Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

27-01-2021 | Original Paper

Classroom Based Intensive Toilet Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Auteurs: Rachel R. Cagliani, Sara Kathryn Snyder, Emily N. White

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 12/2021

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an intensive toilet training program on continence and self-initiation for elementary children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Researchers used a non-concurrent multiple baseline design (Watson and Workman in J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 12:257–259, 1981, https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(81)90055-0) with regulated randomization (Koehler and Levin in Psychol Methods 3(2):206, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.206) to evaluate the effects of the intensive protocol with four students with ASD in the classroom where they received special education services. The protocol included increased access to fluids, contingent time intervals for sit schedules, programmed reinforcement, and dry checks. All four participants met mastery criteria and maintained independent toileting after the study’s completion. Three participants began self-initiating to use the restroom. The implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

vorige artikel “You Must Become a Chameleon to Survive”: Adolescent Experiences of Camouflaging

volgende artikel Practice Patterns and Potential Barriers to Early Diagnosis of Autism in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Preliminary Study

American Academy of Pediatrics. (1999). Toilet training guidelines: Day care providers—The role of the daycare provider in toilet training. Pediatrics, 103(Supplement 3), 1367–1368.

Azrin, N. H., & Foxx, R. M. (1971). A rapid method of toilet training the institutionally retarded. 1. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4(2), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1971.4-89.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Baer, D. M., Peterson, R. F., & Sherman, J. A. (1967). The development of imitation by reinforcing behavioral similarity to a model. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10, 405–416.CrossRef

Bever, L. (2016). The potty-training expulsion that got a N.J. school sued by the state. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2016/10/31/the-potty-training-expulsion-that-got-a-n-j-school-sued-by-the-state/.

Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2014). Professional and ethical compliance code for behavior analysts. Littleton, CO: Behavior Analyst Certification Board. https://www.bacb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/BACB-Compliance-Code-english_190318.pdf.

Bondy, A., & Frost, L. (1994). The picture exchange communication system. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 9(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/108835769400900301.CrossRef

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Case Study II: A Closer Look. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/autism/case-modules/anticipatory-guidance/06-closer-look.html.

Cicero, F. R., & Pfadt, A. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23(5), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-4222(02)00136-1.CrossRefPubMed

Cocchiola, M. A., Martino, G. M., Dwyer, L. J., & Demezzo, K. (2012). Toilet training children with autism and developmental delays: An effective program for school settings. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 5(2), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391824.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Collier, J., Butler, R. J., Redsell, S. A., & Evans, J. H. (2002). An investigation of the impact of nocturnal enuresis on children’s self-concept. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 3, 204–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/003655902320131884.CrossRef

Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis. Boston: Pearson.CrossRef

Council for Exceptional Children. (2015). What every special educator must know: Professional ethics and standards. Arlington, VA: CEC. https://exceptionalchildren.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/Code%20of%20Ethics.pdf.

Esch, B. E. (2008). Early echoic skills assessment. In M. L. Sundberg (Ed.), Verbal behavior milestones assessment and placement program: The VB-MAPP (p. 24). Concord: AVB Press.

Estes, A., Munson, J., Dawson, G., Koehler, E., Zhou, X. H., & Abbott, R. (2009). Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism, 13(4), 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361309105658.CrossRefPubMed

Foxx, R. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1973). Dry pants: A rapid method of toilet training children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11(4), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(73)90102-2.CrossRefPubMed

Gast, D. L., Lloyd, B. P., & Ledford, J. R. (2018). Multiple baseline and multiple probe designs. In J. R. Ledford & D. L. Gast (Eds.), Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences (3rd ed., p. 270). London: Routledge.

Gray, D. (1994). Coping with autism: Stresses and strategies. Sociology of Health and Illness, 16(3), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep11348729.CrossRef

Greer, B. D., Neidert, P. L., & Dozier, C. L. (2016). A component analysis of toilet-training procedures recommended for young children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.275.CrossRefPubMed

Harbin, E.R., Ledford, J.R., & Chazin, K.T. (2016). Intensive toilet training. In Evidence-based instructional practices for young children with autism and other disabilities. Retrieved from http://ebip.vkcsites.org/intensive-toilet-training.

Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impacts of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disability, 43, 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y.CrossRef

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 (2004)

Kaerts, N., Vermandel, A., Van Hal, G., & Wyndaele, J. J. (2014). Toilet training in healthy children: Results of a questionnaire study involving parents who make use of day-care at least once a week. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 33(3), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22392.CrossRefPubMed

Koehler, M. J., & Levin, J. R. (1998). Regulated randomization: A potentially sharper analytical tool for the multiple-baseline design. Psychological Methods, 3(2), 206. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.206.CrossRef

Kratochwill, T. R., & Levin, J. R. (2010). Enhancing the scientific credibility of single-case intervention research: Randomization to the rescue. Psychological Methods, 15(2), 124–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/14376-003.CrossRef

Kroeger, K., & Sorensen, R. (2010). A parent training model for toilet training children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(6), 556–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01286.x.CrossRefPubMed

Kroeger, K. A., & Sorensen-Burnworth, R. (2009). Toilet training individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities: A critical review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(3), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.005.CrossRef

LeBlanc, L. A., Carr, J. E., Crossett, S. E., Bennett, C. M., & Detweiler, D. D. (2005). Intensive outpatient behavioral treatment of primary urinary incontinence of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576050200020601.CrossRef

Ledford, J., Lane, J. D., & Barton, E. E. (2019). Methods for teaching in early education. London: Routledge.CrossRef

MacDuff, G. S., Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (1993). Teaching children with autism to use photographic activity schedules: Maintenance and generalization of complex response chains. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1993.26-89.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Matson, J. L., & Issarraras, A. (2019). Incontinence. Handbook of intellectual disabilities (pp. 1093–1103). Cham: Springer.CrossRef

McDonnell, J., & Ferguson, B. (1989). A comparison of time delay and decreasing prompt hierarchy strategies in teaching banking skills to students with moderate handicaps. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 22, 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1989.22-85.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Niemczyk, J., Wagner, C., & Von Gontard, A. (2018). Incontinence in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(12), 1523–1537.CrossRef

Perez, B. C., Bacotti, J. K., Peters, K. P., & Vollmer, T. R. (2020). An extension of commonly used toilet-training procedures to children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.727.CrossRefPubMed

Richmond, G. (1983). Shaping bladder and bowel continence in developmentally retarded preschool children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13(2), 197–204.CrossRef

Sadler, O. W., & Merkert, F. (1977). Evaluating the Foxx and Azrin toilet training procedure for retarded children in a day training center. Behavior Therapy, 8, 499–500.CrossRef

Sansosti, J. M., & Sansosti, F. J. (2012). Inclusion for students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Definitions and decision making. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 917–931.CrossRef

Sapi, M. C., Vasconcelos, J. S., Silva, F. G., Damiao, R., & da Silva, E. A. (2009). Assessment of domestic violence against children and adolescents with enuresis. Journal of Pediatrics, 85, 433–437.

Schum, T. R., Kolb, T. M., McAuliffe, T. L., Simms, M. D., Underhill, R. L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Sequential acquisition of toilet-training skills: A descriptive study of gender and age differences in normal children. Pediatrics, 109(3), e48–e48.CrossRef

Singh, B. K., Masey, H., & Morton, R. (2006). Levels of continence in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Nursing, 18(4), 23.CrossRef

Smith, L. E., Maenner, M. J., & Seltzer, M. M. (2012). Developmental trajectories in adolescents and adults with autism: The case of daily living skills. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(6), 622–631.CrossRef

Stadtler, A. C., Gorski, P. A., & Brazelton, T. B. (1999). Toilet training methods, clinical interventions, and recommendations. Pediatrics, 103(Supplement 3), 1359–1361.PubMed

Stokes, T. F., & Osnes, P. G. (1989). An operant pursuit of generalization. Behavior Therapy, 20(3), 337–355.CrossRef

Sundberg, M. L. (2008). Verbal behavior milestones assessment and placement program-guide. Concord: AVB Press.

Von Gontard, A. (2013). Urinary incontinence in children with special needs. Nature Reviews Urology, 10(11), 667.CrossRef

Watson, P. J., & Workman, E. A. (1981). The nonconcurrent multiple baseline across-individuals design: An extension of the traditional multiple baseline design. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 12, 257–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(81)90055-0.CrossRefPubMed

Wheeler, M. (2007). Toilet training for individuals with autism or other developmental issues: A comprehensive guide for parents & teachers. Arlington: Future Horizons.

Titel: Classroom Based Intensive Toilet Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Auteurs: Rachel R. Cagliani
Sara Kathryn Snyder
Emily N. White
Publicatiedatum: 27-01-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 12/2021
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04883-3

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 12/2021

Adults with Autism: Changes in Understanding Since DSM-111

Practice Patterns and Potential Barriers to Early Diagnosis of Autism in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Preliminary Study

Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Non-syndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder in Clinical Settings

2D:4D Ratio and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Brunei Darussalam

A Longitudinal Study of Language Trajectories and Treatment Outcomes of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Autism

Epidemiological surveys of ASD: advances and remaining challenges