Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-11-2013 | Original Article

Bilingualism and the increased attentional blink effect: evidence that the difference between bilinguals and monolinguals generalizes to different levels of second language proficiency

Auteurs: Vatsala Khare, Ark Verma, Bhoomika Kar, Narayanan Srinivasan, Marc Brysbaert

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 6/2013

Abstract

The attentional blink task involves rapid serial presentation of visual stimuli, two of which the participants have to report. The usual finding is that participants are impaired at reporting the second target if it appears in close temporal proximity to the first target. Previous research has shown that the effect is stronger in bilinguals than monolinguals. We investigated whether the difference between monolinguals and proficient bilinguals can be extended to bilinguals of different proficiency levels. Therefore, we replicated the paradigm in a large sample of Hindi–English bilinguals with different proficiency levels of English, as measured with a validated vocabulary test. We additionally measured the participants’ intelligence with the raven progressive matrices. We found that the size of the attentional blink effect correlates with the degree of second language proficiency and not with the degree of intelligence. This indicates that research on executive control functions can be done with bilinguals of different proficiency levels. Our results are also in line with recent findings showing that the attentional blink effect is not primarily due to limited processing resources.

vorige artikel Egocentric updating of remote locations

volgende artikel Heaven can wait. How religion modulates temporal discounting

The successful replication also suggests that stimulus presentation on a laptop screen is equally good as on a CRT screen if enough trials are presented to the participants.

Akyürek, E. G., Eshuis, S. A. H., Nieuwenstein, M. R., Saija, J. D., Başkent, D., & Hommel, B. (2012). Temporal Target Integration Underlies Performance at Lag 1 in the Attentional Blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1-17. doi:10.1037/a0027610.

Akyürek, E. G., & Hommel, B. (2005). Short-term memory and the attentional blink: Capacity versus content. Memory Cognition, 33(4), 254–263.CrossRef

Bialystok, E. (1999). Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind. Child Development, 70, 636–644.CrossRef

Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2009). Bilingual Minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10(3), 89–129.CrossRef

Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19, 290–303.PubMedCrossRef

Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Ruocco, A. C. (2006). Dual-modality monitoring in a classification task: The effects of bilingualism and ageing. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59(11), 1968–1983.PubMedCrossRef

Bialystok, E., & Martin, M. (2004). Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task. Developmental Science, 7, 325–339.PubMedCrossRef

Bialystok, E., & Shapero, D. (2005). Ambiguous benefits: The effect of bilingualism on reversing ambiguous figures. Developmental Science, 8, 595–604.PubMedCrossRef

Bowman, H., & Wyble, B. (2007). The simultaneous type, serial token model of temporal attention and working memory. Psychological Review, 114(1), 38–70. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.114.1.38.PubMedCrossRef

Broadbent, D. E., & Broadbent, M. H. P. (1987). From detection to identification: Response to multiple targets in rapid serial visual presentation. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 42(2), 105–113.CrossRef

Brysbaert, M. & Dijkstra T. (2006). Changing views on word recognition in bilinguals. In Morais J. and d’Ydewalle (Eds) Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition.Brussels.

Chee, M. W. L., Hon, N., Lee, H. L., & Soon, C. S. (2001). Relative language proficiency modulates BOLD signal change when Bilinguals perform semantic judgments. NeuroImage, 13, 1155–1163.PubMedCrossRef

Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995). A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(1), 109–127. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.1.109.PubMedCrossRef

Colzato, L. S., Bajo, M. T., van den Wildenberg, W., Paolieri, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., La Heij, W., et al. (2008). How does bilingualism improve executive control? A comparison of active and reactive inhibition mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 302–312.PubMedCrossRef

Colzato, L. S., Spape`, M., Pannebakker, M. M., & Hommel, B. (2007). Working memory and the attentional blink: Blink size is predicted by individual differences in operation span. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 1051–1057.CrossRef

Costa, A. (2005).Lexical access in bilingual production. InJ. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 308–325).New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Craik, F. I. M., & Bialystok, E. (2006). Cognition through the lifespan: Mechanisms of change. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 131–138.PubMedCrossRef

Dash, T. & Kar, B. R. (2012). Characterizing language proficiency in Hindi and English language: Implications for bilingual research. International journal of mind brain and cognition.

Dell-Acqua, R., Dux, P. E., Wybe, B., & Joliceur, P. (2012). Sparing from the attentional blink is not spared from structural limitations. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 19, 232–238.CrossRef

Di Lollo, V., Kawahara, J., Ghorashi, S. M. S., & Enns, J. T. (2005). The attentional blink: Resource depletion or temporary loss of control? Psychological Research, 69, 191–200. doi:10.1007/s00426-004-0173-x.PubMedCrossRef

Dux, P. E., & Harris, I. M. (2007). On the failure of distractor inhibition in the attentional blink. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 14(4), 723–728.PubMedCrossRef

Dux, P. E., & Marois, R. (2008). Distractor inhibition predicts individual differences in the attentional blink. PLoS ONE, 3(10), e3330. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003330.PubMedCrossRef

Dux, P. E., & Marois, R. (2009). The attentional blink: a review of data and theory. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71(8), 1683–1700.CrossRef

Francis, W. S. (1999). Analogical transfer of problem solutions within and between languages in Spanish-English bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 301–329.CrossRef

Grainger, J. (1993). Visual word lexicon in bilinguals. In R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 11–25). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67–81.CrossRef

Husain, M., & Rorden, C. (2003). Non-spatially lateralized mechanisms in hemispatial neglect. Nature Reviews| Neuroscience, 4(1), 26–36.PubMedCrossRef

Joliceur, P. (1998). Modulation of the attentional blink by on-line response selection: Evidence from speeded and unspeeded task decisions. Memory & Cognition, 26, 1014–1032.CrossRef

Jolicoeur, P. (1999). Restricted attentional capacity between sensory modalities. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6(1), 87–92.CrossRef

Kar, B. R. (In press). Language and Cognitive Control in the Context of Bilingualism: Independent and Shared Mechanisms. In M. Panda and P. Padakannaya (Eds), Cognition in multilingual society. New Delhi: Orient Black Swan.

Kelly, A. J., & Dux, P. E. (2011). Different attentional blink tasks reflect distinct information processing limitations: An individual differences approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(6), 1867–1873.PubMedCrossRef

Kroll, J. F., & de Groot, A. M. B. (1997). Lexical and conceptual memory in the bilingual: Mapping form to meaning in two languages. In A. M. B. de Groot & J. F. Kroll (Eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism (pp. 169–199). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

La Heij, W. (2005). Selection processes in monolingual and bilingual lexical access. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 289–307). New York: Oxford University Press.

Lahar, C. J., Isaak, M. I., & McArthur, A. D. (2001). Age differences in the magnitude of the attentional blink. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 8(2), 149–159.CrossRef

Lemhoefer, K., & Broersma, M. (2012). Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavioral Research, 44, 325–343. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0146-0.CrossRef

Marian, V., Spivey, M., & Hirsch, J. (2003). Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing: Converging evidence from eyetracking and brain imaging. Brain and Language, 86, 70–82.PubMedCrossRef

Martens, S., & Johnson, A. (2009). Working memory capacity, intelligence, and the magnitude of the attentional blink revisited. Experimental Brain Research, 192, 43–52.CrossRef

Martens, S., & Wyble, B. (2010). The attentional blink: Past, present, and future of a blind spot in perceptual awareness. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 947–957.PubMedCrossRef

Meuter, R., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 25–40.CrossRef

Michael, E. B., & Gollan, T. H. (2005). Being and Becoming a bilingual: Individual differences and consequences for language production. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 389–408). New York: Oxford University Press.

Myers-Scotton, C. (2005). Supporting a differential access hypothesis: Code switching and other contact data. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 326–348). New York: Oxford University Press.

Niedeggen, M., Michael, L., & Hesselman, G. (2012). Closing the gates to consciousness: Distractors activate a central inhibition process. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(6), 1294–1304.PubMedCrossRef

Nieuwenstein, M. R., & Potter, M. C. (2006). Temporal limits of selection and memory encoding a comparison of whole versus partial report in rapid serial visual presentation. Psychological Science, 17(6), 471–475.PubMedCrossRef

Olivers, C. N. L., & Meeter, M. (2008). A boost and bounce theory of temporal attention. Psychological Review, 115(4), 836–863.PubMedCrossRef

