Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

16-06-2016 | Original Paper

Parents of Children with ASD Experience More Psychological Distress, Parenting Stress, and Attachment-Related Anxiety

Auteurs: Belinda M. Keenan, Louise K. Newman, Kylie M. Gray, Nicole J. Rinehart

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 9/2016

Abstract

There has been limited study of the relationship between child attachment and caregiver wellbeing amongst children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined self-reported child attachment quality alongside caregivers’ report of their own psychological distress, parenting stress and attachment style, amongst 24 children with high-functioning autism or Asperger’s disorder (ASD; aged 7–14 years) and 24 typically developing children (aged 7–12 years), and their primary caregiver. Children with ASD were no less secure, but their caregivers were more stressed and reported more attachment-related anxiety, compared to typically developing dyads. Child attachment security was related to caregiver psychological distress and attachment style, but only amongst typically developing children. Impacts of emotion processing impairments on caregiver-child relationships in ASD are discussed.

vorige artikel The Effectiveness of Direct Instruction in Teaching Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder to Answer “Wh-” Questions

volgende artikel Physiological Response to Social Evaluative Threat in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abbeduto, L., Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Krauss, M. W., Orsmond, G., & Murphy, M. M. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109, 237–254.CrossRefPubMed

Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index (3rd ed.). FL: Psychological Assessment Resource.

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

Andrews, G., & Slade, T. (2001). Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25, 494–497. doi:10.1111/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00310.x.CrossRefPubMed

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Socio-Economic indices for areas (SEIFA)—Technical paper, 2011. Canberra. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2033.0.55.001. Accessed 04/06/14.

Baker-Ericzen, M. J., Brookman-Frazee, L., & Stahmer, A. (2005). Stress levels and adaptability in parents of toddlers with and without autism spectrum disorders. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 30, 194–204. doi:10.2511/rpsd.30.4.194.CrossRef

Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21, 37–46. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8.CrossRefPubMed

Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S. J. (2010). Predicting friendship quality in autism spectrum disorders and typical development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 751–761. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0928-8.CrossRefPubMed

Belsky, J. (1999). Interactional and contextual determinants of attachment security. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 249–264). New York: Guildford Press.

Beurkens, N. M., Hobson, J. A., & Hobson, R. P. (2013). Autism severity and qualities of parent–child relations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 168–178. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1562-4.CrossRefPubMed

Bouma, R., & Schweitzer, R. (1990). The impact of chronic childhood illness on family stress—A comparison between autism and cystic fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 722–730. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199011)46:6<722:aid-jclp2270460605>3.0.co;2-6.CrossRefPubMed

Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. I. Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss. New York: Basic Books.

Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Mother–child attachment and social anxiety symptoms in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 393–402. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.06.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Capps, L., Sigman, M., & Mundy, P. (1994). Attachment security in children with autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 249–261.CrossRef

Cassel, T. D., Messinger, D. S., Ibanez, L. V., Haltigan, J. D., Acosta, S. I., & Buchman, A. C. (2007). Early social and emotional communication in the infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders: An examination of the broad phenotype. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 122–132. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0337-1.CrossRefPubMed

Cassidy, J. (1988). Child–mother attachment and the self in 6-year-olds. Child Development, 59, 121–134. doi:10.2307/1130394.CrossRefPubMed

Chandler, F., & Dissanayake, C. (2014). An investigation of the security of caregiver attachment during middle childhood in children with high-functioning autistic disorder. Autism, 18, 485–492. doi:10.1177/1362361313486205.CrossRefPubMed

Dabrowska, A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 266–280.CrossRefPubMed

Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1278–1291. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0512-z.CrossRefPubMed

Dawson, G., Toth, K., Abbott, R., Osterling, J., Munson, J., Estes, A., et al. (2004). Early social attention impairments in autism: Social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress. Developmental Psychology, 40, 271–283. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.271.CrossRefPubMed

Dissanayake, C., & Crossley, S. A. (1996). Proximity and sociable behaviours in autism: Evidence for attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37, 149–156. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01386.x.CrossRef

Dissanayake, C., & Crossley, S. A. (1997). Autistic children’s responses to separation and reunion with their mothers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 295–312. doi:10.1023/a:1025802515241.CrossRefPubMed

