Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Training for Suicide Risk Assessment and Suicide Risk Formulation

  • In Depth Article: Systematic Review
  • Published:
Academic Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Suicide and suicidal behaviors are highly associated with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatrists have significant opportunities to identify at-risk individuals and offer treatment to reduce that risk. Although a suicide risk assessment (SRA) is a core competency requirement, many lack the requisite training and skills to appropriately assess for suicide risk. Moreover, the standard of care requires psychiatrists to foresee the possibility that a patient might engage in suicidal behavior, hence to conduct a suicide risk formulation (SRF) sufficient to guide triage and treatment planning. An SRA gathers data about observable and reported symptoms, behaviors, and historical factors that are associated with suicide risk and protection, ascertained by way of psychiatric interview; collateral information from family, friends, and medical records; and psychometric scales and/or screening tools. Based on data collected via an SRA, an SRF is a process whereby the psychiatrist forms a judgment about a patient’s foreseeable risk of suicidal behavior in order to inform triage decisions, safety and treatment plans, and interventions to reduce risk. This paper addresses the need for a revised training model in SRA and SRF, and proposes a model of training that incorporates the acquisition of skills, relying heavily on case application exercises.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. An oft-quoted reference (Hirschfeld and Russell 1997) defines “imminent risk” as a suicide attempt occurring within 48 hours of the time that the patient is seen, “short term risk” within days or weeks, and “long term risk” within weeks to years.

References

  1. Simon RI. Suicide risk assessment: gateway to treatment and management. In: Simon RI, Hales RE, editors. The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of suicide assessment and management. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2012. p. 3–28.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Harris EC, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;170:205–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Berman AL, Pompili M, editors. Medical conditions associated with suicide risk. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Suicidology; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Luoma J, Martin C, Pearson J. Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:909–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Appleby L, Kapur N, Shaw J, Hunt I, Flynn S, While D, et al. The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by people with mental illness annual report, July 2012. London: Department of Health; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Knesper DJ. Continuity of care for suicide prevention and research: suicide attempts and suicide deaths subsequent to discharge from the emergency department or psychiatry or psychiatry inpatient unit. Newton, MA: Education Development Center, Inc.; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Skeem JL, Silver E, Applebaum PS, Tiemann J. Suicide-related behavior after psychiatric hospital discharge: implications for risk assessment and management. Behav Sci Law. 2006;24:731–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for violent deaths—national violent death reporting system, 16 states, 2009. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. (MMWR) September 14, 2012; 61 (ss06):1–43.

  9. Joint Commission. Sentinel event alert: a follow-up report on preventing suicide. Focus on medical/surgical units and the emergency department. The Joint Commission Sentinel Event Alert, 46 (November 17, 2010). http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/SEA_46.pdf.

  10. Joint Commission. Sentinel event data: root causes by event type. http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/se_root_cause_event_type_2004_2Q2011.pdf.

  11. Simon RI. Improving suicide risk assessment with evidence-based psychiatry. In: Pompili M, Tatarelli R, editors. Evidence-based practice in suicidology: a sourcebook. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing; 2011. p. 45–54.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Scheiber SC, Kramer TAM, Adamowski SE. Core competencies for psychiatric practice: what clinicians need to know (a report of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Simon RI. Suicide risk assessment: what is the standard of care? J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2003;31:65–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Simon RI, Shuman DW. Therapeutic risk management of clinical-legal dilemmas: should it be a core competency? J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2009;37:155–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Schmitz WM, Allen MH, Feldman BN, Gutin N, Jahn DR, Kleespies PM, et al. Preventing suicide through improved training in suicide risk assessment and care: an American Association of Suicidology Task Force Report addressing serious gaps in U.S. mental health training. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2012;42:292–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Schulberg HC, Bruce ML, Lee PW, Williams JW, Dietrich AJ. Preventing suicide in primary care patients: the primary care physician’s role. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26:337–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Berman AL, Silverman MM. Suicide risk assessment and risk formulation. Part II: suicide risk formulation and the determination of levels of risk. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2013. doi:10.1111/sltb.12067.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of patients with suicidal behaviors. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160 Suppl 11:1–60.

    Google Scholar 

  19. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Committee on Health Care Access and Economics Task Force on Mental Health. Improving mental health services in primary care: reducing administrative and financial barriers to access and collaboration. Pediatrics. 2009;123:1248–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Gliatto MF, Rai AK. Evaluation and treatment of patients with suicidal ideation. Am Fam Physician. 1999;59:1500–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Haney EM, O’Neil ME, Carson S, Low A, Peterson K, Denneson LM, et al. Suicide risk factors and risk assessment tools: a systematic review. VA-ESP Project #05-225 (ESP=Evidence-based Synthesis Program). 2012.

