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Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

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16-09-2022 | Original Paper

Slower Processing Speed in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analytic Investigation of Time-Based Tasks

Auteurs: Nicole M. Zapparrata, Patricia J. Brooks, Teresa M. Ober

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 12/2023

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition affecting information processing across domains. The current meta-analysis investigated whether slower processing speed is associated with the ASD neurocognitive profile and whether findings hold across different time-based tasks and stimuli (social vs. nonsocial; linguistic vs. nonlinguistic). Mean RTs of ASD and age-matched neurotypical comparison groups (N = 893 ASD, 1063 neurotypical; mean age ASD group = 17 years) were compared across simple RT, choice RT, and interference control tasks (44 studies, 106 effects) using robust variance estimation meta-analysis. Simple RT tasks required participants to respond to individual stimuli, whereas choice RT tasks required forced-choice responses to two or more stimuli. Interference control tasks required a decision in the context of a distractor or priming stimulus; in an effort to minimize inhibitory demands, we extracted RTs only from baseline and congruent conditions of such tasks. All tasks required nonverbal (motor) responses. The overall effect-size estimate indicated significantly longer mean RTs in ASD groups (g = .35, 95% CI = .16; .54) than comparison groups. Task type moderated effects, with larger estimates drawn from simple RT tasks than interference control tasks. However, across all three task types, ASD groups exhibited significantly longer mean RTs than comparison groups. Stimulus type and age did not moderate effects. Generalized slowing may be a domain-general characteristic of ASD with potential consequences for social, language, and motor development. Assessing processing speed may inform development of interventions to support autistic individuals and their diverse cognitive profiles.

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According to Kapp et al. (2013), self-advocating autistic individuals prefer identity-first language (autistic individuals) over person-first language (individuals with autism spectrum disorder). Therefore, we use identity-first language in this paper. However, we recognize that person-first language over identity-first language may be a personal choice. Many scientists use person-first language in their reports, some of which are cited here. Though there is no consensus on terminology, respecting the individuals in question and their personal choices in how they describe themselves is of paramount importance (Lei et al., 2021).

The exact terms and syntax used in the initial PubMed and ERIC Proquest searches were: (((Autism) OR (Asperger) OR (ASD)) AND ((reaction time) OR (response time) OR (RT) OR (interference control))). In response to a reviewer’s suggestion, an additional search was done in PubMed using the following terms and syntax: (Autism OR Asperger OR ASD) AND (attention* AND ((congruent AND incongruent) OR ((“neutral cue” OR uncued) AND (“valid cue” OR “validly cued”)) OR distractor)) NOT ((reaction time) OR (response time) OR RT OR (interference control)).

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Titel: Slower Processing Speed in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analytic Investigation of Time-Based Tasks
Auteurs: Nicole M. Zapparrata
Patricia J. Brooks
Teresa M. Ober
Publicatiedatum: 16-09-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 12/2023
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05736-3

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