Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2013 | Empirical Research

Psychological Symptoms Linking Exposure to Community Violence and Academic Functioning in African American Adolescents

Auteurs: Danielle R. Busby, Sharon F. Lambert, Nicholas S. Ialongo

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 2/2013

Abstract

African American adolescents are exposed disproportionately to community violence, increasing their risk for emotional and behavioral symptoms that can detract from learning and undermine academic outcomes. The present study examined whether aggressive behavior and depressive and anxious symptoms mediated the association between exposure to community violence and academic functioning, and if the indirect effects of community violence on academic functioning differed for boys and girls, in a community sample of urban African American adolescents (N = 491; 46.6 % female). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the indirect effect of exposure to community violence in grade 6 on grade 8 academic functioning. Results revealed that aggression in grade 7 mediated the association between grade 6 exposure to community violence and grade 8 academic functioning. There were no indirect effects through depressive and anxious symptoms, and gender did not moderate the indirect effect. Findings highlight the importance of targeting aggressive behavior for youth exposed to community violence to not only improve their behavioral adjustment but also their academic functioning. Implications for future research are discussed.

vorige artikel The Role of the School Environment in Relational Aggression and Victimization

volgende artikel The Association Between Forms of Aggression, Leadership, and Social Status Among Urban Youth

Aguirre, A., Turner, J. H., & Aguirre, A., Jr. (2008). American ethnicity: The dynamics and consequences of discrimination. New York: McGraw-Hill.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Asarnow, J. R., & Carlson, G. A. (1985). Depression self-rating scale: Utility with child psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 491–499. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.4.491.PubMedCrossRef

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press.

Basch, C. E. (2011). Aggression and violence and the achievement gap among urban minority youth. Journal of School Health, 81(10), 619–625. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00636.PubMedCrossRef

Bem, S. L. (1981). Bem Sex Role Inventory: Professional manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Bentler, P. M., & Bonnet, D. C. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.CrossRef

Bowen, N. K., & Bowen, G. L. (1999). Effects of crime and violence in neighborhoods and schools on the school behavior and performance of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(3), 319–342. doi:10.1177/074355849914300.CrossRef

Bradshaw, C., Mitchell, M., & Leaf, P. (2010). Examining the effects of Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports on student outcomes: results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12(3), 133–148. doi:10.1177/1098300709334798.CrossRef

Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2006). National crime victimization survey: Criminal victimization, 2005 (US Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin NCJ 214644). Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/.

Byrd, C., & Chavous, T. (2009). Racial identity and academic achievement in the neighborhood context: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(4), 544–559. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9381-9.PubMedCrossRef

Carlo, G., Crockett, L. J., & Carranza, M. A. (2011). Health disparities in youth and families: Research and applications (Vol. 57). New York, NY: Springer Science Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7092-3.CrossRef

Cauce, A., Cruz, R., Corona, M., & Conger, R. (2011). The face of the future: Risk and resilience in minority youth. In G. Carlo, L. J. Crockett, & M. A. Carranza (Eds.), Health disparities in youth and families: Research and applications (pp. 13–32). New York, NY: Springer Science Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7092-3_2.CrossRef

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Preventing youth violence. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov.

Chapman, C., Laird, J., & Kewal Ramani, A. (2011). Trends in high school dropout and completion rates in the United States: 1972–2009, Compendium Report. Washington, DC: National Centre for Education Statistics.

Cooley, M. R., Turner, S. M., & Beidel, D. C. (1995). Assessing community violence: The children’s report of exposure to violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(2), 201–208. doi:10.1097/00004583-199502000-00015.PubMedCrossRef

Cooley-Quille, M., Boyd, R. C., Frantz, E., & Walsh, J. (2001). Emotional and behavioral impact of exposure to community violence in inner-city adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(2), 199–206. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3002_7.PubMedCrossRef

Curtis, C., & Norgate, R. (2007). An evaluation of the promoting alternative thinking strategies curriculum at key stage 1. Educational Psychology in Practice, 23(1), 33–44.CrossRef

Da Fonseca, D., Cury, F., Fakra, E., Rufo, M., Poinso, F., Bounoua, L., et al. (2008). Implicit theories of intelligence and IQ test performance in adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 46(4), 529–536.CrossRef

Darensbourg, A., Perez, E., & Blake, J. (2010). Overrepresentation of African American males in exclusionary discipline: The role of school-based mental health professionals in dismantling the school to prison pipeline. Journal of African American Males in Education, 1(3), 196–211.

