01-11-2009 | Uitgave 8/2009 Open Access

Intergenerational Transmission of Multiple Problem Behaviors: Prospective Relationships between Mothers and Daughters
- Tijdschrift:
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology > Uitgave 8/2009
Methods
Sample Description
Data Collection
Sample Selection
Measures
Child Mental Health Problems
Maternal Mental Health Problems
Measures of Parenting
Data Analyses
Results
Behaviors
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR
|
CI
|
OR
|
CI
|
OR
|
CI
|
OR
|
CI
|
OR
|
CI
|
|
ADHD symptoms + disruptive behavior
|
9.1
|
6.7–12.3
|
11.5
|
8.9–15.0
|
10.4
|
7.9–13.6
|
12.0
|
9.0–15.8
|
14.2
|
10.3–19.6
|
Anxiety symptoms + disruptive behavior
|
1.8
|
1.3–2.5
|
1.9
|
1.5–2.5
|
1.4
|
1.1–1.9
|
1.4
|
1.0–1.9
|
1.9
|
1.3–2.6
|
Depressed mood + disruptive behavior
|
2.1
|
1.5–3.0
|
2.4
|
1.8–3.2
|
2.2
|
1.7–3.0
|
2.4
|
1.8–3.2
|
2.4
|
1.7–3.4
|
Somatic complaints + disruptive behavior
|
1.4
|
1.1–2.0
|
1.5
|
1.2–1.9
|
1.4
|
1.1–1.9
|
1.7
|
1.3–2.3
|
1.7
|
1.3–2.2
|
ADHD symptoms + depressed mood
|
1.8
|
1.2–2.5
|
2.4
|
1.8–3.2
|
2.3
|
1.7–3.0
|
3.2
|
2.3–4.3
|
2.0
|
1.4–2.9
|
Anxiety symptoms + depressed mood
|
1.0
|
0.6–1.5
|
1.7
|
1.2–2.3
|
1.6
|
1.2–2.2
|
1.3
|
0.9–1.9
|
2.1
|
1.4–3.1
|
Somatic complaints + depressed mood
|
1.2
|
0.8–1.8
|
1.7
|
1.3–2.3
|
1.8
|
1.4–2.4
|
1.6
|
1.2–2.2
|
1.4
|
1.0–1.9
|
Mother’s multiple problem behaviors
|
Daughter’s multiple problem behaviors
|
||
---|---|---|---|
9
|
10
|
11
|
|
9
|
0.31**
|
0.29**
|
|
10
|
0.30**
|
0.29**
|
|
11
|
0.32**
|
Covariates only
|
IRR
|
SE
|
z
|
p
|
95% CI for IRR
|
IRR
|
SE
|
z
|
p
|
95% CI for IRR
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daughter’s multiple problem behaviors (t)
|
1.56
|
0.02
|
41.43
|
<0.001
|
1.53–1.59
|
1.46
|
0.02
|
31.29
|
<0.001
|
1.43–1.50
|
Minority race
|
1.06
|
0.03
|
2.07
|
0.039
|
1.00–1.13
|
1.07
|
0.03
|
2.21
|
0.027
|
1.01–1.14
|
Cohort
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
1.77
|
0.076
|
1.00–1.05
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
1.66
|
0.096
|
1.00–1.04
|
Public assistance (t)
|
1.11
|
0.03
|
3.91
|
<0.001
|
1.06–1.18
|
1.10
|
0.03
|
3.41
|
0.001
|
1.04–1.16
|
Single parenthood (t)
|
1.12
|
0.03
|
4.06
|
<0.001
|
1.06–1.18
|
1.11
|
0.03
|
3.62
|
<0.001
|
1.05–1.17
|
Low maternal education
|
1.03
|
0.03
|
1.26
|
0.207
|
0.98–1.09
|
1.02
|
0.03
|
0.57
|
0.570
|
0.96–1.07
|
Low maternal warmth (t)
|
1.08
|
0.01
|
11.57
|
<0.001
|
1.06–1.09
|
|||||