  22. Farberow NL, Heilig SM, Litman RE. Techniques in crisis intervention: a training manual. Los Angeles: Suicide Prevention Center, Inc.; 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Tuckman J, Youngman WF. A scale for assessing suicidal risk in attempted suicide. J Clin Psychol. 1968;24:17–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cohen E, Motto JA, Seiden R. An instrument for evaluating suicide potential: a preliminary study. Am J Psychiatry. 1966;122:886–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Motto JA, Heilbrun D, Juster R. Development of a clinical instrument to estimate suicide risk. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:680–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Beck AT, Resnik HL, Lettieri DJ. The prediction of suicide. Philadelphia, PA: Charles Press; 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Diggory J. Predicting suicide: will-o-the-wisp or reasonable challenge? In: Beck AT, Resnik HLP, Littieri DJ, editors. The prediction of suicide. Bowie, MD: Charles Press; 1974. p. 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Litwack TR. Actuarial versus clinical assessments of dangerousness. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2001;7:409–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Dawes RM, Faust D, Meehl PE. Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Science. 1989;243:1668–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Levine BJ, Levine DW. How accurately could we screen for individual risk? Using summary data to examine discriminatory accuracy of a risk marker. Prev Med. 2007;44:342–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Swets JA, Dawes RM, Monahan J. Psychological science can improve diagnostic decisions. Psychol Sci Pub Interes. 2000;1:1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Nakash O, Alegria M. Examination of the role of implicit clinical judgments during mental health intake. Qual Health Res. 2013;23:645–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Horowitz LM, Bridge JA, Teach SJ, Ballard E, Klima J, Rosenstein DL, et al. Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ): a brief instrument for the pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166:1170–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wintersteen MB, Berman AL, Silverman MM. What is meant by “Increased risk for suicide?”. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167:675–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Baca-Garcia E, Perez-Rodriquez MM, Oquendo MA, Keyes KM, Hasin DS, et al. Estimating risk for suicide attempt: are we asking the right questions? Passive suicidal ideation as a marker for suicidal behavior. J Affect Disord. 2011;134:327–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Posner K, Brown GK, Stanley B, Brent DA, Yershova KV, Oquendo MA, et al. The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:1266–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for suicide risk in adolescents, adults, and older adults in primary care: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. AHRQ Publication No. 12-05188-EF-2. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf13/suicide/suicidefinalrs.htm

  38. O’Connor E, Gaynes BN, Burda BU, Soh C, Whitlock EP. Screening for and treatment of suicide risk relevant to primary care: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:741–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dolan MA, Fein JA, The Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Pediatric and adolescent mental health emergencies in the emergency medical services system. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e1356–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. American Association of Suicidology. Training Committee Report. Washington, DC: American Association of Suicidology; April 20, 1983.

  41. Lomax JW. A proposed curriculum on suicide care for psychiatry residency. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1986;16:56–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ellis TE, Dickey III TO, Jones EC. Patient suicide in psychiatry residency programs: a national survey of training postvention practices. Acad Psychiatry. 1998;22:181–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Coverdale JH, Roberts LW, Louie AK. Encountering patient suicide: emotional responses, ethics, and implications for training programs. Acad Psychiatry. 2007;31:329–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Melton BB, Coverdale JH. What do we teach psychiatric residents about suicide? A national survey of chief residents. Acad Psychiatry. 2009;3391:47–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Fiederowicz JG, Tate J, Miller AC, Franklin EM, Gourley R, Rosenbaum MA. Medical interviewing curriculum intervention for medical students’ assessment of suicide risk. Acad Psychiatry. 2013;37:398–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Lake CR. How academic psychiatry can better prepare students for their future patients. Part II: a course in ultra-brief initial diagnostic screening suitable for future primary care physicians. Beh Med, Washington, DC, 2008; 34(3): 101–116.

  47. Frierson RL, Campbell NN. Commentary: core competencies and the training of psychiatric residents in therapeutic risk management (2009). J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2009;37(2):165–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Simon RI. Suicide risk assessment: what is the standard of care? J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2003;31:65–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). National strategy for suicide prevention: goals and objectives for action. Rockville, MD: Public Health Service; 2001.

  50. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of the Surgeon General and national Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention. 2012 National strategy for suicide prevention: goals and objectives for action. Washington, D.C.: HHS; 2012.

  51. Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE, editors. Reducing suicide: a national imperative. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Busch KA, Fawcett J, Jacobs DG. Clinical correlates of inpatient suicide. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:14–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Silverman MM & Berman AL. Suicide risk assessment and risk formulation part I: A focus on suicide ideation in assessing suicide risk. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2013; 43, doi: 10.1111/sltb.12065.

  54. Szanto K, Reynolds CF, Frank E, Stack J, Fasiczka AL, Miller M, et al. Suicide in elderly depressed patients: is active vs. passive suicidal ideation a clinically valid distinction? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1996;4:197–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Simon RI. Behavioral risk assessment of the guarded suicidal patient. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2008;38:517–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Beck AT, Brown GK, Steer RA, Dahlsgaard KK, Grisham JR. Suicide ideation at its worst point: a predictor of eventual suicide in psychiatric outpatients. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1999;29:1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Large MM, Nielssen OB. Suicide ideation and later suicide. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Fawcett J, Scheftner W, Fogg L, Clark DC, Young MA, Hedeker D, et al. Time-related predictors of suicide in major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:1189–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kessler RC, Borges G, Walters EE. Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:617–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Isometsa ET, Heikkinen ME, Marttunen MJ, Henriksson MM, Aro HM, Lonnqvist JK. The last appointment before suicide: is suicide intent communicated? Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:919–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Borges G, Angst J, Nock MK, Ruscio AM, Kessler RC. Risk factors for the incidence and persistence of suicide-related outcomes: a 10-year follow-up study using the national comorbidity surveys. J Affect Disord. 2008;105:25–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Borges G, Angst J, Nock MK, Ruscio AM, Walters EE, Kessler RC. A risk index for 12-month suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Psychol Med. 2006;36:1747–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Rudd MD, Berman AL, Joiner TE, Nock MK, Silverman MM, Mandrusiak M, et al. Warning signs for suicide: theory, research and clinical applications. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006;36:255–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Motto JA. An integrated approach to estimating suicide risk. In: Maris RW, Berman AL, Maltsberger JT, Yufit RI, editors. Assessment and prediction of suicide. New York: Guilford; 1992. p. 625–39.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Maltsberger JT. The psychodynamic formulation: an aid in assessing suicide risk. In: Maris RW, Berman AL, Maltsberger JT, Yufit RI, editors. Assessment and prediction of suicide. New York: Guilford; 1992. p. 25–49.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Motto JA. Problems in suicide risk assessment. In: Jacobs D, Brown HN, editors. Suicide: understanding and responding. Madison, CT: International Universities Press; 1989. p. 129–42.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 17 Cal. 3d 425,551 P.2d334, 131 Cal. Rptr. 14.

  68. Berman AL. The assessment of imminent risk for suicide. Paper presented at the XXXIst International Congress on Law and Mental Health, New York, N.Y. (2011, July).

  69. Hirschfeld RMA, Russell JM. Assessment and treatment of suicidal patients. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:910–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Simon RI. Imminent suicide: the illusion of short-term prediction. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006;36:296–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cahill S, Rakow T. Assessing risk and prioritizing referral for self-harm: when and why is my judgment different from yours? Clin Psychol Psychother. 2012;19:399–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Appleby L, Shaw J, Amos T. Suicide within 12 months of contact with mental health services: national clinical survey. Br Med J. 1999;318:1235–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hilton NZ, Harris GT, Rice ME. Sixty-six years of research on the clinical versus actuarial prediction of violence. Couns Psychol. 2006;34:400–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Bittner MP, Tobin E. Critical thinking: strategies for clinical practice. J Nurs Staff Dev. 1998;14:267–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Spengler PM, White MJ, Aegisd SA, Maugherman AS, Anderson LA, Cook RS, et al. The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project. Couns Psychol. 2009;37:350–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Acad Med. 2004;70:S70–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Watkins MW. Errors in diagnostic decision making and clinical judgment. In: Gutkin TB, Reynolds CR, editors. Handbook of school psychology. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2009. p. 210–29.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Monahan J. The prediction of violent behavior: toward a second generation of theory and policy. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:10–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Large M, Sharma S, Cannon E, Ryan C, Nielssen O. Risk factors for suicide within a year of discharge from psychiatric hospital: a systematic meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45:619–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Simon RI. Suicide risk assessment forms: form over substance. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2009;37:290–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Beautrais AL. Further suicidal behavior among medically serous suicide attempters. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2004;34:1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Litwack TR. Actuarial versus clinical assessments of dangerousness. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2001;7:409–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Swets JA, Dawes RM, Monahan J. Psychological science can improve diagnostic decisions. Psychol Sci Pub Int. 2000;1:1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Cohen JJ. Will changes in the MCAT and USMLE ensure that future physicians have what it takes? JAMA. 2013;310:2253–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Haist SA, Katsufrakis PJ, Dillon GF. The evolution of the United States medical licensing examination (USMLE): enhancing assessment of practice-related competencies. JAMA. 2013; doi:10.1001/jama.2013.282328.