Davis, L., & Siegel, L. J. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A review and analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3(3), 135–154. doi:10.1023/A:1009564724720.PubMedCrossRef

Duncan, G. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. (1994). Economic deprivation and early childhood development. Child Development, 65(2), 296–318. doi:10.2307/1131385.PubMedCrossRef

DuRant, R. H., Getts, A., Cadenhead, C., & Emans, S. J. (1995). Exposure to violence and victimization and depression, hopelessness, and purpose in life among adolescents living in and around public housing. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16(4), 233–237. doi:10.1097/00004703-199508000-00004.PubMedCrossRef

Evans, A. B., Banerjee, M., Meyer, R., Aldana, A., Foust, M., & Rowley, S. (2012). Racial socialization as a mechanism for positive development among African American youth. Child Development Perspectives. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00226.x.

Farrell, A. D., & Bruce, S. E. (1997). Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26(1), 2–14. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2601_1.PubMedCrossRef

Fenning, P., & Rose, J. (2007). Overrepresentation of African American students in exclusionary discipline the role of school policy. Urban Education, 42(6), 536–559.CrossRef

Fitzpatrick, K. M. (1993). Exposure to violence and presence of depression among low-income, African-American youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(3), 528–531. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.61.3.528.PubMedCrossRef

Fowler, P. J., Tompsett, C. J., Braciszewski, J. M., Jacques-Tiura, A. J., & Baltes, B. B. (2009). Community violence: A meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 227–259. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000145.PubMedCrossRef

Fröjd, S. A., Nissinen, E. S., Pelkonen, M. U. I., Marttunen, M. J., Koivisto, A. M., & Kaltiala-Heino, R. (2008). Depression and school performance in middle adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Adolescence, 31(4), 485–498. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.08.006.PubMedCrossRef

Gellman, R. A., & DeLucia-Waack, J. L. (2006). Predicting school violence: A comparison of violent and nonviolent male students on attitudes toward violence, exposure level to violence, and PTSD symptomatology. Psychology in the Schools, 43(5), 591–598. doi:10.1002/pits.20172.CrossRef

Gibson, C. L., Morris, S. Z., & Beaver, K. M. (2009). Secondary exposure to violence during childhood and adolescence: Does neighborhood context matter? Justice Quarterly, 26(1), 30–57. doi:10.1080/07418820802119968.CrossRef

Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H. (2004). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 439–449. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_2.PubMedCrossRef

Gorman-Smith, D., & Tolan, P. (1998). The role of exposure to community violence and developmental problems among inner-city youth. Development and Psychopathology, 10(1), 101–116. doi:10.1017/S0954579498001539.PubMedCrossRef

Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Gipson, P. Y. (2004). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Measurement issues and prospective effects. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(2), 412–425. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_23.PubMedCrossRef

Guerra, N. G., Rowell Huesmann, L., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development, 74(5), 1561–1576. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00623.PubMedCrossRef

Guterman, N., & Cameron, M. (1999). Young clients’ exposure to community violence: How much do their therapists know? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69(3), 382–391. doi:10.1037/h0080412.PubMedCrossRef

Halliday-Boykins, C. A., & Graham, S. (2001). At both ends of the gun: Testing the relationship between community violence exposure and youth violent behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(5), 383–402. doi:10.1023/A:1010443302344.PubMedCrossRef

Hammack, P. L., Richards, M. H., Luo, Z., Edlynn, E. S., & Roy, K. (2004). Social support factors as moderators of community violence exposure among inner-city African American young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 450–462. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_3.PubMedCrossRef

Henrich, C. C., Schwab-Stone, M., Fanti, K., Jones, S. M., & Ruchkin, V. (2004). The association of community violence exposure with middle-school achievement: A prospective study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(3), 327–348. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031.CrossRef

Hinshaw, S. P., & Anderson, A. (1996). Enhancing social competence: Integrating self-management strategies with behavioral procedures for children with ADHD. In E. D. Hibbs & P. S. Jensen (Eds.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (pp. 285–309). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Howard, D. E., Feigelman, S., Li, X., Cross, S., & Rachuba, L. (2002). The relationship among violence victimization, witnessing violence, and youth distress. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6), 455–462. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00404-4.PubMedCrossRef

Hoyle, R. H., & Smith, G. T. (1994). Formulating clinical research hypotheses as structural equation models: A conceptual overview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 429–440.PubMedCrossRef

