1932

Abstract

Resilience science in psychology and related fields emerged from clinical research on risk for psychopathology in the 1970s and matured over the ensuing decades with advances in theory, methods, and knowledge. Definitions and models of resilience shifted to reflect the expanding influence of developmental systems theory and the growing need to integrate knowledge about resilience across levels and disciplines to address multisystem threats. Resilience is defined for scalability and integrative purposes as the capacity of a dynamic system to adapt successfully through multisystem processes to challenges that threaten system function, survival, or development. Striking alignment of resilience factors observed in human systems, ranging from individuals to communities, suggests the possibility of networked, multisystem protective factors that work in concert. Evidence suggests that there may be resilience factors that provide transdiagnostic protection against the effects of adverse childhood experiences on risk for psychopathology. Multisystem studies of resilience offer promising directions for future research and its applications to promote mental health and positive development in children and youth at risk for psychopathology.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307
2021-05-07
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/clinpsy/17/1/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aburn G, Gott M, Hoare K. 2016. What is resilience? An integrative review of the empirical literature. J. Adv. Nurs. 72:980–1000
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Acosta J, Chandra A, Madrigano J. 2017. An agenda to advance integrative resilience research and practice: key themes from a Resilience Roundtable Res. Rep., RAND Corp. Santa Monica, CA:
  3. Anderson RE, Stevenson HC. 2019. RECASTing racial stress and trauma: theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. Am. Psychol. 74:63–75
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bailey D, Duncan GJ, Odgers CL, Yu W 2017. Persistence and fadeout in the impacts of child and adolescent interventions. J. Res. Educ. Eff. 10:7–39
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Barry MM, Clarke AM, Jenkins R, Patell V. 2013. A systematic review of the effectiveness of mental health promotion interventions for young people in low and middle income countries. BMC Public Health 13:835
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Belsky J, Pluess M. 2009. Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychol. Bull. 135:6885–908
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Benner AD, Wang Y, Shen Y, Boyle AE, Polk R, Cheng Y-P. 2018. Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: a meta-analytic review. Am. Psychol. 73:855–83
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Berry JW. 2019. Acculturation: A Personal Journey Across Cultures Elem. Psychol. Cult. Ser. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  9. Betancourt TS, Borisova I, Williams TP, Meyers-Ohki SE, Rubin-Smith JE et al. 2013. Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers—a systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 54:17–36
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bowers ME, Yehuda R. 2020. Intergenerational transmission of stress vulnerability and resilience. See Chen 2020 257–67
  11. Brody GH, Yu T, Chen E, Miller GE. 2020. Persistence of skin-deep resilience in African American adults. Health Psychol 39:10921–26
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA 2006. The bioecological model of human development. Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 1: Theoretical Models of Human Development RM Lerner, W Damon 793–828 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. , 6th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bussu G, Jones EJH, Charman T, Johnson MH, Buitelaar JK et al. 2019. Latent trajectories of adaptive behaviour in infants at high and low familial risk for autism spectrum disorder. Mol. Autism 10:13
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Cabrera NJ, Leyendecker B. 2017. Handbook on Positive Development of Minority Children and Youth New York: Springer
  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2019. Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences: Leveraging the Best Available Evidence Atlanta, GA: Natl. Cent. Inj. Prev. Control
  16. Chen A 2020. Stress Resilience: Molecular and Behavioral Aspects Cambridge, MA: Elsevier
  17. Cicchetti D. 2010. Resilience under conditions of extreme stress: a multilevel perspective. World Psychiatry 9:145–54
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cicchetti D. 2013. Resilient functioning in maltreated children—past, present, and future perspectives. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 54:402–22
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Cicchetti D, Blender JA. 2006. A multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective on resilience: implications for the developing brain, neural plasticity, and preventive interventions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1094:248–58
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Cicchetti D, Rogosch F. 1996. Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Dev. Psychopathol. 8:597–600
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Comas-Díaz L, Hall GN, Neville HA. 2019. Racial trauma: theory, research, and healing. Introduction to the special issue. Am. Psychol. 74:1–5
