancer with permanent stoma was inferior compared to patients without permanent stoma. In the stoma group, a bulge or a hernia around the stoma had additional negative impact on HRQoL. There was impaired HRQoL in a lot of aspects compared to the “normal population” in Sweden, especially in the stoma group according to SF-36 and EORTC QLQ-C30.

A bulge can be difficult to distinguish from a parastomal hernia [15] and all hernias probably do not need surgical intervention. In this study, almost 12 % of stoma patients had been re-operated due to parastomal hernia. The prevalence of bulge/hernia in this cohort was at least 31.5 %. The true rate might be even higher as the question was answered by less than two-thirds of the stoma patients. This is further supported by the fact that half of the patients operated due to parastomal hernia reported having a bulge/hernia. However, compared to earlier studies [5, 6], these frequencies appear reasonable. Stoma-related complaints led to acute medical care for nearly 21 % of the stoma patients. To our knowledge, this is new information and the proportion patients needing acute medical care must be regarded as high.

The response rate is a weakness in this study, which makes it more difficult to interpret. On the other hand, all patients operated for rectal cancer in the defined catchment area from 1996 till 2004 who were still alive in 2008 were eligible. Studies often exclude patients with metastatic or recurrent disease, psychiatric conditions or have a selection bias by judgment from other physicians whether or not the patient is suitable for contact [18]. No such exclusions were made in this present study. One reason for a fairly low response rate might have been the amount of questions included in the four questionnaires. Another reason can be the fact that the operation was several years ago, making the patient feel that it was not important to participate.

EORTC QLQ-30 and SF-36 are both general health questionnaires and similar in their content. Earlier studies have shown good correlation between these two questionnaires among breast and colon cancer patients [18], proposing them to be comparable tools. The present study of rectal cancer patients also revealed a good correlation between EORTC QLQ-C30 and SF-36 responses. Thus, both formularies are comparable tools for measurement of HRQoL in rectal cancer as well. In future rectal cancer studies, the usage of one of these questionnaires will give sufficient information about general HRQoL. According to a recent review, EORTC questionnaires were scored to be the best HRQoL tools for colorectal cancer patients, indicating their preference [19]. Comparison with back-ground population has some limitations regarding the time lag in SF36 as the normative data are from the year 1994.

Scoring of body image was impaired by having a stoma, and a parastomal hernia or a bulging around the stoma increased this negative impact. Physical role functioning was significantly impaired as measured both by EORTC QLQ-C30 and SF-36. A possible explanation could be difficulties with stoma dressings or influence on physical activities due to the bulge or hernia, as shown in earlier studies [7]. According to the answers in CQ, the stoma affected physical activities to a significantly higher degree when the patient had a bulge or a hernia around the stoma. Fear of leakage clearly impaired the functionality of the stoma.

The stoma group experienced more fatigue and loss of appetite. Fatigue has been reported as a stress factor influencing daily life in patients with colostomy [20]. Concerns regarding the stoma and changing of stoma dressing might be one cause of impaired appetite. It may also be speculated that the stoma is a daily reminder of the earlier cancer. On the other hand, constipation and diarrhea were more pronounced among patients without a stoma. Diarrhea, fecal incontinence and emptying difficulties are symptoms related to a low anastomosis, often referred to as low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) [21].

There were no significant differences between the stoma and the non-stoma group regarding pain or bodily pain. However, a bulge or a hernia around the stoma gave significantly more pain. This might indicate a need for treatment of the bulge/hernia.

Earlier studies point out sexual problems in patients with stoma [22, 23]. The present study indicates that a low coloanal anastomosis might cause more sexual problems with negative impact on sexual functioning according to the EORTC QLQ-CR38 scores in the group without a stoma. On the other hand, in the stoma group, a parastomal hernia or bulge around the stoma significantly impaired sexual functioning and enjoyment. Male sexual functioning might be inferior in the group with a stoma, but the small group without stoma answering this question makes it difficult to interpret.

Good quality of life is important, but what it stands for is a very personal experience. Tools currently available to assess HRQoL describe what a group of patients experience, and conclusions about quality of life outcomes can be made on a group basis. However, each patient is an individual and HRQoL depends on factors such as social, emotional and religious background. Earlier studies have shown HRQoL to be reduced in stoma patients with further reduction if there is a bulge or a hernia around the stoma [23, 24]. A Cochrane report from 2012 challenges the opinion that stoma patients have an inferior HRQoL and calls for better prospective studies [9].

The patient’s own experience is important and knowledge of HRQoL can provide guidance when choosing between different treatments. The only treatment option to a very low rectal cancer might be APR to achieve radical surgery and cure, giving the patient a permanent stoma. This study supports the hypothesis that HRQoL is impaired by a stoma and it also reveals additional negative impact by a bulge or a hernia around the stoma. A stoma should be avoided when sphincter-preserving surgery is possible. A deeper and more careful knowledge about the possible impairment on HRQoL a stoma might cause will be helpful when informing and preparing the patient before surgery. This study also emphasizes the importance of finding an effective prevention and treatment of parastomal hernia.