Dissanayake, C., & Sigman, M. (2001). Attachment and emotional responsiveness in children with autism. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 23, 239–266.CrossRef

Dolev, S., Oppenheim, D., Koren-Karie, N., & Yirmiya, N. (2009). Emotional availability in mother–child interaction: The case of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Parenting-Science and Practice, 9, 183–197. doi:10.1080/15295190902844332.CrossRef

Dwyer, K. M. (2005). The meaning and measurement of attachment in middle and late childhood. Human Development, 48, 155–182. doi:10.1159/000085519.CrossRef

Fairchild, A. J., & Finney, S. J. (2006). Investigating validity evidence for the experiences in close relationships—Revised questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 116–135. doi:10.1177/0013164405278564.CrossRef

Falk, N. H., Norris, K., & Quinn, M. G. (2014). The factors predicting stress, anxiety and depression in the parents of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 3185–3203. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2189-4.CrossRefPubMed

Finnegan, R. A., Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (1996). Preoccupied and avoidant coping during middle childhood. Child Development, 67, 1318–1328.CrossRef

Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Moran, G. S., & Higgitt, A. C. (1991). The capacity for understanding mental states—The reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 12, 201–218. doi:10.1002/1097-0355(199123)12:3<201:aid-imhj2280120307>3.0.co;2-7.CrossRef

Fraley, C. R., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 350–365.CrossRefPubMed

Granot, D., & Mayseless, O. (2001). Attachment security and adjustment to school in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 530–541.CrossRef

Grzadzinski, R. L., Luyster, R., Spencer, A. G., & Lord, C. (2014). Attachment in young children with autism spectrum disorders: An examination of separation and reunion behaviors with both mothers and fathers. Autism, 18, 85–96. doi:10.1177/1362361312467235.CrossRefPubMed

Haltigan, J. D., Ekas, N. V., Seifer, R., & Messinger, D. S. (2011). Brief report: Attachment security in infants at-risk for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 962–967. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1107-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53, 87–97. doi:10.2307/1129640.CrossRef

Haskett, M. E., Ahern, L. S., Ward, C. S., & Allaire, J. C. (2006). Factor structure and validity of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 302–312. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_14.CrossRefPubMed

Hodge, D., Hoffman, C. D., & Sweeney, D. P. (2011). Increased psychopathology in parents of children with autism: Genetic liability or burden of caregiving? Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23, 227–239.CrossRef

Hoffman, C. D., Sweeney, D. P., Hodge, D., Lopez-Wagner, M. C., & Looney, L. (2009). Parenting stress and closeness; mothers of typically developing children and mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24, 178–187. doi:10.1177/1088357609338715.CrossRef

Hoppes, K., & Harris, S. L. (1990). Perceptions of child attachment and maternal gratification in mothers of children with autism and down-syndrome. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 365–370. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1904_8.CrossRef

Hutman, T., Siller, M., & Sigman, M. (2009). Mothers’ narratives regarding their child with autism predict maternal synchronous behavior during play. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1255–1263. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02109.x.CrossRefPubMed

Kerns, K. A., Abraham, M. M., Schlegelmilch, A., & Morgan, T. A. (2007). Mother–child attachment in later middle childhood: Assessment approaches and associations with mood and emotion regulation. Attachment & Human Development, 9, 33–53. doi:10.1080/14616730601151441.CrossRef

Kerns, K. A., Brumariu, L. E., & Seibert, A. (2011). Multi-method assessment of mother–child attachment: Links to parenting and child depressive symptoms in middle childhood. Attachment & Human Development, 13, 315–333. doi:10.1080/14616734.2011.584398.CrossRef

Kerns, K. A., Klepac, L., & Cole, A. K. (1996). Peer relationships and preadolescents’ perceptions of security in the child–mother relationship. Developmental Psychology, 32, 457–466.CrossRef

Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., Aspelmeier, J. E., & Contreras, J. M. (2000). Attachment-based assessments of parent–child relationships in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 36, 614–626. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.36.5.614.CrossRefPubMed

Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., & Kim, P. (2006). Normative trends in children’s perceptions of availability and utilization of attachment figures in middle childhood. Social Development, 15, 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00327.x.CrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L. T., et al. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959–976.CrossRefPubMed

Koren-Karie, N., Oppenheim, D., Dolev, S., Sher, E., & Etzion-Carasso, A. (2002). Mothers’ insightfulness regarding their infants’ internal experience: Relations with maternal sensitivity and infant attachment. Developmental Psychology, 38, 534–542. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.4.534.CrossRefPubMed

Koren-Karie, N., Oppenheim, D., Dolev, S., & Yirmiya, N. (2009). Mothers of securely attached children with autism spectrum disorder are more sensitive than mothers of insecurely attached children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 643–650. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02043.x.CrossRefPubMed

Kuhn, J. C. (2007). Maternal synchrony predicts joint attention and language gains in toddlers with autism. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Massachusetts Boston, Ann Arbor.

Lau, W., & Peterson, C. C. (2011). Adults and children with Asperger syndrome: Exploring adult attachment style, marital satisfaction and satisfaction with parenthood. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 392–399. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.06.001.CrossRef

Lee, G. K. (2009). Parents of children with high functioning autism: How well do they cope and adjust? Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 21, 93–114.CrossRef

Marvin, R. S., & Pianta, R. C. (1996). Mothers’ reactions to their child’s diagnosis: Relations with security of attachment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 436–445. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2504_8.CrossRef

McKelvey, L. M., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Faldowski, R. A., Shears, J., Ayoub, C., & Hart, A. D. (2009). Validity of the short form of the parenting stress index for fathers of toddlers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 102–111. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9211-4.CrossRef

Montes, G., & Halterman, J. S. (2007). Psychological functioning and coping among mothers of children with autism: A population-based study. Pediatrics, 119, 1040–1046.CrossRef

Naber, F. B. A., Swinkels, S. H. N., Buitelaar, J. K., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Dietz, C., et al. (2007). Attachment in toddlers with autism and other developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1123–1138.CrossRefPubMed

Nuske, H. J., Vivanti, G., & Dissanayake, C. (2013). Are emotion impairments unique to, universal, or specific in autism spectrum disorder? A comprehensive review. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 1042–1061. doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.762900.CrossRefPubMed

Oppenheim, D., Koren-Karie, N., Dolev, S., & Yirmiya, N. (2008). Secure attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder: The role of maternal insightfulness. Zero to Three, 28, 25–30.

Oppenheim, D., Koren-Karie, N., Dolev, S., & Yirmiya, N. (2009). Maternal insightfulness and resolution of the diagnosis are associated with secure attachment in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Child Development, 80, 519–527. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01276.x.CrossRefPubMed

Oppenheim, D., Koren-Karie, N., Dolev, S., & Yirmiya, N. (2012). Maternal sensitivity mediates the link between maternal insightfulness/resolution and child–mother attachment: The case of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Attachment & Human Development, 14, 567–584. doi:10.1080/14616734.2012.727256.CrossRef

Piven, J., & Palmer, P. (1999). Psychiatric disorder and the broad autism phenotype: Evidence from a family study of multiple-incidence autism families. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 557–563.PubMed

Reitman, D., Currier, R. O., & Stickle, T. R. (2002). A critical evaluation of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) in a head start population. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 384–392. doi:10.1207/153744202760082649.CrossRefPubMed

Rogers, S. J., Ozonoff, S., & Maslin-Cole, C. (1991). A comparative study of attachment behavior in young children with autism or other psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 483–488.CrossRefPubMed

Rogers, S. J., Ozonoff, S., & Maslin-Cole, C. (1993). Developmental aspects of attachment behavior in young children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1274–1282. doi:10.1097/00004583-199311000-00023.CrossRefPubMed

Ruiz-Robledillo, N., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2015). Lower electrodermal activity to acute stress in caregivers of people with autism spectrum disorder: An adaptive habituation to stress. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 576–588. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1996-3.CrossRefPubMed

Rutgers, A. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2004). Autism and attachment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1123–1134.CrossRefPubMed

Seskin, L., Feliciano, E., Tippy, G., Yedloutschnig, R., Sossin, K. M., & Yasik, A. (2010). Attachment and autism: Parental attachment representations and relational behaviors in the parent–child dyad. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 949–960. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9417-y.CrossRefPubMed

Sibley, C. G., Fischer, R., & Liu, J. H. (2005). Reliability and validity of the revised experiences in close relationships (ECR-R) self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1524–1536. doi:10.1177/0146167205276865.CrossRefPubMed

Sigman, M., & Mundy, P. (1989). Social attachments in autistic children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 74–81.CrossRefPubMed

Sigman, M., & Ungerer, J. A. (1984). Attachment behaviors in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 231–244.CrossRefPubMed

Siller, M., & Sigman, M. (2002). The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children’s communication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 77–89. doi:10.1023/a:1014884404276.CrossRefPubMed

Siller, M., & Sigman, M. (2008). Modeling longitudinal change in the language abilities of children with autism: Parent behaviors and child characteristics as predictors of change. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1691–1704. doi:10.1037/a0013771.CrossRefPubMed

Siller, M., Swanson, M., Gerber, A., Hutman, T., & Sigman, M. (2014). A parent-mediated intervention that targets responsive parental behaviors increases attachment behaviors in children with ASD: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 1720–1732. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2049-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sivaratnam, C. S., Newman, L. K., Tonge, B. J., & Rinehart, N. J. (2015). Attachment and emotion processing in children with autism spectrum disorders: Neurobiological, neuroendocrine, and neurocognitive considerations. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2, 222–242. doi:10.1007/s40489-015-0048-7.CrossRef

Slade, A. (2009). Mentalizing the unmentalizable: Parenting children on the spectrum. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 8, 7–21. doi:10.1080/15289160802683054.CrossRef

Slade, T., Grove, R., & Burgess, P. (2011). Kessler Psychological Distress Scale: Normative data from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 308–316. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.543653.CrossRefPubMed

Tomanik, S., Harris, G. E., & Hawkins, J. (2004). The relationship between behaviour exhibited by children with autism and maternal stress. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 29, 16–26. doi:10.1080/13668250410001662892.CrossRef

van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the adult attachment interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387–403.CrossRefPubMed

van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Rutgers, A. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Swinkels, S. H. N., van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., et al. (2007). Parental sensitivity and attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder: Comparison with children with mental retardation, with language delays, and with typical development. Child Development, 78, 597–608. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01016.x.CrossRefPubMed

Wechsler, D. (2004). WPPSI-III Australian Administration and Scoring Manual. NSW: Harcourt Assessment.

Wechsler, D. (2005). WISC-IV Australian Administration and Scoring Manual. NSW: Harcourt Assessments.

Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence—Second edition (WASI-II). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.

Willemsen-Swinkels, S. H. N., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Buitelaar, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & van Engeland, H. (2000). Insecure and disorganised attachment in children with a pervasive developmental disorder: Relationship with social interaction and heart rate. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 759–767.CrossRefPubMed

Wu, C. L., An, C. P., Tseng, L. P., Chen, H. C., Chan, Y. C., Cho, S. L., et al. (2015). Fear of being laughed at with relation to parent attachment in individuals with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 116–123. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.11.004.CrossRef

Yirmiya, N., & Shaked, M. (2005). Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 69–83.CrossRefPubMed

Yunger, J. L., Corby, B. C., & Perry, D. G. (2005). Dimensions of attachment in middle childhood. In K. A. Kerns & R. A. Richardson (Eds.), Attachment in middle childhood (pp. 89–114). New York: Guilford Press.

Titel: Parents of Children with ASD Experience More Psychological Distress, Parenting Stress, and Attachment-Related Anxiety
Auteurs: Belinda M. Keenan
Louise K. Newman
Kylie M. Gray
Nicole J. Rinehart
Publicatiedatum: 16-06-2016
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 9/2016
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2836-z

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 9/2016

Towards an Agenda for Research for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgendered and/or Intersexed People with an Autism Spectrum Diagnosis

Brief Report: Investigating the Implications of Applying the New DSM-5 Criteria for Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Preschool Population in Singapore

Brief Report: Parent-Teacher Discrepancies on the Developmental Social Disorders Scale (BASC-2) in the Assessment of High-Functioning Children with ASD

Executive Functions in Older Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Objective Performance and Subjective Complaints

Sociomoral Reasoning, Empathy, and Meeting Developmental Tasks During the Transition to Adulthood in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Brief Report: A Pilot Study of the Use of a Virtual Reality Headset in Autism Populations