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Crawford E, Wright MO, Masten AS 2006. Resilience and spirituality in youth. The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence EC Roehlkepartain, PE King, L Wagener, PL Benson 355–70 Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Cummings EM, Valentino K 2015. Developmental psychopathology. Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, Vol. 1: Theory and Method WF Overton, PCM Molenaar 566–606 New York: Wiley. , 7th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Dawson BA, Panchanadeswaran S. 2010. Discrimination and acculturative stress among first-generation Dominicans. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 32:216–231
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Doty JL, Davis L, Arditti JA. 2017. Cascading resilience: leveraging points in promoting parent and child well-being. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 9:1111–26
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Dray J, Bowman J, Campbell E, Freund M, Wolfenden L et al. 2017. Systematic review of universal resilience-focused interventions targeting child and adolescent mental health in the school setting. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 56:1813–24
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Ellis BJ, Abrams LS, Masten AS, Sternberg RJ, Tottenham N, Frankenhuis WE. 2020. Hidden talents in harsh environments. Dev. Psychopathol. In press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000887
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  28. Ellis BJ, Boyce TW, Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH. 2011. Differential susceptibility to the environment: an evolutionary-neurodevelopmental theory. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:7–28
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Elsabbagh M. 2020. Linking risk factors and outcomes in autism spectrum disorder: Is there evidence for resilience?. BMJ 368:16880
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Evans G, Li D, Whipple S. 2013. Cumulative risk and child development. Psychol. Bull. 139:1342–96
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Feder A, Fred-Torres S, Southwick SM, Charney DS. 2019. The biology of human resilience: opportunities for enhancing resilience across the life span. Biol. Psychiatry 86:6443–53
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM et al. 1998. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. Am. J. Prev. Med. 14:4245–58
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Folke C. 2016. Resilience. Ecol. Soc. 21:444
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Franchini M, Duku E, Armstrong V, Brian J, Bryson SE et al. 2018. Variability in verbal and nonverbal communication in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder: predictors and outcomes. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 48:103417–31
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Fritz J, de Graaff AM, Caisley H, van Harmelen A-L, Wilkinson PO. 2018a. A systematic review of amenable resilience factors that moderate and/or mediate the relationship between childhood adversity and mental health in young people. Front. Psychiatry 9:230
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Fritz J, Fried EI, Goodyer IM, Wilkinson PO, van Harmelen A-L. 2018b. A network model of resilience factors for adolescents with and without exposure to childhood adversity. Sci. Rep. 8:15774
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Garmezy N. 1985. Stress-resistant children: the search for protective factors. Recent Research in Developmental Psychopathology JE Stevenson 213–33 J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Book Suppl. 4 Oxford, UK: Pergamon
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Garmezy N, Masten AS, Tellegen A. 1984. The study of stress and competence in children: a building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Dev 55:197–111
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Garmezy N, Rutter M, eds. 1983. Stress, Coping, and Development in Children Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
  40. Gartland D, Riggs E, Muyeen S, Muyeen S, Giallo R et al. 2019. What factors are associated with resilient outcomes in children exposed to social adversity? A systematic review. BMJ Open 9:e024870
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Goodman SH, Garber J. 2017. Evidence-based interventions for depressed mothers and their young children. Child Dev 88:2368–77
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Gottesman II. 1974. Developmental genetics and ontogenetic psychology: overdue détente and propositions from a matchmaker. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Vol. 8 A Pick 55–80 Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Gottesman II, Laursen TM, Bertelsen A, Mortensen PB. 2010. Severe mental disorders in offspring with 2 psychiatrically ill parents. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67:3252–57
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Gottlieb G. 2007. Probabilistic epigenesis. Dev. Sci. 10:11–11
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Granic I, Hollenstein T. 2003. Dynamic systems methods for models of developmental psychopathology. Dev. Psychopathol. 15:641–69
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Griffiths PE, Tabery J 2013. Developmental systems theory: What does it explain, and how does it explain it?. Embodiment and Epigenesis: Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Understanding the Role of Biology within the Relational Developmental System RM Lerner, JB Benson 65–94 New York: Academic.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Grove J, Ripke S, Als TD, Mattheisen M, Walters RK et al. 2019. Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nat. Genet. 51:3431–44
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Gunnar MR, DePasquale CE, Reid BM, Donzella B, Miller BS 2020. Pubertal stress recalibration reverses the effects of early life stress in postinstitutionalized children. PNAS 116:4823984–88
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Hauser ST, Allen JP, Golden E. 2006. Out of the Woods: Tales of Resilient Teens Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  50. Hayden EP, Mash EJ 2014. Child psychopathology: a developmental-systems perspective. Child Psychopathology EJ Mash, RA Barkley 3–72 New York: Guilford
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Hays-Grudo J, Morris AS. 2020. Adverse and Protective Childhood Experiences: A Developmental Perspective Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
  52. Herbers JE, Cutuli JJ, Supkoff LM, Narayan AJ, Masten AS. 2014. Parenting and coregulation: adaptive systems for competence in children experiencing homelessness. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 84:4420–30
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Horn SS, Ruck MD, Liben LS, eds. 2016. Equity and Justice in Developmental Science: Implications for Young People, Families, and Communities Adv. Child Dev. Behav. 51 Cambridge, MA: Academic
  54. Hostinar CE, Sullivan RM, Gunnar MR. 2014. Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: a review of animal models and human studies across development. Psychol. Bull. 140:1256–82
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Hughes D, Rodriguez J, Smith EP, Johnson DJ, Stevenson HC, Spicer P. 2006. Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: a review of research and directions for future study. Dev. Psychol. 42:5747–70
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Buchart A et al. 2017. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2:8e365–66
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Huguley JP, Wang M-T, Vasquez AC, Guo J. 2019. Parental ethnic–racial socialization practices and the construction of children of color's ethnic–racial identity: a research synthesis and meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 145:5437–58
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Ioannidis K, Askelund AD, Kievit RA, van Harmelen A-L. 2020. The complex neurobiology of resilient functioning after childhood maltreatment. BMC Med 18:32
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Issler O, Lorsch ZS, Nestler EJ. 2020. Molecular characterization of the resilient brain: transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. See Chen 2020 209–31
  60. James SA. 1994. John Henryism and the health of African Americans. Cult. Med. Psychiatry 18:163–82
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Johnson MH, Jones EJH, Gliga T. 2015. Brain adaptation and alternative developmental trajectories. Dev. Psychopathol. 27:2425–42
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Jung T, Wickrama KAS. 2008. An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 2:1302–17
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Kalisch R, Cramer AOJ, Binder H, Fritz J, Leertouwer I et al. 2019. Deconstructing and reconstructing resilience: a dynamic network approach. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 14:5765–77
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Kirmayer LJ, Dandeneau S, Marshall E, Phillips MK, Williamson KJ. 2011. Rethinking resilience from indigenous perspectives. Can. J. Psychiat. 56:284–91
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Kraemer HC, Kazdin AE, Offord DR, Kessler RC, Jensen PS, Kupfer DJ. 1997. Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54:4337–43
    [Google Scholar]
  66. La Greca AM, Lai BS, Llabre MM, Silverman WK, Vernberg EM, Prinstein MJ 2013. Children's postdisaster trajectories of PTS symptoms: predicting chronic distress. Child Youth Care Forum 42:4351–69
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Lai BS, Esnard A-M, Wyczalkowski C, Savage R, Shaw H. 2019. Trajectories of school recovery after a natural disaster: risk and protective factors. Risk Hazards Crisis Public Policy 10:132–51
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Lai M-C, Szatmari P. 2019. Resilience in autism: research and practice prospects. Autism 23:3539–41
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Leijten P, Gardner F, Landau S, Harris V, Mann J et al. 2017. Harnessing the power of individual participant data in a meta-analysis of the benefits and harms of the Incredible Years parenting program. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 59:299–109
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Lenzenweger MF. 2018. Schizotypy, schizotypic psychopathology and schizophrenia. World Psychiatry 17:125–26
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Lerner RM 2006. Developmental science, developmental systems, and contemporary theories. Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 1: Theoretical Models of Human Development RM Lerner, W Damon 1–17 New York: Wiley. , 6th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Liebenberg L, Ungar M, LeBlanc JC. 2013. The CYRM-12: a brief measure of resilience. Can. J. Public Health 104:e131–35
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Liu JJW, Reed M, Girard TA. 2017. Advancing resilience: an integrative multi-system model of resilience. Personal. Individ. Differ. 111:111–18
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Livingston LA, Shah P, Happé F. 2019. Compensatory strategies below the behavioural surface in autism: a qualitative study. Lancet Psychiatry 6:9766–77
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Lundberg M, Wuermli A, eds. 2012. Children and Youth in Crisis: Protecting and Promoting Human Development in Times of Economic Shocks Washington, DC: World Bank
  76. Luthar SS. 1991. Vulnerability and resilience: a study of high-risk adolescents. Child Dev 62:3600–16
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Luthar SS 2006. Resilience in development: a synthesis of research across five decades. Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 3: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation D Cicchetti, DJ Cohen 739–95 New York: Wiley. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Luthar SS, Cicchetti D. 2000. The construct of resilience: implications for interventions and social policies. Dev. Psychopathol. 12:4857–85
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Luthar SS, Crossman EJ, Small PJ 2015. Resilience and adversity. Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, Vol. 3: Socioemotional Processes RM Lerner, ME Lamb 247–86 New York: Wiley. , 7th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Marks AK, Woolverton GA, García Coll C 2020. Risk and resilience in minority youth populations. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 16:151–63
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Masten AS. 2001. Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Am. Psychol. 56:3227–38
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Masten AS. 2007. Resilience in developing systems: progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Dev. Psychopathol. 19:3921–30
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Masten AS. 2011. Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: frameworks for research, practice, and translational synergy. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:141–54
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Masten AS. 2014a. Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child Dev 85:6–20
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Masten AS. 2014b. Ordinary Magic: Resilience in Development New York: Guilford
  86. Masten AS. 2016. Resilience in developing systems: the promise of integrated approaches. Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 13:297–312
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Masten AS. 2018. Resilience theory and research on children and families: past, present, and promise. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 10:112–31
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Masten AS. 2021. Resilience of children in disasters: a multisystem perspective. Int. J. Psychol. 56:11–11
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Masten AS, Best KM, Garmezy N. 1990. Resilience and development: contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Dev. Psychopathol. 2:4425–44
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Masten AS, Cicchetti D. 2010. Developmental cascades. Dev. Psychopathol. 22:3491–95
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Masten AS, Cicchetti D 2016. Resilience in development: progress and transformation. Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 4: Risk, Resilience, and Intervention D Cicchetti 271–333 New York: Wiley. , 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Masten AS, Coatsworth JD. 1998. The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: lessons from research on successful children. Am. Psychol. 53:2205–20
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Masten AS, Garmezy N, Tellegen A, Pellegrini DS, Larkin K, Larsen A. 1988. Competence and stress in school children: the moderating effects of individual and family qualities. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 29:6745–64
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Masten AS, Kalstabakken AW 2018. Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. APA Handbook of Psychopathology: Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, JN Butcher, PC Kendall 15–36 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Masten AS, Liebkind K, Hernandez DJ. 2012. Realizing the Potential of Immigrant Youth Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  96. Masten AS, Motti-Stefanidi F. 2020. Multisystem resilience for children and youth in disaster: reflections in the context of COVID-19. Advers. Resil. Sci. 1:95–106
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Masten AS, Motti-Stefanidi F, Rahl-Brigman HA 2019. Developmental risk and resilience in the context of devastation and forced migration. Children in Changing Worlds: Sociocultural and Temporal Perspectives RD Parke, GH Elder Jr 84–111 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Masten AS, Narayan AJ. 2012. Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: pathways of risk and resilience. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 63:227–57
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Masten AS, Obradović J. 2008. Disaster preparation and recovery: lessons from research on resilience in human development. Ecol. Soc. 13:19
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Masten AS, Roisman GI, Long JD, Burt KB, Obradović J et al. 2015. Developmental cascades: linking academic achievement and externalizing and internalizing symptoms over 20 years. Dev. Psychol. 41:5733–46
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Masten AS, Tellegen A. 2012. Resilience in developmental psychopathology: contributions of the Project Competence Longitudinal Study. Dev. Psychopathol. 24:2345–61
    [Google Scholar]
  102. McDonald NM, Senturk D, Scheffler A, Brian JA, Carver LJ et al. 2019. Developmental trajectories of infants with multiplex family risk for autism: a Baby Siblings Research Consortium study. JAMA Neurol 77:173–81
    [Google Scholar]
  103. McEwen B 2019. Resilience of the brain and body. Stress, Vol. 3: Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pathology G Fink, pp. 19–33. Handb. Stress Ser Cambridge, MA: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
  104. McEwen B. 2020. A life-course, epigenetic perspective on resilience in brain and body. See Chen 2020 1–21
  105. McLaughlin KA, Colich NL, Rodman AM, Weissman DG. 2020. Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience. BMC Med 18:96
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Meng X, Fleury M-J, Xiang Y-T, Li M, D'Arcy C 2018. Resilience and protective factors among people with a history of child maltreatment: a systematic review. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 54:453–75
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Miller-Graff LE, Howell KH. 2015. Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories among children exposed to violence. J. Trauma Stress 28:117–24
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Motti-Stefanidi F. 2019. Resilience among immigrant youths: Who adapts well, and why?. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 28:5510–17
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Motti-Stefanidi F, García Coll C 2018. We have come a long way, baby: explaining positive adaptation of immigrant youth across cultures. J. Adolesc. 62:218–21
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Murrough JW, Russo SJ. 2019. The neurobiology of resilience: complexity and hope. Biol. Psychiatry 86:6406–9
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Muthén B, Muthén LK. 2000. Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24:6882–91
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Narayan AJ, Atzl VM, Merrick JS, Harris WW, Lieberman AF. 2020. Developmental origins of ghosts and angels in the nursery: adverse and benevolent childhood experiences. Advers. Resil. Sci. 1:121–34
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Narayan AJ, Rivera LM, Bernstein RE, Harris WW, Lieberman AF. 2018. Positive childhood experiences predict less psychopathology and stress in pregnant women with childhood adversity: a pilot study of the benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) scale. Child Abuse Negl. 78:19–30
    [Google Scholar]
  114. National Research Council, Institute of Medicine 2009. Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children: Opportunities to Improve Identification, Treatment, and Prevention Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
  115. Neblett EW, Sosoo EE, Willis HA, Bernard DL, Bae J, Billingsley JT. 2016. Racism, racial resilience, and African American youth development: person-centered analysis as a tool to promote equity and justice. Adv. Child Dev. Behav. 51:43–79
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Nguyen T, Schleihauf H, Kayhan E, Matthes D, Vrtička P, Hoehl S 2020. The effects of interaction quality on neural synchrony during mother–child problem solving. Cortex 124:235–49
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Oono IP, Honey EJ, McConachie H. 2013. Parent-mediated early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4:CD009774
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Osofsky JD, Osofsky HJ, Weems CF, King LS, Hansel TC. 2015. Trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among youth exposed to both natural and technological disasters. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 56:121347–55
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Overton WF. 2013. A new paradigm for developmental science: relationism and relational-developmental systems. Appl. Dev. Sci. 17:294–107
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Ozonoff S, Young GS, Carter A, Messinger D, Yirmiya N et al. 2011. Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: a Baby Siblings Research Consortium study. Pediatrics 128:3e488–95
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Panter-Brick C. 2015. Culture and resilience: next steps for theory and practice. See Theron et al. 2015 233–44
  122. Panter-Brick C, Leckman JF. 2013. Resilience in child development—interconnected pathways to wellbeing. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 54:4333–36
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Patterson GR, Forgatch MS, DeGarmo DS. 2010. Cascading effects following intervention. Dev. Psychopathol. 22:4941–70
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Perna G, Riva A, Defillo A, Sangiorgio E, Nobile M, Caldirola D. 2020. Heart rate variability: Can it serve as a marker of mental health resilience?. J. Affect. Disord. 263:754–61
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Phelan P, Davidson AL, Cao HT. 1991. Students’ multiple worlds: negotiating the boundaries of family, peer, and school cultures. Anthropol. Educ. Q. 22:3224–50
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Priest N, Paradies Y, Trenerry B, Truong M, Karlsen S, Kelly Y. 2013. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Soc. Sci. Med. 95:115–27
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Renbarger RL, Padgett RN, Cowden RG, Govender K, Yilmaz MZ et al. 2020. Culturally relevant resilience: a psychometric meta-analysis of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM). J. Res. Adolesc. 30:4896–912
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Rivas-Drake D, Markstrom C, Syed M, Lee RM, Umaña-Taylor AJ et al. 2014. Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Dev 85:140–57
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Romero V, Fitzpatrick P, Roulier S, Duncan A, Richardson MJ, Schmidt RC. 2018. Evidence of embodied social competence during conversation in high functioning children with autism spectrum disorder. PLOS ONE 13:3e0193906
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Rudolph K, Lansford JE, Rodkin PC 2015. Interpersonal theories of developmental psychopathology. Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 3: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation D Cicchetti, DJ Cohen 243–311 New York: Wiley. , 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Rutter M. 1987. Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 57:3316–31
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Sacrey L-AR, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Brian J, Smith IM et al. 2019. Developmental trajectories of adaptive behavior in autism spectrum disorder: a high-risk sibling cohort. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 60:6697–706
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Saetren SS, Sutterlin S, Lugo RG, Prince-Embury S, Makransky G. 2019. A multilevel investigation of Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents: the relationships between self-perceived emotional regulation, vagal mediated heart rate variability, and personal factors associated with resilience. Front. Psychol. 10:438
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Sandler I, Schoenfelder E, Wolchik S, MacKinnon D. 2011. Long-term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting: lasting effects but uncertain processes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 62:299–329
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Satterstrom FK, Kosmicki JA, Wang J, Breen MS, De Rubeis S et al. 2020. Large-scale exome sequencing study implicates both developmental and functional changes in the neurobiology of autism. Cell 180:3568–84
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Shonkoff JP, Garner AS, Siegel BS, Dobbins MI, Earls MF et al. 2012. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 129:1e232–46
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Snyder HR, Young JF, Hankin BL. 2017. Chronic stress exposure and generation are related to the p-factor and externalizing specific psychopathology in youth. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 48:308–15
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Spencer MB, Harpalani V, Cassidy E, Jacobs CY, Donde S et al. 2006. Understanding vulnerability and resilience from a normative developmental perspective: implications for racially and ethnically diverse youth. Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 1: Theory and Mind D Cicchetti, DJ Cohen 627–72 New York: Wiley. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Sroufe LA, Egeland B, Carlson EA, Collins WA. 2005. The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood New York: Guilford
  140. Suárez-Orozco C, Mott-Stefanidi F, Marks A, Katsiaficas D. 2018. An integrative risk and resilience model for understanding the adaptation of immigrant-origin children and youth. Am. Psychol. 73:6781–96
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Theron LC, Liebenberg L, Ungar M, eds. 2015. Youth Resilience and Culture: Commonalities and Complexities New York: Springer
  142. Theron LC, Phasha N. 2015. Cultural pathways to resilience: opportunities and obstacles as recalled by black South African students. See Theron et al. 2015 51–65
  143. Twum-Antwi A, Jefferies P, Ungar M. 2020. Promoting child and youth resilience by strengthening home and school environments: a literature review. Int. J. Sch. Educ. Psychol. 8:278–89
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Umaña-Taylor AJ, Quintana SM, Lee RM, Cross WE Jr., Rivas-Drake D et al. 2014. Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: an integrated conceptualization. Child Dev 85:121–39
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Ungar M. 2015. Resilience and culture: the diversity of protective processes and positive adaptation. See Theron et al. 2015 37–48
  146. Ungar M. 2018. Systemic resilience: principles and processes for a science of change in the context of adversity. Ecol. Soc. 23:434
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Ungar M, Liebenberg L. 2011. Assessing resilience across cultures using mixed methods: construction of the child and youth resilience measure. J. Mixed Methods Res. 5:2126–49
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Ungar M, Theron L 2020. Resilience and mental health: how multisystemic processes contribute to positive outcomes. Lancet Psychiatry 7:5441–48
    [Google Scholar]
  149. van Breda AD. 2018. A critical review of resilience theory and its relevance for social work. Soc. Work 54:1611
    [Google Scholar]
  150. van Breda AD, Theron LC. 2018. A critical review of South African child and youth resilience studies, 2009–2017. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 91:237–47
    [Google Scholar]
  151. van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kraneburg MJ, Coughlan B, Reijman S. 2019. Umbrella synthesis of meta-analyses on child maltreatment antecedents and interventions: differential susceptibility perspective on risk and resilience. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 61:3272–90
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Weisner TS. 2002. Ecocultural understandings of children's developmental pathways. Hum. Dev. 45:4275–81
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Werner EE, Smith RS. 1982. Vulnerable but Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth New York: McGraw-Hill
  154. Windle G. 2011. What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Rev. Clin. Gerontol. 21:2152–69
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Wright MO, Masten AS, Narayan AJ 2013. Resilience processes in development: four waves of research on positive adaptation in the context of adversity. Handbook of Resilience in Children S Goldstein, RB Brooks 15–37 New York: Springer. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Yoshikawa H, Wuermli AJ, Britto PR, Dreyer B, Leckman JF et al. 2020. Effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic on early childhood development: short- and long-term risks and mitigating program and policy actions. J. Pediatr. 223:188–93
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Yule K, Houston J, Grych J 2019. Resilience in children exposed to violence: a meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 22:406–31
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Zelazo PD. 2020. Executive function and psychopathology: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 16:431–54
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error