Harsh punishment (t)
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
2.83
|
0.005
|
1.01–1.03
|
|||||
Inconsistent discipline (t)
|
1.01
|
0.01
|
0.86
|
0.391
|
0.99–1.02
|
|||||
Adding mother’s depression to model
|
||||||||||
Child multiple problem behaviors (t)
|
1.54
|
0.02
|
39.58
|
<0.001
|
1.51–1.57
|
1.45
|
0.02
|
30.61
|
<0.001
|
1.42–1.49
|
Minority race
|
1.07
|
0.03
|
2.17
|
0.030
|
1.01–1.13
|
1.07
|
0.03
|
2.31
|
0.021
|
1.01–1.14
|
Cohort
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
1.67
|
0.095
|
1.00–1.04
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
1.61
|
0.107
|
1.00–1.04
|
Public assistance (t)
|
1.10
|
0.03
|
3.45
|
0.001
|
1.04–1.16
|
1.09
|
0.03
|
3.13
|
0.002
|
1.03–1.15
|
Single parenthood (t)
|
1.12
|
0.03
|
3.97
|
<0.001
|
1.06–1.18
|
1.11
|
0.03
|
3.57
|
<0.001
|
1.05–1.17
|
Low maternal education
|
1.03
|
0.03
|
1.01
|
0.312
|
0.98–1.08
|
1.01
|
0.03
|
0.46
|
0.649
|
0.96–1.07
|
Low maternal warmth (t)
|
1.07
|
0.01
|
11.37
|
<0.001
|
1.06–1.09
|
|||||
Harsh punishment (t)
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
2.62
|
0.009
|
1.00–1.03
|
|||||
Inconsistent discipline (t)
|
1.00
|
0.01
|
0.63
|
0.530
|
0.99–1.02
|
|||||
Mother’s depression (t)
|
1.20
|
0.04
|
5.20
|
<0.001
|
1.12–1.28
|
1.12
|
0.04
|
3.27
|
0.001
|
1.05–1.20
|
Adding mother’s conduct problems to model
|
||||||||||
Daughter’s multiple problem behaviors (t)
|
1.53
|
0.02
|
37.85
|
<0.001
|
1.49–1.56
|
1.45
|
0.02
|
29.89
|
<0.001
|
1.41–1.48
|
Minority race
|
1.05
|
0.03
|
1.64
|
0.102
|
0.99–1.11
|
1.06
|
0.03
|
1.92
|
0.055
|
1.00–1.13
|
Cohort
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
1.71
|
0.088
|
1.00–1.04
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
1.64
|
0.102
|
1.00–1.04
|
Public assistance (t)
|
1.08
|
0.03
|
2.75
|
0.006
|
1.02–1.14
|
1.08
|
0.03
|
2.58
|
0.010
|
1.02–1.14
|
Single parenthood (t)
|
1.11
|
0.03
|
3.72
|
<0.001
|
1.05–1.17
|
1.10
|
0.03
|
3.42
|
0.001
|
1.04–1.16
|
Low maternal education
|
1.01
|
0.03
|
0.48
|
0.628
|
0.96–1.07
|
1.00
|
0.03
|
0.11
|
0.916
|
0.95–1.06
|
Low maternal warmth (t)
|
1.07
|
0.01
|
11.09
|
<0.001
|
1.06–1.09
|
|||||
Harsh punishment (t)
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
2.24
|
0.025
|
1.00–1.03
|
|||||
Inconsistent discipline (t)
|
1.00
|
0.01
|
0.57
|
0.568
|
0.99–1.02
|
|||||
Mother’s depression (t)
|
1.19
|
0.04
|
4.82
|
<0.001
|
1.11–1.27
|
1.12
|
0.04
|
3.14
|
0.002
|
1.04–1.20
|
Mother’s conduct problems (t)
|
1.18
|
0.03
|
6.24
|
<0.001
|
1.12–1.25
|
1.14
|
0.03
|
4.64
|
<0.001
|
1.08–1.20
|
Adding maternal somatization to model
|
IRR
|
SE
|
z
|
p
|
95% CI for IRR
|
IRR
|
SE
|
Z
|
p
|
95% CI for IRR
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daughter’s multiple problem behaviors (t)
|
1.51
|
0.02
|
27.86
|
<0.001
|
1.47–1.56
|
1.44
|
0.02
|
22.48
|
<0.001
|
1.39–1.48
|
Minority race
|
1.08
|
0.04
|
2.08
|
0.038
|
1.00–1.17
|
1.09
|
0.04
|
2.22
|
0.026
|
1.01–1.18
|
Cohort
|
1.06
|
0.02
|
3.53
|
<0.001
|
1.03–1.10
|
1.06
|
0.02
|
3.56
|
<0.001
|
1.03–1.10
|
Public assistance (t)
|
1.11
|
0.04
|
2.86
|
0.004
|
1.03–1.20
|
1.11
|
0.04
|
2.85
|
0.004
|
1.03–1.20
|
Single parenthood (t)
|
1.16
|
0.04
|
4.07
|
<0.001
|
1.08–1.25
|
1.15
|
0.04
|
3.78
|
<0.001
|
1.07–1.24
|
Low maternal education
|
1.00
|
0.04
|
0.10
|
0.918
|
0.94–1.07
|
0.99
|
0.04
|
−0.37
|
0.711
|
0.92–1.06
|
Low maternal warmth (t)
|
1.07
|
0.01
|
7.73
|
<0.001
|
1.05–1.09
|
|||||
Harsh punishment (t)
|
1.02
|
0.01
|
1.99
|
0.046
|
1.00–1.04
|
|||||
Inconsistent discipline (t)
|
1.01
|
0.01
|
0.64
|
0.532
|
0.99–1.03
|
|||||
Mother’s depression (t)
|
1.17
|
0.06
|
3.32
|
0.001
|
1.07–1.29
|
1.11
|
0.05
|
2.20
|
0.028
|
1.01–1.21
|
Mother’s conduct problems (t)
|
1.17
|
0.04
|
4.23
|
<0.001
|
1.09–1.25
|
1.12
|
0.04
|
2.99
|
0.003
|
1.04–1.20
|
Mother’s somatization (t)
|
1.17
|
0.05
|
3.82
|
<0.001
|
1.08–1.28
|
1.15
|
0.05
|
3.46
|
0.001
|
1.06–1.25
|
Adding mother’s multiple problem behaviors to model
|
||||||||||
Daughter’s multiple problem behaviors (t)
|
1.51
|
0.02
|
33.59
|
<0.001
|
1.47–1.54
|
1.43
|
0.02
|
26.90
|
<0.001
|
1.39–1.47
|
Minority race
|
1.07
|
0.03
|
2.21
|
0.027
|
1.01–1.14
|
1.09
|
0.04
|
2.50
|
0.012
|
1.02–1.16
|
Cohort
|
1.05
|
0.01
|
3.54
|
<0.001
|
1.02–1.07
|
1.04
|
0.01
|
3.29
|
0.001
|
1.02–1.07
|
Public assistance (t)
|
1.09
|
0.03
|
2.87
|
0.004
|
1.03–1.16
|
1.09
|
0.03
|
2.82
|
0.005
|
1.03–1.16
|
Single parenthood (t)
|
1.11
|
0.03
|
3.37
|
0.001
|
1.04–1.18
|
1.10
|
0.03
|
3.09
|
0.002
|
1.04–1.17
|
Low maternal education
|
1.01
|
0.03
|
0.42
|
0.674
|
0.96–1.07
|
1.00
|
0.03
|
−0.05
|
0.958
|
0.94–1.06
|
Low maternal warmth (t)
|
1.07
|
0.01
|
9.80
|
<0.001
|
1.06–1.09
|
|||||
Harsh punishment (t)
|
1.01
|
0.01
|
1.55
|
0.120
|
1.00–1.03
|
|||||
Inconsistent discipline (t)
|
1.00
|
0.01
|
0.53
|
0.598
|
0.99–1.02
|
|||||
Mother’s multiple problem behaviors (t)
|
1.18
|
0.02
|
9.18
|
<0.001
|
1.14–1.22
|
1.14
|
0.02
|
7.14
|
<0.001
|
1.10–1.18
|