Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

01-05-2015 | Original Paper

Detecting Subgroups in Children Diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified

Auteurs: Laura Brennan, Marianne Barton, Chi-Ming Chen, James Green, Deborah Fein

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 5/2015

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Hierarchical cluster analyses were used to detect three subgroups in a sample of children with pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) evaluated at ages 2 and 4. At age 2, Cluster 1 demonstrated few autism symptoms and high cognitive scores; 60 % no longer met criteria for PDD at 4. Cluster 2 exhibited more autism symptoms and lower cognitive scores at 2; 89.5 % met criteria for ASD at 4. Cluster 3 had the lowest cognitive scores and most impaired social/communication skills at 2, but no repetitive behaviors; 60 % diagnosed with Autistic Disorder at 4. Results shed light on outcomes for different PDD-NOS types and raise questions regarding the increased importance of repetitive behaviors in DSM-5.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Aldenderfer, M. S., & Blashfield, R. K. (1984). Cluster analysis. Beverly Hills, London: Sage. Aldenderfer, M. S., & Blashfield, R. K. (1984). Cluster analysis. Beverly Hills, London: Sage.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM 5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM 5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Allen, J., & Gillberg, C. (1992). Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 161(6), 839–843.CrossRefPubMed Baron-Cohen, S., Allen, J., & Gillberg, C. (1992). Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 161(6), 839–843.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bates, E., Benigni, L., Bretherton, I., Camaioni, L., & Volterra, V. (1979). The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. New York: Academic Press. Bates, E., Benigni, L., Bretherton, I., Camaioni, L., & Volterra, V. (1979). The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. New York: Academic Press.
go back to reference Bateson, G. (1955). A theory of play and fantasy. Psychiatric Research Reports, 2(39), 39–51.PubMed Bateson, G. (1955). A theory of play and fantasy. Psychiatric Research Reports, 2(39), 39–51.PubMed
go back to reference Ben-Itzchak, E., & Zachor, D. A. (2007). The effects of intellectual functioning and autism severity on outcome of early behavioral intervention for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(3), 287–303.CrossRefPubMed Ben-Itzchak, E., & Zachor, D. A. (2007). The effects of intellectual functioning and autism severity on outcome of early behavioral intervention for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(3), 287–303.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Berry, L. N. (2009). Early treatments associated with optimal outcome in children with autism spectrum disorders. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Berry, L. N. (2009). Early treatments associated with optimal outcome in children with autism spectrum disorders. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
go back to reference Buitelaar, J. K., Van der Gaag, R., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (1999). Exploring the boundaries of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: Analyses of data from the DSM-IV autistic disorder field trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(1), 33–43.CrossRefPubMed Buitelaar, J. K., Van der Gaag, R., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (1999). Exploring the boundaries of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: Analyses of data from the DSM-IV autistic disorder field trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(1), 33–43.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2005). Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: Confirmation of high prevalence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1133–1141.CrossRefPubMed Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2005). Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: Confirmation of high prevalence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1133–1141.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Chlebowski, C., Green, J. A., Barton, M. L., & Fein, D. (2010). Using the childhood autism rating scale to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(7), 787–799.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Chlebowski, C., Green, J. A., Barton, M. L., & Fein, D. (2010). Using the childhood autism rating scale to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(7), 787–799.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Cox, A., Klein, K., Charman, T., Baird, G., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., et al. (1999). Autism spectrum disorders at 20 and 42 months of age: Stability of clinical and ADI-R diagnosis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(5), 719–732.CrossRefPubMed Cox, A., Klein, K., Charman, T., Baird, G., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., et al. (1999). Autism spectrum disorders at 20 and 42 months of age: Stability of clinical and ADI-R diagnosis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(5), 719–732.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dougherty, G. (2013). (Agglomerative) Hierarchical clustering pattern recognition and classification (pp. 150–154). New York: Springer.CrossRef Dougherty, G. (2013). (Agglomerative) Hierarchical clustering pattern recognition and classification (pp. 150–154). New York: Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Fein, D., Stevens, M., Dunn, M., Waterhouse, L., Allen, D., Rapin, I., et al. (1999). Subtypes of pervasive developmental disorder: Clinical characteristics. Child Neuropsychology, 5(1), 1–24.CrossRef Fein, D., Stevens, M., Dunn, M., Waterhouse, L., Allen, D., Rapin, I., et al. (1999). Subtypes of pervasive developmental disorder: Clinical characteristics. Child Neuropsychology, 5(1), 1–24.CrossRef
go back to reference Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Speer, L., Embacher, R., Law, P., Constantino, J., et al. (2012). Validation of proposed DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 28–40.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Speer, L., Embacher, R., Law, P., Constantino, J., et al. (2012). Validation of proposed DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 28–40.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Hair, J.F. & Black, W.C. (2000). Cluster Analysis. In L.G. Grimm & P.R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and Understanding More Multivariate Statistics (pp. 147-205). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Hair, J.F. & Black, W.C. (2000). Cluster Analysis. In L.G. Grimm & P.R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and Understanding More Multivariate Statistics (pp. 147-205). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
go back to reference Kleinman, J. M., Robins, D. L., Ventola, P. E., Pandey, J., Boorstein, H. C., Esser, E. L., et al. (2007). The modified checklist for autism in toddlers: A follow-up study investigating the early detection of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), 827–839.CrossRef Kleinman, J. M., Robins, D. L., Ventola, P. E., Pandey, J., Boorstein, H. C., Esser, E. L., et al. (2007). The modified checklist for autism in toddlers: A follow-up study investigating the early detection of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), 827–839.CrossRef
go back to reference Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., et al. (1989). Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(3), 363–387.CrossRefPubMed Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., et al. (1989). Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(3), 363–387.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2006). Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Archive of General Psychiatry, 63, 694–701.CrossRef Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2006). Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Archive of General Psychiatry, 63, 694–701.CrossRef
go back to reference Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule—generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205–223. Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule—generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205–223.
go back to reference Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659–685.CrossRefPubMed Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659–685.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mandy, W., Charman, T., Gilmour, J., & Skuse, D. (2011). Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified. Autism Research, 4(2), 121–131.CrossRefPubMed Mandy, W., Charman, T., Gilmour, J., & Skuse, D. (2011). Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified. Autism Research, 4(2), 121–131.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mandy, W. P. L., Charman, T., & Skuse, D. H. (2012). Testing the construct validity of proposed criteria for DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 41–50.CrossRefPubMed Mandy, W. P. L., Charman, T., & Skuse, D. H. (2012). Testing the construct validity of proposed criteria for DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 41–50.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Milligan, G. W. (1980). An examination of the effect of six types of error perturbation on fifteen clustering algorithms. Psychometrika, 45(3), 325–342.CrossRef Milligan, G. W. (1980). An examination of the effect of six types of error perturbation on fifteen clustering algorithms. Psychometrika, 45(3), 325–342.CrossRef
go back to reference Milligan, G. W., & Hirtle, S. C. (2003). Clustering and classification methods. In J. Schinka & W. Velicer, (Eds.). Comprehensive Handbook of Psychology (Volume 2, pp. 165-186). New York: Wiley & Sons. Milligan, G. W., & Hirtle, S. C. (2003). Clustering and classification methods. In J. Schinka & W. Velicer, (Eds.). Comprehensive Handbook of Psychology (Volume 2, pp. 165-186). New York: Wiley & Sons.
go back to reference Moore, V., & Goodson, S. (2003). How well does early diagnosis of autism stand the test of time? Follow-up study of children assessed for autism at age 2 and development of an early diagnostic service. Autism, 7(1), 47–63.PubMed Moore, V., & Goodson, S. (2003). How well does early diagnosis of autism stand the test of time? Follow-up study of children assessed for autism at age 2 and development of an early diagnostic service. Autism, 7(1), 47–63.PubMed
go back to reference Mullen, E. M. (1994). The mullen scales of early development. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services. Mullen, E. M. (1994). The mullen scales of early development. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services.
go back to reference Paul, R., Miles, S., Cicchetti, D., Sparrow, S., Klin, A., Volkmar, F., et al. (2004). Adaptive behavior in autism and pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified: Microanalysis of scores on the Vineland adaptive behavior scales. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 223–228.CrossRefPubMed Paul, R., Miles, S., Cicchetti, D., Sparrow, S., Klin, A., Volkmar, F., et al. (2004). Adaptive behavior in autism and pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified: Microanalysis of scores on the Vineland adaptive behavior scales. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 223–228.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation (Vol. 24). New York: Norton. Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation (Vol. 24). New York: Norton.
go back to reference Prior, M., Eisenmajer, R., Leekam, S., Wing, L., Gould, J., Ong, B., et al. (1998). Are there subgroups within the autistic spectrum? A cluster analysis of a group of children with autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(6), 893–902.CrossRefPubMed Prior, M., Eisenmajer, R., Leekam, S., Wing, L., Gould, J., Ong, B., et al. (1998). Are there subgroups within the autistic spectrum? A cluster analysis of a group of children with autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(6), 893–902.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rapin, I. (Ed.). (1996). Preschool children with inadequate communication (Vol. 139). London: Mac Keith Press. Rapin, I. (Ed.). (1996). Preschool children with inadequate communication (Vol. 139). London: Mac Keith Press.
go back to reference Robins, D. L., Casagrande, K., Barton, M., Chen, C. M. A., Dumont-Mathieu, T., & Fein, D. (2014). Validation of the modified checklist for autism in toddlers, revised with follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F). Pediatrics, 133(1), 37–45.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Robins, D. L., Casagrande, K., Barton, M., Chen, C. M. A., Dumont-Mathieu, T., & Fein, D. (2014). Validation of the modified checklist for autism in toddlers, revised with follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F). Pediatrics, 133(1), 37–45.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Robins, D. L., Fein, D., Barton, M. L., & Green, J. A. (2001). The modified checklist for autism in toddlers: An initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 131–143.CrossRefPubMed Robins, D. L., Fein, D., Barton, M. L., & Green, J. A. (2001). The modified checklist for autism in toddlers: An initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 131–143.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Roux, S., Garreau, B., Barthélémy, C., & Hameury, L. (1994). Implementation of a bioclinical database for research and treatment studies in childhood autism: Preliminary report on a concrete experience. Developmental Brain Dysfunction. 7(4–5), 192–200. Roux, S., Garreau, B., Barthélémy, C., & Hameury, L. (1994). Implementation of a bioclinical database for research and treatment studies in childhood autism: Preliminary report on a concrete experience. Developmental Brain Dysfunction. 7(4–5), 192–200.
go back to reference Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 10(1), 91-103. Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 10(1), 91-103.
go back to reference Schopler, E., Reichler, R., & Renner, B. R. (1988). The childhood autism rating scale. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles. Schopler, E., Reichler, R., & Renner, B. R. (1988). The childhood autism rating scale. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles.
go back to reference Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). The Vineland adaptive behavior scales-II (2nd ed., pp. 109–117). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc. Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). The Vineland adaptive behavior scales-II (2nd ed., pp. 109–117). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc.
go back to reference Stevens, M. C., Fein, D. A., Dunn, M., Allen, D., Waterhouse, L. H., Feinstein, C., et al. (2000). Subgroups of children with autism by cluster analysis: A longitudinal examination. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(3), 346–352.CrossRefPubMed Stevens, M. C., Fein, D. A., Dunn, M., Allen, D., Waterhouse, L. H., Feinstein, C., et al. (2000). Subgroups of children with autism by cluster analysis: A longitudinal examination. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(3), 346–352.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Stone, W. L., Lee, E. B., Ashford, L., Brissie, J., Hepburn, S. L., Coonrod, E. E., et al. (1999). Can autism be diagnosed accurately in children under 3 years? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(2), 219–226.CrossRefPubMed Stone, W. L., Lee, E. B., Ashford, L., Brissie, J., Hepburn, S. L., Coonrod, E. E., et al. (1999). Can autism be diagnosed accurately in children under 3 years? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(2), 219–226.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sutera, S., Pandey, J., Esser, E. L., Rosenthal, M. A., Wilson, L. B., Barton, M., et al. (2007). Predictors of optimal outcome in toddlers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 98–107.CrossRefPubMed Sutera, S., Pandey, J., Esser, E. L., Rosenthal, M. A., Wilson, L. B., Barton, M., et al. (2007). Predictors of optimal outcome in toddlers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 98–107.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Toth, K., Munson, J., Meltzoff, N. A., & Dawson, G. (2006). Early predictors of communication development in young children with autism spectrum disorder: Joint attention, imitation, and toy play. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 993–1005. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0137-7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Toth, K., Munson, J., Meltzoff, N. A., & Dawson, G. (2006). Early predictors of communication development in young children with autism spectrum disorder: Joint attention, imitation, and toy play. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 993–1005. doi:10.​1007/​s10803-006-0137-7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Vygotsky, L. L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Vygotsky, L. L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
go back to reference Walker, D. R., Thompson, A., Zwaigenbaum, L., Goldberg, J., Bryson, S. E., Mahoney, W. J., et al. (2004). Specifying PDD-NOS: A comparison of PDD-NOS, asperger syndrome, and autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(2), 172–180.CrossRefPubMed Walker, D. R., Thompson, A., Zwaigenbaum, L., Goldberg, J., Bryson, S. E., Mahoney, W. J., et al. (2004). Specifying PDD-NOS: A comparison of PDD-NOS, asperger syndrome, and autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(2), 172–180.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 236–244.CrossRef Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 236–244.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Detecting Subgroups in Children Diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified
Auteurs
Laura Brennan
Marianne Barton
Chi-Ming Chen
James Green
Deborah Fein
Publicatiedatum
01-05-2015
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 5/2015
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2295-3