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Hudley, C., Wakefield, W. D., Britsch, B., Cho, S., Smith, T., & DeMorat, M. (2001). Multiple perceptions of children’s aggression: Differences across neighborhood, age, gender, and perceiver. Psychology in the Schools, 38(1), 43–56. doi:10.1002/1520-6807(200101)38:1<43:AID-PITS5>3.0.CO;2-5.CrossRef

Hurt, H., Malmud, E., Brodsky, N. L., & Giannetta, J. (2001). Exposure to violence: Psychological and academic correlates in child witnesses. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 155(12), 1351–1356. doi:10.1001/archpedi.155.12.1351.PubMed

Hysenbegasi, A., Hass, S. L., & Rowland, C. R. (2005). The impact of depression on the academic productivity of university students. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 8(3), 145–151.PubMed

Ialongo, N., Edelsohn, G., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Crockett, L., & Kellam, S. (1994). The significance of self-reported anxious symptoms in first grade children: Prediction to anxious symptoms and adaptive functioning in fifth grade. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(3), 427–437. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01300.x.CrossRef

Ialongo, N., Kellam, S., & Poduska, J. (1999). Manual for the Baltimore how I feel. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.

Kam, C., Greenberg, M. T., & Walls, C. T. (2003). Examining the role of implementation quality in school-based prevention using the PATHS curriculum. Prevention Science, 4(1), 55–63. doi:10.1023/A:1021786811186.PubMedCrossRef

Kaufman, A., & Kaufman, N. (1998). Manual for the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement: Brief form. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services.

Kazdin, A. E., Rodgers, A., & Colbus, D. (1986). The hopelessness scale for children: Psychometric characteristics and concurrent validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(2), 241–245.PubMedCrossRef

Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.

Koth, C. W., Bradshaw, C. P., & Leaf, P. J. (2008). A multilevel study of predictors of student perceptions of school climate: The effect of classroom-level factors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(1), 96–104. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.1.96.CrossRef

Kovacs, M. (1983). The children’s depression inventory: A self-rated depression scale for school-age youngsters. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.

Kusche, C. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (1994). The PATHS curriculum. Seattle, WA: Developmental Research and Programs.

Latzman, R. D., & Swisher, R. R. (2005). The interactive relationship among adolescent violence, street violence, and depression. Journal of Community Psychology, 33(3), 355–371. doi:10.1002/jcop.20051.CrossRef

LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2, 191–198.PubMedCrossRef

Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989). The analysis of social science data with missing values. Sociological Methods & Research, 18(2–3), 292–326.CrossRef

Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (1996). Coping Power program: Child component. Unpublished manual, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.

MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83–104. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83.PubMedCrossRef

Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 445–479. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.445.PubMedCrossRef

Masten, A. S. (2005). Peer relationships and psychopathology in developmental perspective: Reflections on progress and promise. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 87–92. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_8.PubMedCrossRef

Mazza, J. J., & Reynolds, W. M. (1999). Exposure to violence in young inner-city adolescents: Relationships with suicidal ideation, depression, and PTSD symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(3), 203–213. doi:10.1023/A:1021900423004.PubMedCrossRef

Mazzone, L. L., Ducci, F. F., Scoto, M. C., Passaniti, E. E., D’Arrigo, V. G., & Vitiello, B. B. (2007). The role of anxiety symptoms in school performance in a community sample of children and adolescents. BMC Public Health, 7(1), 347.

McCart, M. R., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2007). Do urban adolescents become desensitized to community violence? Data from a national survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(3), 434–442. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.3.434.PubMedCrossRef

McConville, D. W., & Cornell, D. G. (2003). Aggressive attitudes predict aggressive behavior in middle school students. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 11(3), 179–187. doi:10.1177/10634266030110030501.CrossRef

McDonald, A. S. (2001). The prevalence and effects of test anxiety in school children. Educational Psychology, 21(1), 89–101.CrossRef

McGee, Z. T. (2003). Community violence and adolescent development an examination of risk and protective factors among African American youth. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 19(3), 293–314. doi:10.1177/1043986203254527.CrossRef

McMahon, S. D., Felix, E. D., Halpert, J. A., & Petropoulos, L. A. N. (2009). Community violence exposure and aggression among urban adolescents: Testing a cognitive mediator model. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(7), 895–910. doi:10.1002/jcop.20339.CrossRef

Meyers, S. A., & Miller, C. (2004). Direct, mediated, moderated, and cumulative relations between neighborhood characteristics and adolescent outcomes. Adolescence, 39(153), 121–144.PubMed

Miles, S., & Stipek, D. (2006). Contemporaneous and longitudinal associations between social behavior and literacy achievement in a sample of low-income elementary school children. Child Development, 77(1), 103–117. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00859.x.PubMedCrossRef

Miller, L. S., Wasserman, G. A., Neugebauer, R., Gorman-Smith, D., & Kamboukos, D. (1999). Witnessed community violence and antisocial behavior in high-risk, urban boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(1), 2–11. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2801_1.PubMedCrossRef

Mrug, S., Loosier, P. S., & Windle, M. (2008). Violence exposure across multiple contexts: Individual and joint effects on adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(1), 70–84. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.78.1.70.PubMedCrossRef

Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (2012). Mplus users guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2000). Monitoring quality: An indicators report. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

Osofsky, J. D. (1995). The effect of exposure to violence on young children. American Psychologist, 50(9), 782–788. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.782.PubMedCrossRef

Overstreet, S., & Braun, S. (1999). A preliminary examination of the relationship between exposure to community violence and academic functioning. School Psychology Quarterly, 14(4), 380–396. doi:10.1037/h0089015.CrossRef

Ozer, E. J. (2005). The impact of violence on urban adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(2), 167–192. doi:10.1177/0743558404273072.CrossRef

Ozer, E. J., & Weinstein, R. S. (2004). Urban adolescents’ exposure to community violence: The role of support, school safety, and social constraints in a school-based sample of boys and girls. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 463–476. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_4.PubMedCrossRef

Parks-Stamm, E. J., Heilman, M. E., & Hearns, K. A. (2008). Motivated to penalize: Women’s strategic rejection of successful women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 237–247.PubMedCrossRef

Perry, B. D. (1997). Incubated in terror: Neurodevelopmental factors in the “cycle of violence.” In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Children in a violent society (pp. 124–149). New York: Guilford.

Petras, H., Chilcoat, H. D., Leaf, P. J., Ialongo, N. S., & Kellam, S. G. (2004). Utility of TOCA-R scores during the elementary school years in identifying later violence among adolescent males. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(1), 88–96.PubMedCrossRef

Puig-Antich, J., Kaufman, J., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Dahl, R. E., Lukens, E., et al. (1993). The psychosocial functioning and family environment of depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(2), 244–253. doi:10.1097/00004583-199303000-00003.PubMedCrossRef

Purugganan, O. H., Stein, R. E. K., Silver, E. J., & Benenson, B. S. (2003). Exposure to violence and psychosocial adjustment among urban school-aged children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 24(6), 424–430. doi:10.1097/00004703-200312000-00004.PubMedCrossRef

Raby, R. (2012). School rules: Obedience, discipline, and elusive democracy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

Reinherz, H. Z., Frost, A. K., & Pakiz, B. (1991). Changing faces: Correlates of depressive symptoms in late adolescence. Family & Community Health: The Journal of Health Promotion & Maintenance, 14(1), 15–23.

Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1985). Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS): Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services (WPS).

Richards, M. H., Larson, R., Miller, B. V., Luo, Z., Sims, B., Parrella, D. P., et al. (2004). Risky and protective contexts and exposure to violence in urban African American young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 138–148. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_13.PubMedCrossRef

Rosario, M., Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., & Ng‐Mak, D. S. (2003). Community violence exposure and delinquent behaviors among youth: The moderating role of coping. Journal of Community Psychology, 31(5), 489–512. doi:10.1002/jcop.10066.CrossRef

Rosenthal, B. S. (2000). Exposure to community violence in adolescence: Trauma symptoms. Adolescence, 35(138), 271–285.PubMed

Rosenthal, B., & Wilson, W. (2003). Impact of exposure to community violence and psychological symptoms on college performance among students of color. Adolescence, 38(150), 239–249.PubMed

Rubin, D. B. (1987). The calculation of posterior distributions by data augmentation: Comment: A noniterative sampling/importance resampling alternative to the data augmentation algorithm for creating a few imputations when fractions of missing information are modest: The SIR algorithm. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82(398), 543–546.

Ruchkin, V., Henrich, C. C., Jones, S. M., Vermeiren, R., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2007). Violence exposure and psychopathology in urban youth: The mediating role of posttraumatic stress. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(4), 578–593. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9114-7.PubMedCrossRef

Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924.PubMedCrossRef

Schaeffer, C. M., Petras, H., Ialongo, N. S., Poduska, J., & Kellam, S. (2003). Modeling growth in boys’ aggressive behavior across elementary school: Links to later criminal involvement, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Developmental Psychology, 39(6), 1020–1035.PubMedCrossRef

Schaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 28–38.CrossRef

Schwab-Stone, M., Chen, C., Greenberger, E., Silver, D., Lichtman, J., & Voyce, C. (1999). No safe haven II: The effects of violence exposure on urban youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(4), 359–367. doi:10.1097/00004583-199904000-00007.PubMedCrossRef

Schwartz, D., & Gorman, A. H. (2003). Community violence exposure and children’s academic functioning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 163–173. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.163.CrossRef

Schwartz, D., & Proctor, L. J. (2000). Community violence exposure and children’s social adjustment in the school peer group: The mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 670–683. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.670.PubMedCrossRef

Selner-O’Hagan, M. B., Kindlon, D. J., Buka, S. L., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. J. (1998). Assessing exposure to violence in urban youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(2), 215–224. doi:10.1017/S002196309700187X.PubMedCrossRef

Shahar, G., Henrich, C. C., Winokur, A., Blatt, S. J., Kuperminc, G. P., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2006). Self criticism and depressive symptomatology interact to predict middle school academic achievement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 147–155. doi:10.1002/jclp.20210.PubMedCrossRef

Spence, S. H. (1997). Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(2), 280–297.PubMedCrossRef

Stein, M. B., & Kean, Y. M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in social phobia: Epidemiologic findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(10), 1606–1613. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1606.PubMedCrossRef

Stewart, E. B. (2008). School structural characteristics, student effort, peer associations, and parental involvement: The influence of school- and individual-level factors on academic achievement. Education and Urban Society, 40(2), 179–204. doi:10.1177/0013124507304167.CrossRef

Sugai, G., & Horner, R. H. (2008). What we know and need to know about preventing problem behavior in schools. Exceptionality, 16(2), 67–77. doi:10.1080/09362830801981138.CrossRef

Vanneman, A., Hamilton, L., Anderson, J. B., & Rahman, T. (2009). Achievement gaps: How black and white students in public schools perform in mathematics and reading on the national assessment of educational progress NCES 2009-455. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/studies/2009455.pdf.

Voisin, D. (2007). The effects of family and community violence exposure among youth: Recommendations for practice and policy. Journal of Social Work Education, 43(1), 51–66.CrossRef

Voisin, D. R., Neilands, T. B., & Hunnicutt, S. (2011). Mechanisms linking violence exposure and school engagement among African American adolescents: Examining the roles of psychological problem behaviors and gender. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 61–71. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01072.x.PubMedCrossRef

Werthamer-Larsson, L., Kellam, S., & Wheeler, L. (1991). Effect of first-grade classroom environment on shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19(4), 585–602.PubMedCrossRef

White, K. S., Bruce, S. E., Farrell, A. D., & Kliewer, W. (1998). Impact of exposure to community violence on anxiety: A longitudinal study of family social support as a protective factor for urban children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 7(2), 187–203. doi:10.1023/A:1022943216319.CrossRef

Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2002). Development of achievement motivation. San Diego: Academic Press.

Wilson, H. W., Stover, C. S., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2009). Research review: The relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: A meta analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(7), 769–779. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01974.x.PubMedCrossRef

Wood, J. J. (2006). Parental intrusiveness and children’s separation anxiety in a clinical sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37(1), 73–87. doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0021-x.PubMedCrossRef

Wright, R. J., & Steinbach, S. F. (2001). Violence: An unrecognized environmental exposure that may contribute to greater asthma morbidity in high risk inner-city populations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(10), 1085–1090.PubMedCrossRef

Zinzow, H. M., Ruggiero, K. J., Resnick, H., Hanson, R., Smith, D., Saunders, B., et al. (2009). Prevalence and mental health correlates of witnessed parental and community violence in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(4), 441–450. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02004.x.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Psychological Symptoms Linking Exposure to Community Violence and Academic Functioning in African American Adolescents
Auteurs: Danielle R. Busby
Sharon F. Lambert
Nicholas S. Ialongo
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2013
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 2/2013
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9895-z

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2013

Kaveri Subrahmanyam and David Šmahel: Digital Youth: The Role of Media in Development

The Role of the School Environment in Relational Aggression and Victimization

A Longitudinal Path Analysis of Peer Victimization, Threat Appraisals to the Self, and Aggression, Anxiety, and Depression Among Urban African American Adolescents

Individual and Contextual Factors Associated with Patterns of Aggression and Peer Victimization During Middle School

Barbara Martin: Children at Play: Learning Gender in the Early Years

Correlates and Outcomes Associated with Aggression and Victimization Among Elementary-School Children in a Low-Income Urban Context