Olivers, C. N. L., & Nieuwenhuis, S. T. (2005). The beneficial effect of concurrent task-irrelevant mental activity on temporal attention. Psychological Science, 16, 265–269.PubMedCrossRef

Olivers, C. N. L., van der Stigchel, S., & Hulleman, J. (2007). Spreading the sparing: Against a limited-capacity account of the attentional blink. Psychological Research, 71, 126–139.PubMedCrossRef

Perani, D., Paulesu, E., Galles, N. S., Dupoux, E., Dehaene, S., Bettinardi, V., et al. (1998). The bilingual brain—Proficiency and age of acquisition of the second language. Brain, 121, 1841–1852.PubMedCrossRef

Pollack, I., & Norman, D.A. (1964).A nonparametric analysis of recognition experiments.Psychonomic Science, 1, 125-126.

Potter, M. C., Chun, M. M., Banks, B. S., & Muckenhoupt, M. (1998). Two attentional deficits in serial target search: The visual attentional blink and an amodal task-switch deficit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 24(4), 979–992.CrossRef

Potter, M. C., Staub, A., & O’Connor, D. H. (2002). The time course of competition for attention: Attention is initially labile. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28(5), 1149–1162. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.5.1149.PubMedCrossRef

Potter, M.C., Nieuwenstein, M., & Strohminger, N. (2008). Whole report versus partial report in RSVP sentences. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(4), 907–915.

Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (1998). Manual for Raven’s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. Oxford: Oxford Psychologists Press.

Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 849–860.PubMedCrossRef

Rodriguez-Fornells, A., van der Lugt, A., Rotte, M., Britti, B., Heinze, H. J., & Muente, T. F. (2005). Second language interferes with word production in fluent bilinguals: Brain potential and Functional imaging evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 422–433.PubMedCrossRef

Shapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1994). Attention to visual pattern information produces the attentional blink in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(2), 357–371.PubMedCrossRef

Shapiro, K. L., Schmitz, F., Martens, S., Hommel, B., & Schnitzler, A. (2006). Resource sharing in the attentional blink. NeuroReport, 17, 163–166.PubMedCrossRef

Stanislaw, H., & Todorov, N. (1999). Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(1), 137–149.CrossRef

Taatgen, N. A., Juvina, I., Schipper, M., Borst, J. P., & Martens, S. (2009). Too much control can hurt: A threaded cognition model of the attentional blink. Cognitive Psychology, 59, 1–29.PubMedCrossRef

Visser, T. A. W., Bischof, W. F., & Di Lollo, V. (1999). Attentional switching in the spatial and nonspatial domains: evidence from the attentional blink. Psychological Bulletin, 125(4), 458–469.CrossRef

Ward, R., & Duncan, J. (1996). The slow time course of visual attention. Cognitive Psychology, 30, 79–109.PubMedCrossRef

Weichselgartner, E., & Sperling, G. (1987). Dynamics of automatic and controlled visual attention. Science, 238, 778–780.PubMedCrossRef

Wierda, S. M., van Rijn, H., Taatgen, N. A., & Martens, S. (2010). Distracting the mind improves performance: An ERP study. PLoS ONE, 5(11), e15024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015024.PubMedCrossRef

Wyble, B., Potter, M. C., Bowman, H., & Nieuwenstein, M. (2011). Attentional episodes in visual perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(3), 488–505.CrossRef

Zied, K. M., Phillipe, A., Karine, P., Valerie, H.-T., Ghislaine, A., Arnaud, R., et al. (2004). Bilingualism and adult differences in inhibitory mechanisms: Evidence from a bilingual strooptask. Brain and Cognition, 54, 254–256.CrossRef

Titel: Bilingualism and the increased attentional blink effect: evidence that the difference between bilinguals and monolinguals generalizes to different levels of second language proficiency
Auteurs: Vatsala Khare
Ark Verma
Bhoomika Kar
Narayanan Srinivasan
Marc Brysbaert
Publicatiedatum: 01-11-2013
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 6/2013
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-012-0466-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2013

Resolution of outcome-induced response conflict by humans after extended training

The impact of perceptual, cognitive and motor factors on bimanual coordination

Interference between auditory and visual duration judgements suggests a common code for time

Egocentric updating of remote locations

Space–valence associations depend on handedness: evidence from a bimanual output task

Repeated short presentations of morphed facial expressions change recognition and evaluation of facial expressions