  86. Kirch DG, Mitchell K, Ast C. The new 2015 MCAT: testing competencies. JAMA. 2013;310(21):2243–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Davis D, Thomson O’Brien MA, Freemantle N, Wolf FM, Mazmanian P, Taylor-Vaisey A. Impact of formal continuing medical education: do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? J Am Med Assoc. 1999;282:867–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Bloom BS. Effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health: a review of systematic reviews. International J Technol Assess Health Care, 21, 380–385, 2005. https://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=THC.

  89. Pisani AR, Cross WF, Gould MS. The assessment and management of suicide risk: state of workshop education. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2011;41:255–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. McNeil DE, Fordwood SR, Weaver CM, Chamberlain JR, Hall SE, Binder RL. Effects of training on suicide risk assessment. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59:1462–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Oordt MS, Jobes DA, Fonseca VP, Schmidt SM. Training mental health professionals to assess and manage suicidal behavior: can provider confidence and practice behaviors be altered? Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2009;39:21–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Karthikeyan G, Pais P. Clinical judgment & evidence-based medicine: time for reconciliation. Indian J Med Res. 2010;132:623–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Dawes RM, Faust D, Meehl PE. Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Sci. 1989;243:1668–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Levine BJ, Levine DW. How accurately could we screen for individual risk? Using summary data to examine discriminatory accuracy of a risk marker. Prev Med. 2007;44:342–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Nakash O, Alegria M. Examination of the role of implicit clinical judgments during mental health intake. Qual Health Res. 2013;23:645–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Suicide Prevention Resource Center. Assessing and managing suicide risk: core competencies for mental health professionals. 2011. http://www.sprc.org/traininginstitute/ amsr/clincomp.asp.

  97. American Association of Suicidology (AAS). Recognizing and responding to suicide risk, 2011. http://www.suicidology.org/training-accreditation/recognizing-responding-suicide-risk).

  98. Jacobson JM & Berman AL. Outcomes from behavioral outcomes evaluations of the RRSR training (recognizing and responding to suicidal risk): an advanced training program for the clinical practitioner. Paper presentation at the 43rd American Association of Suicidology Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida April 23, 2010.

  99. Litman R. Suicides: what do they have in mind? In: Jacobs D, Brown H, editors. Suicide: understanding and responding. Madison, CT: International Universities Press; 1990. p. 143–56.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Shea SC. The practical art of suicide assessment. New York: Wiley; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Shea SC. The interpersonal art of suicide assessment: interviewing techniques for uncovering suicidal intent, ideation, and actions. In: Simon RI, Hales RE, editors. The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of suicide assessment and management. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2012. p. 29–56.

    Google Scholar 

  102. ACGME Outcome Project. Available at http://www.acgme.org/outcome.

  103. Rudd MD, Cukrowicz KC, Bryan CJ. Core competencies in suicide risk assessment and management: implications for supervision. Train Educ Prof Psychol. 2008;2:219–28.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Puntil C, York J, Limandri B, Greene P, Arauz E. Competency-based training for PMH nurse generalists: inpatient intervention and prevention of suicide. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2013;19:205–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Ryan C, Nielssen O, Paton M, Large M. Clinical decisions in psychiatry should not be based on risk assessment. Aust Psychiatry. 2010;18:398–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosures

The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose, including financial or personal relationships with individuals or entities that may influence their work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA

    Morton M. Silverman

  2. American Association of Suicidology, Washington, DC, USA

    Alan L. Berman

Authors
  1. Morton M. Silverman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alan L. Berman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Morton M. Silverman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Silverman, M.M., Berman, A.L. Training for Suicide Risk Assessment and Suicide Risk Formulation. Acad Psychiatry 38, 526–537 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0200-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0200-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation