Top

Gepubliceerd in:

03-10-2016 | Original Article

Examining Optimism and Hope as Protective Factors of Suicide Risk in Hungarian College Students: Is Risk Highest Among Those Lacking Positive Psychological Protection?

Auteurs: Edward C. Chang, Tamás Martos, Viola Sallay, Olivia D. Chang, Kaitlin M. Wright, Alexandria S.-M. Najarian, Jerin Lee

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 2/2017

Abstract

A specific model involving optimism and hope as predictors of suicide risk, namely, depressive symptoms and suicide ideation, was tested in a sample of 508 (242 male and 266 female) Hungarian college students. Beyond the distinct influence of the two predictors on both depressive symptoms and suicide ideation, optimism and hope were also hypothesized to interact together to predict both outcomes. Results of regression analyses indicated that optimism and hope were significant and unique predictors of lower depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Noteworthy, beyond optimism and hope, the optimism × hope interaction term was found to significantly augment the prediction of both depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Specifically, optimists with high hope showed the highest amount of protection from depressive symptoms, but not suicide ideation. In contrast, pessimists with low hope consistently showed the least amount of protection from both depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Some implications of the present findings for understanding protective factors of suicide risk are discussed.

vorige artikel The Effects of Psychotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder on Daily Mood and Functioning: A Longitudinal Experience Sampling Study

volgende artikel Latent Growth Curve Analysis of Gender Differences in Response Styles and Depressive Symptoms during Mid-Adolescence

Alarcon, G. M., Bowling, N. A., & Khazon, S. (2013). Great expectations: A meta-analytic examination of optimism and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 821–827. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.004.CrossRef

Allport, G. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Arnau, R. C., Rosen, D. H., Finch, J. F., Rhudy, J. L., & Fortunato, V. J. (2007). Longitudinal effects of hope on depression and anxiety: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Personality, 75, 43–63. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00432.x.CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5.CrossRef

Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004.CrossRefPubMed

Bérdi, M., & Köteles, F. (2010). Az optimizmus mérése: Az Életszemlélet Teszt átdolgozott változatának (LOT-R) pszichometriai jellemzői hazai mintán [The measurement of optimism: The psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT–R)]. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, 65, 273–294. doi:10.1556/MPSzle.65.2010.2.7.CrossRef

Bonner, R. L., & Rich, A. R. (1987). Toward a predictive model of suicidal ideation and behavior: Some preliminary data in college students. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 17, 50–63. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1987.tb00061.x.CrossRefPubMed

Bryant, F. B., & Cvengros, J. A. (2004). Distinguishing hope and optimism: Two sides of a coin, or two separate coins? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 273–302. doi:10.1521/jscp.23.2.273.31018.CrossRef

Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 879–889. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2014). [Graphic representation of 10 leading causes of death in the United States in 2014, for both sexes]. Leading causes of death reports, National and regional, 1999–2014. Retrieved from: http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10_us.html.

Chang, E. C. (1996). Cultural differences in optimism, pessimism, and coping: Predictors of subsequent adjustment in Asian American and Caucasian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 113–123. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.1.113.CrossRef

Chang, E. C. (1998). Dispositional optimism and primary and secondary appraisal of a stressor: Controlling for confounding influences and relations to coping and psychological and physical adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1109–1120. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.1109.CrossRef

Chang, E. C. (2003). A critical appraisal and extension of hope theory in middle-aged men and women: Is it important to distinguish agency and pathways components? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 121–143. doi:10.1521/jscp.22.2.121.22876.CrossRef

Chang, E. C. (2009). An examination of optimism, pessimism, and performance perfectionism as predictors of positive psychological functioning in middle-aged adults: Does holding high standards of performance matter beyond generalized outcome expectancies? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 334–344. doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9215-9.CrossRef

Chang, E. C., & Asakawa, K. (2003). Cultural variations on optimistic and pessimistic bias for self versus a sibling: Is there evidence for self-enhancement in the West and for self-criticism in the East when the referent group is specified? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 569–581. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.569.CrossRefPubMed

Chang, E. C., & Banks, K. H. (2007). The color and texture of hope: Some preliminary findings and implications for hope theory and counseling among diverse racial/ethnic groups. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 94–103. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.13.2.94.CrossRefPubMed

Chang, E. C., & Chang, O. D. (2016). Development of the Frequency of Suicidal Ideation Inventory: Evidence for validity and reliability of a brief measure of suicidal ideation frequency in a college student population. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40, 549–556. doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9758-0.CrossRef

Chang, E. C., Chang, O. D., Martos, T., Sallay, V., Lee, J., Stam, K. R., et al. (in press-a). Family support as a moderator of the relationship between loneliness and suicide risk in college students: Having a supportive family matters! The Family Journal.

Chang, E. C., Chang, O. D., Martos, T., Sallay, V., Najarian, A. S.-M., & Lee, J. (in press-b). Validity of the Frequency of Suicidal Ideation Inventory in Hungarian adults. Death Studies.

Chang, E. C., Chang, R., & Sanna, L. J. (2009). Optimism, pessimism, and motivation: Relations to adjustment. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 494–506. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00190.x.CrossRef

Chang, E. C., Downey, C. A., Hirsch, J. K., & Lin, N. J. (Eds.). (2016). Positive psychology in racial and ethnic groups: Theory, research, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14799-000.

Chang, E. C., Yu, E. A., & Hirsch, J. K. (2013a). On the confluence of optimism and hope on depressive symptoms in primary care patients: Does doubling up on bonum futurum proffer any added benefits? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 404–411. doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.818163.CrossRef

Chang, E. C., Yu, T., Jilani, Z., Fowler, E. E., Yu, E. A., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Hope under assault: Understanding the impact of sexual assault on the relation between hope and suicidal risk in college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34, 221–238. doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.3.221.CrossRef

Chang, E. C., Yu, E. A., Kahle, E. R., Jeglic, E. L., & Hirsch, J. K. (2013b). Is doubling up on positive cognitions associated with lower suicidal risk in Latinos?: A look at hope and positive problem orientation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 1285–1293. doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9572-x.CrossRef

Cheavens, J. S., Feldman, D. B., Gum, A., Michael, S. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2006). Hope therapy in a community sample: A pilot investigation. Social Indicators Research, 77, 61–78. doi:10.1007/s11205-005-5553-0.CrossRef

Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (Rev ed.). New York: Academic Press.

Davidson, C. L., & Wingate, L. R. (2013). The glass half-full or a hopeful outlook: Which explains more variance in interpersonal suicide risk in a psychotherapy clinic sample? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 263–272. doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.787446.CrossRef

Drum, D. J., Brownson, C., Denmark, A. B., & Smith, S. E. (2009). New data on the nature of suicidal crises in college students: Shifting the paradigm. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 213–222. doi:10.1037/a0014465.CrossRef

Endrighi, R., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Associations of trait optimism with diurnal neuroendocrine activity, cortisol responses to mental stress, and subjective stress measures in healthy men and women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 672–678. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31822f9cd7.CrossRefPubMed

Farabaugh, A., Bitran, S., Nyer, M., Holt, D. J., Pedrelli, P., Shyu, I., et al. (2012). Depression and suicidal ideation in college students. Psychopathology, 45, 228–234. doi:10.1159/000331598.CrossRefPubMed

Feldman, D. B., & Dreher, D. E. (2012). Can hope be changed in 90 minutes?: Testing the efficacy of a single-session goal-pursuit intervention for college students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 745–759. doi:10.1007/s10902-011-9292-4.CrossRef

Feldman, D. B., & Snyder, C. R. (2005). Hope and the meaningful life: Theoretical and empirical associations between goal-directed thinking and life meaning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 401–421. doi:10.1521/jscp.24.3.401.65616.CrossRef

Furr, S. R., Westefeld, J. S., McConnell, G. N., & Jenkins, J. M. (2001). Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 32, 97–100. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.32.1.97.CrossRef

Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2009). Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 548–556. doi:10.1080/17439760903157166.CrossRef

Geiger, K. A., & Kwon, P. (2010). Rumination and depressive symptoms: Evidence for the moderating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 391–395. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.004.CrossRef

Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row. (Original work published 1927).

