Top

Gepubliceerd in:

07-02-2022 | Original Paper

Parental Arrest and Child Behavior: Differential Role of Executive Functioning among Racial Subgroups

Auteurs: Elizabeth I. Johnson, Elizabeth M. Planalp, Julie Poehlmann-Tynan

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 7/2022

Abstract

This study examines relations among parental arrest, child executive functioning (EF), and problem behaviors among youth who participated in the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (N = 11,875). Participants ranged in age from 9 to 10 (M = 9.91) years, and approximately half were girls (47.9%). Results of regression analyses that controlled for sociodemographic risk factors indicated that children who experienced parental arrest exhibited more internalizing and externalizing behaviors than comparison youth, particularly when their mother vs. father had been arrested. Results of analyses that were disaggregated by child race further revealed that EF appeared to play a differential role among White (n = 5851) and Black (n = 1451) children. Among White children, EF was associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviors regardless of whether or not a parent had been arrested. Among Black children, low levels of EF were associated with more internalizing behaviors in the context of parental arrest vs. no arrest, but high levels of EF did not appear to confer benefits. EF was not significantly related to externalizing behaviors among Black children. Taken together, results suggest that parental arrests have adverse implications for child well-being that warrant continued theoretical and empirical attention. Findings also suggest that, although EF may be broadly beneficial among White children, there appear to be constraints on the extent to which high EF benefits Black children, a finding that is discussed through the lens of racial stratification and that has important implications for future theory, research, and practice.

vorige artikel Parental Psychological Control and Adjustment Among Detained Youth: Does Perceived Containment Matter?

volgende artikel PTSD Among Families of Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth: Relation to Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Health Problems

Achenbach, T. M. (2009). The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA): Development, findings, theory, and applications. University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage

Allison, P. D. (2012). Handling missing data by maximum likelihood. SAS Global Forum, 312, 1038–1021

Arditti, J. (2016). A family stress-proximal process model for understanding the effects of parental incarceration on children and their families. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 5(2), 65–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000058CrossRef

Arditti, J. A., & Johnson, E. I. (2020). A family resilience agenda for understanding and responding to parental incarceration. American Psychologist. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000687

Assari, S. (2020). Parental education on youth inhibitory control in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Blacks' diminished returns. Brain Sciences, 10(5), 312 https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050312CrossRefPubMedCentral

Assari, S., Caldwell, C. H., & Bazargan, M. (2019). Association between parental educational attainment and youth outcomes and role of race/ethnicity. JAMA Network Open, 2(11), e1916018 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16018CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Assari, S., Boyce, S., Bazargan, M., & Caldwell, C. H. (2020). Executive function and school performance among American children: Blacks’ diminished returns. Edorium Journal of Pediatrics, 4, 100008P05SA2020. https://doi.org/10.5348/100008P05SA2019RA

Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2012). Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 686–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008CrossRefPubMed

Barch, D. M., Albaugh, M. D., Avenevoli, S., Chang, L., Clark, D. B., Glantz, M. D., Hudziak, J. J., Jernigan, T. L., Tapert, S. F., Yurgelun-Todd, D., Alia-Klein, N., Potter, A. S., Paulus, M. P., Prouty, D., Zucker, R. A., & Sher, K. J. (2018). Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Rationale and description. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.010CrossRefPubMed

Besemer, K. L., van de Weijer, S. G. A., & Dennison, S. M. (2018). Risk marker or risk mechanism? The effect of family, household, and parental imprisonment on children and adults’ social support and mental health. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 45(8), 1154–1173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818782711CrossRef

Blair, C. (2016). Developmental science and executive function. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415622634CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Blair, C., & Raver, C. (2012). Child development in the context of adversity: Experiential canalization of brain and behavior. American Psychologist, 67(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027493CrossRefPubMed

Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 465–480. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316CrossRef

Bruns, A., & Lee, H. (2019). Racial/ethnic disparities. In J. M. Eddy & J. Poehlmann-Tynan (Eds.), Handbook on children with incarcerated parents (2nd ed., pp. 37–52). Springer

Burgers, D. E., & Drabick, D. A. G. (2016). Community violence exposure and generalized anxiety symptoms: Does executive functioning serve a moderating role among low income, urban youth? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(8), 1543–1557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0144-xCrossRefPubMed

Camerota, M., Willoughby, M. T., & Blair, C. B. (2020). Measurement models for studying child executive functioning: Questioning the status quo. Developmental Psychology, 56(12), 2236–2245. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001127CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Campbell, L. K., Scaduto, M., Van Slyke, D., Niarhos, F., Whitlock, J. A., & Compas, B. E. (2009). Executive function, coping, and behavior in survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(3), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsn080CrossRefPubMed

Clonan-Roy, K., Jacobs, C. E., & Nakkula, M. J. (2016). Towards a model of positive youth development specific to girls of color: Perspectives on development, resilience, and empowerment. Gender Issues, 33(2), 96–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-016-9156-7CrossRef

Comfort, M. (2016). “A twenty-hour-a-day job”: The impact of frequent low-level criminal justice involvement on family life. The ANNALS of the American Academy Political and Social Science, 665(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215625038CrossRef

Dallaire, D. H. (2007). Incarcerated mothers and fathers: A comparison of risks for children and families. Family Relations, 56(5), 440–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00472.xCrossRef

Dallaire, D. H., Zeman, J. L., & Thrash, T. M. (2015). Children’s experiences of maternal incarceration-specific risks: predictions to psychological maladaptation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44(1), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.913248CrossRefPubMed

Davidovich, S., Collishaw, S., Thapar, A. K., Harold, G., Thapar, A., & Rice, F. (2016). Do better executive functions buffer the effect of current parental depression adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.049CrossRef

Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when and how. Journal of Business & Psychology, 29, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7CrossRef

Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333, 959–964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Diemer, M. A., Mistry, R. S., Wadsworth, M. E., López, I., & Reimers, F. (2013). Best practices in conceptualizing and measuring social class in psychological research. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13(1), 77–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12001CrossRef

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2019). Crime in the United States, 2018. Uniform Crime Report, U.S. Department of Justice

Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2015). Punishment regimes and the multilevel effects of parental incarceration: Intergenerational, intersectional, and interinstitutional models of social inequality and systemic exclusion. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112437CrossRef

Garavan, H., Bartsch, H., Conway, K., Decastro, A., Goldstein, R. Z., Heeringa, S., Jernigan, T., Potter, A., Thompson, W., & Zahs, D. (2018). Recruiting the ABCD sample: Design considerations and procedures. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.04.004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Garcia, N. M., López, N., & Vélez, V. N. (2018). QuantCrit: Rectifying quantitative methods through critical race theory. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1377675CrossRef

Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Barbarin, O., Tolan, P. H., & Murry, V. M. (2018). Understanding development of African American boys and young men: Moving from risks to positive youth development. American Psychologist, 73(6), 753–767. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000300CrossRefPubMed

Geller, A., Cooper, C. E., Garfinkel, I., Schwartz-Soicher, O., & Mincy, R. B. (2012). Beyond absenteeism: Father incarceration and child development. Demography, 49, 49–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0081-9CrossRefPubMed

Haskins, A. R. (2014). Unintended consequences: Effects of paternal incarceration on child school readiness and later special education placement. Sociological Science, 1, 141–158. https://doi.org/10.15195/v1.a11CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Haskins, A. R. (2016). Beyond boys’ bad behavior: Paternal incarceration and cognitive development in middle adulthood. Social Forces, 95(2), 861–892. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow066CrossRef

Haskins, A. R., & Lee, H. (2016). Reexamining race when studying the consequences of criminal justice contact for families. ANNALS of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, 665(1), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716216633447CrossRef

Heeringa S. G., & Berglund P. A. (2020). A guide for population-based analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study baseline data. BioRxiv. Preprint retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.10.942011

Hinton, E., Henderson, L., & Reed, C. (2018). An unjust burden: The disparate treatment of Black Americans in the U.S. criminal justice system. Vera Institute of Justice

Johnson, E. I., Kilpatrick, T., Bolland, A., & Bolland, J. (2020). Positive youth development in the context of household member contact with the criminal justice system. Children and Youth Services Review, 114. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105033

Kampfner, C. J. (1995). Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of imprisoned mothers. In K. Gabel & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents (pp. 89–100). Lexington Books

Kjellstrand, J., Cearley, J., Eddy, J. M., Foney, D., & Martinez, Jr, C. R. (2012). Characteristics of incarcerated fathers and mothers: Implications for preventive interventions targeting children and families. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(12), 2409–2415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.08.008CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Little, T. D., Jorgensen, T. D., Lang, K. M., & Moore, E. W. G. (2014). On the joys of missing data. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst048CrossRefPubMed

Masarik, A. S., & Conger, R. D. (2017). Stress and child development: A review of the Family Stress Model. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.008CrossRefPubMed

Masten, A. S., & Barnes, A. J. (2018). Resilience in children: Developmental perspectives. Children, 5(7), 98 https://doi.org/10.3390/children5070098CrossRefPubMedCentral

Masten, A. S., Lucke, C. M., Nelson, K. M., & Stallworthy, I. C. (2021). Resilience in development and psychopathology: Multisystem perspectives. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17, 521–549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307CrossRefPubMed

McTeague, L. M., Huemer, J., Carreon, D. M., Jiang, Y., Eickhoff, S. B., & Etkin, A. (2017). Identification of common neural circuit disruptions in cognitive control across psychiatric disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 676–685. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16040400CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Miller, K. M. (2007). Risk and resilience among African American children of incarcerated parents. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 15(2-3), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v15n02_03CrossRef

Miller, K. M., & Bank, L. (2013). Moderating effects of race on internalizing and externalizing behaviors among children of criminal justice and child welfare involved mothers. Children & Youth Services Review, 35(3), 472–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.12.022CrossRef

Mitchell, O., & Caudy, M. S. (2015). Examining racial disparities in drug arrests. Justice Quarterly, 32(2), 288–313CrossRef

Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429458CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734CrossRefPubMed

Mungas, D., Reed, B. R., Tomaszewski Farias, S., & DeCarli, C. (2005). Criterion-referenced validity of a neuropsychological test battery: Equivalent performance in elderly Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11(5), 620–630. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617705050745CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Murphey, D., & Cooper, P. M. (2015). Parents behind bars: what happens to their children? Child Trends, Inc

Nichols, E. B., & Loper, A. B. (2012). Incarceration in the household: Academic outcomes of adolescents with an incarcerated household member. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(11), 1455–1471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9780-9CrossRefPubMed

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill

Obradović, J. (2010). Effortful control and adaptive functioning of homeless children: Variable-and person-focused analyses. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2009.09.004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Op den Kelder, R., Ensink, J., Overbeek, G., Maric, M., & Lindauer, R. (2017). Executive function as a mediator in the link between single or complex trauma and posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 26(7), 1687–1696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1535-3CrossRef

Phillips, S. D., & Zhao, J. (2010). The relationship between witnessing arrests and elevated symptoms of posttraumatic stress: Findings from a national study of children involved in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(10), 1246–1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.04.015CrossRef

Poehlmann-Tynan, J., & Turney, K. (2021). A developmental perspective on children with incarcerated parents. Child Development Perspectives, 15, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12392

Poehlmann-Tynan, J., & Eddy, J. M. (2019). A research and intervention agenda for children with incarcerated parents and their families. In J. M. Eddy & J. Poehlmann-Tynan (Eds.), Handbook on children with incarcerated parents: Research, policy, and practice (pp. 353–371). Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Price, T. S., & Jaffee, S. R. (2008). Effects of the family environment: Gene-environment interaction and passive gene-environment correlation. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.305CrossRefPubMed

Provencher, A., & Conway, J. M. (2019). Health effects of family member incarceration in the United States: A meta-analysis and cost study. Children and Youth Services Review, 103, 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.029CrossRef

Raver, C. C., & Blair, C. (2020). Developmental science aimed at reducing inequality: Maximizing the social impact of research on executive function in context. Infant & Child Development, 29, e2175 https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2175CrossRef

Reising, M. M., Bettis, A. H., Dunbar, J. P., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M., Hoskinson, K. R., & Compas, B. E. (2018). Stress, coping, executive function, and brain activation in adolescent offspring of depressed and nondepressed mothers. Child Neuropsychology, 24(5), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2017.1307950CrossRefPubMed

Sen, M., & Wasow, O. (2016). Race as a bundle of sticks: Designs that estimate effects of seemingly immutable characteristics. Annual Review of Political Science, 19, 499–522. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-032015-010015CrossRef

Shlafer, R. J., Poehlmann, J., & Donelan-McCall, N. (2012). Maternal jail time, conviction, and arrest as predictors of children’s 15-year antisocial outcomes in the context of a nurse home visiting program. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.632345CrossRef

Smedley, A., & Smedley, B. D. (2005). Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist, 60(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.16CrossRefPubMed

Taylor, Z. E., & Ruiz, Y. (2019). Executive function, dispositional resilience, and cognitive engagement in Latinx children of migrant farmworkers. Children & Youth Services Review, 100, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.025CrossRef

Thompson, M. J., Davis, P. T., Hentges, R. F., Sturge-Apple, M. L., & Parry, L. Q. (2020). Understanding how and why effortful control moderates children’s vulnerability to interparental conflict. Developmental Psychology, 56(5), 937–950. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000909CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Thompson, W. K., Barch, D. M., Bjork, J. M., Gonzalez, R., Nager, B. J., Nixon, S. J., & Luciana, M. (2019). The structure of cognition in 9 and 10 year-old children and associations with problem behaviors: Findings from the ABCD study’s baseline neurocognitive battery. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 36, 100606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.12.004

Tulsky, D. S., Carlozzi, N. E., Chevalier, N., Espy, K. A., Beaumont, J. L., & Mungas, D. (2013). V. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): measuring working memory. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12035CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Turney, K. (2017). The unequal consequences of mass incarceration for children. Demography, 54(1), 361–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0543-1CrossRefPubMed

Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2015). Detrimental for some? Heterogeneous effects of maternal incarceration on child wellbeing. Criminology & Public Policy, 14, 125–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12109CrossRef

Turney, K., & Haskins, A. R. (2019). Parental incarceration and children’s well-being: Findings from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being study. In J. M. Eddy & J. Poehlmann-Tynan (Eds.), Handbook on children with incarcerated parents (2nd ed., pp. 53–64). Springer

Turney, K., & Sugie, N. F. (2021). Connecting models of family stress to inequality: Parental arrest and family life. Journal of Marriage and Family, 83, 102–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12717

Vallas, R., Boteach, M., West, R., & Odum, J. (2015). Removing barriers to opportunity for parents with criminal records and their children: A two-generational approach. Center for American Progress

Wakefield, S., & Powell, K. (2016). Distinguishing petty offenders from serious criminals in the estimation of family life effects. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 665(1), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716216633078CrossRef

Wakefield, S., & Apel, R. J. (2018). Criminological perspectives on parental incarceration. In C. Wildeman, A. R. Haskins, & J. Poehlmann-Tynan (Eds.), When parents are incarcerated: Interdisciplinary research and interventions to support children (pp. 29–52). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000062-003

Wildeman, C. (2010). Paternal incarceration and children’s physically aggressive behaviors: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Social Forces, 89(1), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0055CrossRef

Wildeman, C., Goldman, A. W., & Turney, K. (2018). Parental incarceration and child health in the United States. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxx013CrossRefPubMed

Williams, D. T. (2019). A call to focus on racial domination and oppression: A response to “racial and ethnic inequality in poverty and affluence, 1959-2015”. Population Research & Policy Review, 38, 665–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09538-xCrossRef

Williams, D. T., & Perry, A. R. (2019). More than just incarceration: Law enforcement contact and Black fathers’ familial relationships. Issues in Race & Society, 8, 85–118. https://doi.org/10.34314/issuescomplete2019.00005CrossRef

Williams, D. T., & Baker, R. S. (2021). Family structure, risks, and racial stratification in poverty. Social Problems, 68(4), 964–985. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spab018CrossRef

Williams, P. G., Suchy, Y., & Rau, H. K. (2009). Individual differences in executive functioning: Implications for stress regulation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9100-0CrossRefPubMed

Zelazo, P. D. (2006). The Dimensional Change Card Sort: A method of assessing executive function in children. Nature Protocols, 1(1), 297–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.46CrossRefPubMed

Zelazo, P. D., Anderson, J. E., Richler, J., Wallner-Allen, K., Beaumont, J. L., & Weintraub, S. (2013). II. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Measuring executive function and attention. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12032CrossRefPubMed

Zelazo, P. D., & Müller, U. (2002). Executive function in typical and atypical development. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development (pp. 445–469). Blackwell Publishing

Zeman, J. L., Dallaire, D. H., Folk, & Thrash, T. M. (2018). Maternal incarceration, children’s psychological adjustment, and the mediating role of emotion regulation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(2), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0275-8CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Parental Arrest and Child Behavior: Differential Role of Executive Functioning among Racial Subgroups
Auteurs: Elizabeth I. Johnson
Elizabeth M. Planalp
Julie Poehlmann-Tynan
Publicatiedatum: 07-02-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 7/2022
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02251-y

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 7/2022

The Impact of Parental ADHD Symptoms on Parenting Practices and Stress After Behavioral Intervention: Comparisons across Co-occurring Presentations

Qualitative Investigation into Pre- and Post-Natal Experience of Parents of Triplets

Effects of the SPARK Teen Mentoring Program for High School Students

Interparental Conflict Appraisals and Adolescents’ Maladaptation in Siblings: An Actor-Partner Interdependence Model

Parental Psychological Control and Adjustment Among Detained Youth: Does Perceived Containment Matter?

Family Structure Transitions: Prevalence and Physical Health Effects in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam