Top

Gepubliceerd in:

26-10-2021 | Original Article

It is not always positive: emotional bias in young and older adults

Auteurs: Giada Viviani, Francesca De Luca, Gabriella Antonucci, Alla Yankouskaya, Anna Pecchinenda

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 6/2022

Abstract

Healthy ageing has been associated with a bias toward positive information and greater psychological well-being. However, to what extent this positivity bias also applies to prioritizing positive information under emotional competition is unclear. Old and young adults performed a word-face interference task, in which they responded to the valence of positive and negative target-words while ignoring happy or angry distractor-faces that could be affectively congruent or incongruent. A control condition with scrambled neutral distractor-faces was also used. Findings showed small facilitation effects with faster responses when targets and distractors were affectively congruent and large interference effects with slower responses when targets and distractors were affectively incongruent compared to the control condition. Importantly, whereas for younger adults there was a similar pattern of interference from happy and angry distractor-faces, for older adults there was greater interference from angry distractor-faces. The present findings are discussed in the context of emotional bias literature.

vorige artikel Temporal integration of feature probability distributions

volgende artikel Correction to: Modelling concrete and abstract concepts using brain-constrained deep neural networks

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

We thank an anonymous reviewer for pointing this out.

Upon request of an anonymous reviewer, we analysed the log transformed RTs only for the control condition with a 2 by 2 ANOVA with Valence and Group to check whether older adults has faster RTs to positive words and young adults did not. This showed a statistically significant interaction F (1, 66) = 7.14, p = .0.009, η_p² = 0.098. Post-hoc comparisons showed faster RTs to positive than to negative words for old t(33) = 4.36, p < 0.001 and for young adults t(33) = 2.08, p = 0.04.

Allen, P. A., Kaut, K. P., Baena, E., Lien, M. C., & Ruthruff, E. (2011). Individual differences in positive affect moderate age- related declines in episodic long-term memory. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 768–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.570254CrossRef

Allen, P. A., Lien, M. C., & Jardin, E. (2017). Age-related emotional bias in processing two emotionally valenced tasks. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 81, 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-015-0711-8CrossRefPubMed

Ashley, V., & Swick, D. (2009). Consequences of emotional stimuli: Age differences on pure and mixed blocks of emotional Stroop. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 5, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-5-14CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Augustí, A. I., Satorres, E., Pitarque, A., & Meléndez, J. C. (2017). An emotional Stroop task with faces and words. A comparison of young and older adults. Consciousness and Cognition, 53, 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2017.06.010CrossRef

Baggott, S., Palermo, R., & Fox, A. M. (2011). Processing emotional category congruency between emotional facial expressions and emotional words. Cognition and Emotion, 25(2), 369–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.488945CrossRefPubMed

Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzedoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and non-anxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1CrossRefPubMed

Beall, P. M., & Herbert, A. M. (2008). The face wins: Stronger automatic processing of affect in facial expressions than words in a modified Stroop task. Cognition and Emotion, 22(8), 1613–1642. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930801940370CrossRef

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings. (Technical Report C-1).Gainesville: University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology.

Callejas, A., Lupiáñez, J., & Tudela, P. (2004). The three attentional networks: On their independence and interactions. Brain and Cognition, 54, 225–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.012CrossRefPubMed

Campbell, J. I., & Thompson, V. A. (2012). MorePower 6.0 for ANOVA with relational confidence intervals and Bayesian analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 44(4), 1255–1265. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0186-0CrossRefPubMed

Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165CrossRefPubMed

Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013965CrossRefPubMed

Chechko, N., Augustin, M., Zvyagintsev, M., Schneider, F., Habel, U., & Kellermann, T. (2013). Brain circuitries involved in emotional interference task in major depression disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149(1–3), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.013CrossRefPubMed

Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to the theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and Stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 3(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn755CrossRefPubMed

Davis, S., Dennis, N. A., Daselaar, S. M., Fleck, M. S., & Cabeza, R. (2008). Qué PASA? The Posterior-Anterior Shift in Aging, Cerebral Cortex, 18(5), 1201–1209. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm155CrossRef

Dawel, A., Palermo, R., O’Kearney, R., Irons, J., & McKone, E. (2015). Fearful faces drive gaze-cueing and threat bias effects in children on the lookout for danger. Developmental Science, 18, 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12203CrossRefPubMed

De Luca, F., Petrucci, M., Monachesi, B., Lavidor, M., & Pecchinenda, A. (2020). Asymmetric contributions of the fronto-parietal network to emotional conflict in the word-face interference task. Symmetry, 12(10), 1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12101701CrossRef

De Schryver, M., Hughes, S., Rosseel, Y., & De Houwer, J. (2016). Unreliable yet still replicable: A comment on LeBel and Paunonen (2011). Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02039CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 193–222. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205CrossRefPubMed

Draheim, C., Mashburn, C. A., Martin, J. D., & Engle, R. W. (2019). Reaction time in differential and developmental research: A review and commentary on the problems and alternatives. Psychological Bulletin, 145(5), 508–535. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000192CrossRefPubMed

Ebner, N. C., Riediger, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2010). FACES–a database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: Development and validation. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.351CrossRefPubMed

Egner, T., Ektin, A., Gale, S., & Hirsch, J. (2008). Dissociable neural systems resolve conflict from emotional versus nonemotional distracters. Cerebral Cortex, 18(6), 1475–1484. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm179CrossRefPubMed

Ektin, A., Egner, T., Peraza, D. M., Kandel, E. R., & Hirsch, J. (2006). Resolving emotional conflict: A role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala. Neuron, 51(6), 871–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.029CrossRef

Enkavi, A. Z., Eisenberg, I. W., Bissett, P. G., Mazza, G. L., MacKinnon, D. P., Marsch, L. A., & Poldrack, R. A. (2019). Large-scale analysis of test-retest reliabilities of self-regulation measures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(12), 5472–5477. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818430116CrossRef

Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception and Pyschophysics, 16(1), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203267CrossRef

Fairfield, B., Ambrosini, E., Mammarella, N., & Montefinese, M. (2017). Affective norms for Italian words in older adults: Age differences in ratings of valence arousal and dominance. PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0169472. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169472CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fernandes, A., Garcia-Marques, T., Prada, M., & Martins, J. (2019). Emotional interference in isolation and in others’ presence. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00534-0CrossRef

Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions (2nd ed.). Wiley.

Frühholz, S., Jellinghaus, A., & Herrmann, M. (2011). Time course of implicit processing and explicit processing of emotional faces and emotional words. Biological Psychology, 87(2), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.03.008CrossRefPubMed

Goeleven, E., De Raedt, R., Leyman, L., & Verschuere, B. (2008). The Karolinska directed emotional faces: A validation study. Cognition and Emotion, 22(6), 1094–1118. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701626582CrossRef

Haas, B. W., Omura, K., Constable, R. T., & Canli, T. (2006). Interference produced by emotional conflict associated with anterior cingulate activation. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(2), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.6.2.152CrossRefPubMed

Hahn, S., Carlson, C., Singer, S., & Gronlund, S. D. (2006). Aging and visual search: Automatic and controlled attentional bias to threat faces. Acta Psychologica, 123(3), 312–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.01.008CrossRefPubMed

Horning, S. M., Cornwell, R. E., & Davis, H. P. (2012). The recognition of facial expressions: An investigation of the influence of age and cognition. Aging, Neuropsycholy & Cognition, 19, 657–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2011.645011CrossRef

Hu, Z., Liu, H., Weng, X., & Northoff, G. (2012). Is there a valence-specific pattern in emotional conflict in major depressive disorder? An exploratory psychological study. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e31983. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031983CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006). Is there an age-related positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies. Emotion, 6(3), 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.511CrossRefPubMed

Kanske, P., & Kotz, S. A. (2010). Modulation of early conflict processing: N200 responses to emotional words in a flanker task. Neuropsychologia, 48(12), 3661–3664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.021CrossRefPubMed

Kauschke, C., Bahn, D., Vesker, M., & Schwarzer, G. (2019). The role of emotional valence for the processing of facial and verbal stimuli-positivity or negativity bias? Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01654CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kohn, N., Hermans, E. J., & Fernández, G. (2017). Cognitive benefit and cost of acute stress is differentially modulated by individual brain state. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(7), 1179–1187. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx043CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Krug, M. K., & Carter, C. S. (2012). Proactive and reactive control during emotional interference and its relationship to trait anxiety. Brain Research, 1481, 13–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.045CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kunzmann, U., Kappers, K., & Wrosch, C. (2014). Emotional aging: A discrete emotions perspective. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00380CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lang, P., & Bradley, M. M. (2010). Emotion and the motivational brain. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007CrossRefPubMed

Leclerc, C., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Effects of age on detection of emotional information. Psychology and Aging, 23, 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.209CrossRefPubMed

Leppänen, J. M., Tenhunen, M., & Hietanen, J. K. (2003). Faster choice-reaction times to positive than to negative facial expressions: The role of cognitive and motor processes. Journal of Psychophysiology, 17(3), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.17.3.113CrossRef

Lim, S.-L., Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2008). Affective learning modulates spatial competition during low-load attentional conditions. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1267–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.003CrossRefPubMed

MacLeod, C., Grafton, B., & Notebaert, L. (2019). Anxiety-linked attentional bias: is it reliable? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15(1), 529–554. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095505CrossRefPubMed

Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14, 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.01455CrossRefPubMed

Mather, M., & Knight, M. R. (2006). Angry faces get noticed quickly: Threat detection is not impaired among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 61, 57. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.1.P54CrossRef

Meléndez, J. C., Satorres, E., & Oliva, I. (2020). Comparing the effect of interference on an emotional stroop task in older adults with and without Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 73(4), 1445–1453. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190989CrossRefPubMed

Miller, J., & Ulrich, R. (2013). Mental chronometry and individual differences: Modeling reliabilities and correlations of reaction time means and effect sizes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(5), 819–858. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-013-0404-5CrossRef

Molina, S., Borkovec, T. D., Peasley, C., & Person, D. (1998). Content analysis of worrisome streams of consciousness in anxious and dysphoric participants. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018772104808CrossRef

Montefinese, M., Ambrosini, E., Fairfield, B., & Mammarella, N. (2014). The adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for Italian. Behavior Research Methods, 46(3), 887–903. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0405-3CrossRefPubMed

Monti, J. M., Weintraub, S., & Egner, T. (2010). Differential age-related decline in conflict-driven task-set shielding from emotional versus non-emotional distracters. Neuropsychologia, 48(6), 1697–1706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.017CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Morani, S., Pricci, D., & Sanavio, E. (1999). “Penn State Worry Questionnaire” e “Worry Domains Questionnaire”: Presentazione delle versioni italiane e analisi di fedeltà. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 5, 195–209.

Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.xCrossRefPubMed

Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (2004). The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195588CrossRef

Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483–522. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483CrossRefPubMed

Parsons, S., Kruijt, A.-W., & Fox, E. (2019). Psychological science needs a standard practice of reporting the reliability of cognitive-behavioral measurements. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919879695CrossRef

Pecchinenda, A., Ferlazzo, F., & Lavidor, M. (2015). Modulation of selective attention by polarity-specific tDCS effects. Neuropsychologia, 68, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.023CrossRefPubMed

Pecchinenda, A., & Heil, M. (2007). Role of working memory load on selective attention to affectively valent information. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19(6), 898–909. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440601095388CrossRef

Pecchinenda, A., & Petrucci, M. (2016). Emotion unchained: Facial expression modulates gaze cueing under cognitive load. PLoS ONE, 11, e0168111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168111CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Peressotti, F., Pesciarelli, F., & Job, R. (2002). Le associazioni verbali PD-DPSS: Norme per 294 parole. Giornale Italiano Di Psicologia, Rivista Trimestrale, 1(2002), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1421/1223CrossRef

Pessoa, L. (2009). How do emotion and motivation direct executive control? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(4), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.006CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Petrucci, M., & Pecchinenda, A. (2017). The role of cognitive control mechanisms in selective attention towards emotional stimuli. Cognition and Emotion, 31(7), 1480–1492. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1233861CrossRefPubMed

Pourtois, G., Schettino, A., & Vuilleumier, P. (2013). Brain mechanisms for emotional influences on perception and attention: What is magic and what is not. Biological Psychology, 92(3), 492–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.007CrossRefPubMed

Preston, S. D., & Stansfield, R. B. (2008). I know how you feel: Task-irrelevant facial expressions are spontaneously processed at a semantic level. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(1), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.8.1.54CrossRef

Ramon, M., Busigny, T., & Rossion, B. (2010). Impaired holistic processing of unfamiliar individual faces in acquired prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 48, 933–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.014CrossRefPubMed

Redish. (2012). https://www.usability.gov/sites/default/files/documents/guidelines_book.pdf. Accessed 5 Mar 2019

Reed, A. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2012). The theory behind the age-related positivity effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 339. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00339CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rodebaugh, T. L., Scullin, R. B., Langer, J. K., Dixon, D. J., Huppert, J. D., Bernstein, A., Zvielli, A., & Lenze, E. J. (2016). Unreliability as a threat to understanding psychopathology: The cautionary tale of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(6), 840–851. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000184CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Roemer, L., Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1997). An investigation of worry content among generally anxious individuals. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 185(5), 314–319. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199705000-00005CrossRef

Ruffman, T., Henry, J. D., Livingston, V., & Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 863 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001CrossRef

Samanez-Larkin, G. R., Robertson, E. R., Mikels, J. A., Carstensen, L. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Selective attention to emotion in the aging brain. Psychology Aging., 24, 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016952CrossRefPubMed

Santangelo, G., Siciliano, M., Pedone, R., Vitale, C., Falco, F., Bisogno, R., Siano, P., Barone, P., Grossi, D., Santangelo, F., & Trojano, L. (2015). Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in an Italian population sample. Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 36(4), 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1995-yCrossRef

Sasse, L. K., Gamer, M., Büchel, C., & Brassen, S. (2014). Selective control of attention supports the positivity effect in aging. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104180. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104180CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Scheibe, S., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Emotional aging: Recent findings and future trends. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65B(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp132CrossRef

St. Jacques, P. L., Bessette-Symons, B., & Cabeza, R. (2009). Functional neuroimaging studies of aging and emotion: Fronto-amygdalar differences during emotional perception and episodic memory. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 15(6), 819–825. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709990439CrossRef

Stenberg, G., Wiking, S., & Dahl, M. (1998). Judging words at face value: Interference in a word processing task reveals automatic processing of affective facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 12(6), 755–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379420CrossRef

Strand, M., Oram, M. W., & Hammar, Å. (2013). Emotional information processing in major depressions remission and partial remission: Faces come first. Applied Neuropsychology. Adult, 20(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/09084282.2012.670159CrossRefPubMed

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054651CrossRef

Theeuwes, J. (1994). Stimulus-driven capture and attentional set: Selective search for color and visual abrupt onsets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(4), 799–806. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.20.4.799CrossRefPubMed

Thomas, D. R., & Zumbo, B. D. (2012). Difference scores from the point of view of reliability and repeated-measures ANOVA: In defense of difference scores for data analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164411409929CrossRef

Trafimow, D. (2015). A defense against the alleged unreliability of difference scores. Cogent Mathematics, 2(1), 1064626. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311835.2015.1064626CrossRef

Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(12), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.011CrossRefPubMed

Wilkowski, B. M., & Meier, B. P. (2010). Bring it on: Angry facial expressions potentiate approach-motivated motor behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017992CrossRefPubMed

Yang, Q., Wang, X., Yin, S., Zhao, X., Tan, J., & Chen, A. (2016). Improved emotional conflict control triggered by the processing priority of negative emotion. Scientific Reports, 6, 24302. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24302CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhu, X. R., Zhang, H. J., Wu, T. T., Luo, W. B., & Luo, Y. J. (2010). Emotional conflict occurs at an early stage: Evidence from the emotional face-word Stroop task. Neuroscience Letters, 478(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.036CrossRefPubMed

Zinchenko, A., Obermeier, C., Kanske, P., Schröger, E., Villringer, A., & Kotz, S. A. (2017). The influence of negative emotion on cognitive and emotional control remains intact in aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00349CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: It is not always positive: emotional bias in young and older adults
Auteurs: Giada Viviani
Francesca De Luca
Gabriella Antonucci
Alla Yankouskaya
Anna Pecchinenda
Publicatiedatum: 26-10-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 6/2022
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-021-01614-2

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2022

Visual–haptic integration, action and embodiment in virtual reality

The working memory costs of a central attentional bottleneck in multitasking

Correction to: Modelling concrete and abstract concepts using brain-constrained deep neural networks

The dissociation between age of acquisition and word frequency effects in Chinese spoken picture naming

The repetition of errors in recall: a review of four ‘fragmentation’ experiments

The effect of the brightness metaphor on memory