Hirsch, J. K., Conner, K. R., & Duberstein, P. R. (2007a). Optimism and suicide ideation among young adult college students. Archives of Suicide Research, 11, 177–185. doi:10.1080/13811110701249988.CrossRefPubMed

Hirsch, J. K., Duberstein, P. R., Chapman, B., & Lyness, J. M. (2007b). Positive affect and suicide ideation in older adult primary care patients. Psychology and Aging, 22, 380–385. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.22.2.380.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hirsch, J. K., Wolford, K., LaLonde, S. M., Brunk, L., & Morris, A. P. (2007c). Dispositional optimism as a moderator of the relationship between negative life events and suicide ideation and attempts. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 533–546. doi:0.1007/s10608-007-9151-0.CrossRef

Hirsch, J. K., Visser, P. L., Chang, E. C., & Jeglic, E. L. (2012). Race and ethnic differences in hope and hopelessness as moderators of the association between depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior. Journal of American College Health, 60, 115–125. doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.567402.CrossRefPubMed

Jaspers, K. (1971). Philosophy of existence (R. F. Grabau, Trans.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Original work published in 1938).

Kisch, J., Leino, E. V., & Silverman, M. M. (2005). Aspects of suicidal behavior, depression, and treatment in college students: Results from the Spring 2000 National College Health Assessment Survey. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35, 3–13. doi:10.1521/suli.35.1.3.59263.CrossRefPubMed

Laslow, A. M., Hulman, A., Csicsman, J., Bari, F., & Nyari, T. A. (2015). The use of regression methods for the investigation of trends in suicide rates in Hungary between 1963 and 2011. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50, 249–256. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0926-9.CrossRef

Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111.CrossRef

Magaletta, P. R., & Oliver, J. M. (1999). The hope construct, will, and ways: Their relations with self-efficacy, optimism, and general well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 539–551. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199905)55:5<539:AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-G.CrossRefPubMed

Marshall, G. N., Wortman, C. B., Kusulas, J. W., Hervig, L. K., & Vickers, R. R., Jr. (1992). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: Relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1067–1074. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1067.CrossRef

Martos, T., Lakatos, C., & Tóth-Vajna, R. (2014). A Remény Skála magyar változatának (AHS-H) pszichometriai jellemzõi [Psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the Adult Hope Scale (AHS-H)]. Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika, 15, 187–202. doi:10.1556/Mental.15.2014.3.2.CrossRef

Maslow, A. (1962). Toward a psychology of being. New York: Van Nostrand.CrossRef

Metalsky, G. I., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (1997). The hopelessness depression symptom questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 359–384. doi:10.1023/A:1021882717784.CrossRef

Neves, C. M. (2003). Optimism, pessimism, and hope in Durkheim. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, 169–183. doi:10.1023/A:1024487829769.CrossRef

Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986). Defensive pessimism: Harnessing anxiety as motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1208–1217. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1208.CrossRefPubMed

O’Keefe, V. M., & Wingate, L. R. (2013). The role of hope and optimism in suicide risk for American Indians/Alaska Natives. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 43, 621–633. doi:10.1111/sltb.12044.CrossRefPubMed

O’Sullivan, G. (2011). The relationship between hope, stress, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction among undergraduates. Social Indicators Research, 101, 155–172. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9662-z.CrossRef

Oláh, A., & Kapitány-Fövény, M. (2012). A pozitív pszichológia tíz éve [Ten years of positive psychology]. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, 67, 19–45. doi:10.1556/MPSzle.67.2012.1.3.CrossRef

Peleg, G., Barak, O., Harel, Y., Rochberg, J., & Hoofien, D. (2009). Hope, dispositional optimism and severity of depression following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 23, 800–808. doi:10.1080/02699050903196696.CrossRefPubMed

Perczel Forintos, D., Kiss, Z., & Ajtay, G. (2007). Beck Depresszió Kérdőív [Beck Depression Inventory]. In D. Perczel Forintos, Z. Kiss, & G. Ajtay (Eds.), Kérdőívek, becslőskálák a klinikai pszichológiában (pp. 40–43). Budapest, Hungary: Országos Pszichiátriai és Neurológiai Intézet.

Peters, M. L., Flink, I. K., Boersma, K., & Linton, S. J. (2010). Manipulating optimism: Can imagining a best possible self be used to increase positive future expectancies? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 204–211. doi:10.1080/17439761003790963.CrossRef

Raphael, T., Power, S. H., & Berridge, W. L. (1937). The question of suicide as a problem in college mental hygiene. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 7, 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1937.tb05555.x.CrossRef

Rogers, C. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Sartre, J.-P. (1956). Being and nothingness: An essay on phenomenological ontology (H. Barnes, Trans.). New York: Philosophical Library (Original work published 1943).

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219.CrossRefPubMed

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201–228. doi:10.1007/BF01173489.CrossRef

Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063.CrossRefPubMed

Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5.CrossRefPubMed

Silverman, M. M., & Berman, A. L. (2014). Training for suicide risk assessment and suicide risk formulation. Academic Psychiatry, 38, 526–537. doi:10.1007/s40596-014-0200-1.CrossRefPubMed

Smith, S. S., Carter, J. S., Karczewski, S., Pivarunas, B., Suffoletto, S., & Munin, A. (2015). Mediating effects of stress, weight-related issues, and depression on suicidality in college students. Journal of American College Health, 63, 1–12. doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.960420.CrossRefPubMed

Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570.CrossRefPubMed

Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Michael, S. T., & Cheavens, J. (2001). Optimism and hope constructs: Variants on a positive expectancy theme. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 101–125). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10385-005.

Stellrecht, N. E., Joiner, T. E., Jr., & Rudd, M. D. (2006). Responding to and treating negative interpersonal processes in suicidal depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1129–1140. doi:10.1002/jclp.20298.CrossRefPubMed

Värnik, P. (2012). Suicide in the world. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9, 760–771. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Voracek, M., & Marušič, A. (2008). Testing the Finno-Ugrian suicide hypothesis: Geographic variation of elderly suicide rates across Europe. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 302–308. doi:10.1080/08039480801984040.CrossRefPubMed

Weinberg, M., Besser, A., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Neria, Y. (2015). Dispositional optimism and self-esteem as competing predictors of acute symptoms of generalized anxiety disorders and dissociative experiences among civilians exposed to war trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7, 34–42. doi:10.1037/a0035170.CrossRef

Werner, S. (2012). Subjective well-being, hope, and needs of individuals with serious mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 196, 214–219. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.012.CrossRefPubMed

Westefeld, J. S., Button, C., Haley, J. T., Jr., Kettmann, J. J., Macconnell, J., Sandil, R., et al. (2006). College student suicide: A call to action. Death Studies, 30, 931–956. doi:10.1080/07481180600887130.CrossRefPubMed

Westefeld, J. S., & Furr, S. R. (1987). Suicide and depression among college students. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18, 119–123. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.18.2.119.CrossRef

Wingate, L. R., Burns, A. B., Gordon, K. H., Perez, M., Walker, R. L., Williams, F. M., et al. (2006). Suicide and positive cognitions: Positive psychology applied to the understanding and treatment of suicidal behavior. In T. E. Ellis (Ed.), Cognition and suicide: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 261–283). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11377-012.

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2013). Mental health action plan 2013–2020. Geneva: Author.

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative. Geneva: Author.

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2016). Suicide mortality rates (per 100,000), by WHO region, 2012. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-4-viz-2?lang=en.

Yu, E. A., & Chang, E. C. (in press). Optimism/pessimism and future orientation as predictors of suicidal ideation: Are there ethnic differences? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology.

Zivin, K., Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., & Golberstein, E. (2009). Persistence of mental health problems and needs in a college student population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 117, 180–185. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.001.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Examining Optimism and Hope as Protective Factors of Suicide Risk in Hungarian College Students: Is Risk Highest Among Those Lacking Positive Psychological Protection?
Auteurs: Edward C. Chang
Tamás Martos
Viola Sallay
Olivia D. Chang
Kaitlin M. Wright
Alexandria S.-M. Najarian
Jerin Lee
Publicatiedatum: 03-10-2016
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 2/2017
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9810-0

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2017

Incompetence Schemas and Sexual Functioning in Heterosexual and Lesbian Women: The Mediator Role of Automatic Thoughts and Affective States During Sexual Activity

Latent Growth Curve Analysis of Gender Differences in Response Styles and Depressive Symptoms during Mid-Adolescence

Cognitive Control and Anxious Arousal in Worry and Generalized Anxiety: An Initial Test of an Integrative Model

A Meta-Analytical Approach of the Relationships Between the Irrationality of Beliefs and the Functionality of Automatic Thoughts

The Effects of Psychotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder on Daily Mood and Functioning: A Longitudinal Experience Sampling Study

Virtual Reality and Exposure Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Results from a 4–6 Year Follow-Up