Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Psychoeducation-Based Intervention Programs for Families with ASD
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Method
Design and Setting
Ethical Considerations
Intervention Description
Topic areas | Content | |
---|---|---|
1 | “The diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder” | Lecture informs about the core characteristic features of ASD and about the current diagnostic classifications and the diagnostic criteria for ASD (based on the DSM-5 and the ICD-10) used in Sweden. Focuses on strengths and deficits that children with ASD may have. Stresses the fact that children with ASD are not homogenous in their behavior presentation. Film demonstration on difficulties and opportunities that children with ASD may present, followed by discussions in pairs (“Your reflections on the film”) |
2 | “A different way of thinking and feeling” | Lecture provides definitions about perception and cognition and informs about difficulties in perception among children with ASD when processing information. Focuses on sensory sensitivities that accompanies ASD; provides several examples on how children with ASD may be hypersensitive or hyposensitive to various stimuli, e.g., taste, sight, smell, sound, touch. Discussion in small-groups (“Share your experiences with each other on how your felt when you first learned that your grandchild got an ASD diagnosis”) |
3 | “Sensitivity to demands” | Describes how difficulties associated with ASD may affect the grandchild’s and his/her family’s functioning in everyday life. Focuses on how children with ASD might be negatively affected by their failure to respond to environmental demands and expectations. Informs about various strategies to help the grandchild to succeed in their response to environmental challenges. Focus on support given to child’s parents |
4 | “How we learn and how we can teach our children with ASD the best way” | Focuses on the principles of learning and describes the best strategies to teach children with ASD. Informs about the importance of functional assessment to choose the most appropriate interventions. Provides information on strategies to communicate with the grandchild with ASD |
5 | “How families or parenthood is affected” | Discusses the impact of having a child with ASD on parents and the whole family system. Discussion in small groups (“How can I as a grandparent support my (adult) child?”). Provides additional information for further reading in form of online links to various informational websites and online discussion forums |
Course Trainers
Procedure and Participants
Grandparent characteristics | N | (%) |
---|---|---|
Age (data missing = 2) | ||
40–55 | 5 | 4.2 |
56–65 | 45 | 38.1 |
66–75 | 63 | 53.4 |
Older than 75 | 5 | 4.2 |
Gender (data missing = 2) | ||
Women | 75 | 63.6 |
Men | 43 | 36.4 |
Relation to grandchild (missing data = 2) | ||
Maternal grandmother | 36 | 30.5 |
Paternal grandmother | 35 | 29.7 |
Step maternal grandmother | 1 | 0.8 |
Step paternal grandmother | 2 | 1.7 |
Paternal grandfather | 18 | 15.3 |
Maternal grandfather | 21 | 17.8 |
Step maternal grandfather | 3 | 2.5 |
Other | 2 | |
Mother language (data missing = 9) | ||
Swedish | 100 | 90.1 |
Other European | 6 | 5.4 |
Non-European | 5 | 4.5 |
Education (data missing = 3) | ||
High school | 11 | 9.4 |
Upper high school | 41 | 35.0 |
University or university college | 65 | 55.6 |
Employment (data missing = 1) | ||
Full-time work | 18 | 15.1 |
Part-time work | 12 | 10.1 |
Hourly work | 1 | 0.8 |
Owns a company | 2 | 1.7 |
Unemployed | 2 | 1.7 |
Retired | 72 | 60.5 |
Retired, but working part-time | 12 | 10.1 |
Measures and Instruments
Demographic Survey
Feasibility Measures
Treatment Fidelity
Completion Rate
Treatment Satisfaction
Preliminary Efficacy Measure
Data Analysis
Results
Feasibility
Completion Rate
Treatment Satisfaction
Items within the three assessed aspects of intervention satisfaction | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Course contents and knowledge and skills acquisition | |||
1 | My knowledge about ASD has increased | 2.80 | 0.46 |
2 | The content of the lecture today was relevant according to my experiences | 2.76 | 0.48 |
3 | I have gained a better understanding of my grandchild’s unique strengths | 2.52 | 0.62 |
4 | I have gained a better understanding of my grandchild’s difficulties | 2.72 | 0.52 |
5 | I have learnt more about the role that habilitation plays in provision of support to my (adult) child and my grandchild | 2.61 | 0.50 |
6 | I have learnt more about how I can support my child (grandchild’s parent) | 2.53 | 0.59 |
Experience sharing | |||
7 | It was helpful to be able to share experiences with other participants | 2.82 | 0.38 |
8 | It was helpful to take part of others’ experiences and hear their advices | 2.73 | 0.46 |
Perception of the course as a whole | |||
9 | I would recommend this course to another grandparent who has a grandchild with ASD | 2.88 | 0.51 |
10 | Overall, the course has met my expectations | 2.71 | 0.68 |
Appreciation and Gratitude
Suggestions for Improvement
Wishing for Participation in a Follow-up Course
Preliminary Effectiveness
Outcome measure | Baseline/T1 Mean (SD) n | Baseline/T2 Mean (SD) n | rmANOVA T1–T2, p value, ŋ2 effect size |
---|---|---|---|
ASD Knowledge | M = 14.07 | M = 17.64 | F (1, 111) = 152.26 |
SD = 3.31 | SD = 2.29 | p < 0.0005 | |
n = 112 | n = 112 | ɳ2 = .58 |
Discussion
Limitations
Implications for Practice and Research
a key issue that needs to be further addressed clinically is whether parents and grandparents should attend parenting programs together. The benefits of parents and grandparents attending sessions together is that it provides a medium to discuss expectations, resolve conflicts, problem solve, and discuss potential issues of control and decision making in a safe mediated environment. (p. 3209).