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Comorbidity of internalizing disorders in children with oppositional defiant disorder

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Abstract

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders in childhood. Its association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder has been well studied. Recent studies suggest that children with ODD have substantial comorbidity with anxiety and depressive (internalizing) disorders, as well. Identifying the pattern of internalizing comorbidity with ODD in childhood and adolescence and how this varies across age and gender may help to identify mechanisms of such comorbidity. This systematic review presents evidence on the association of internalizing disorders with ODD across childhood and adolescence. Data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in clinic, community and epidemiologic samples are considered separately. Findings suggest that while internalizing comorbidity with ODD is present at all ages, the degree of comorbidity may vary over time in particular groups of children. Girls and boys appear to have different patterns of ODD comorbidity with either anxiety or depression, as well as ages of onset of ODD, however more large studies are required. Children with ODD in early life require further study as they may be a subgroup at increased risk for anxiety and affective disorders. This could have important implications for the treatment of these ODD children and the prevention of sequential comorbidity.

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Correspondence to Khrista Boylan.

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Calculation of odds ratio

 

Anxiety

No Anxiety

Total

ODD

A

B

A + B

No ODD

C

D

C + D

  1. Odds ratio: (Odds of event (anxiety disorder) in case group (ODD))/(Odds of event (anxiety disorder) in control group (no ODD)) (A/(A ± B))/(C/(C + D))
  2. Calculation of effect size: Effect size: [((mean of group 1)* − (mean of group 2)+)/((Std. deviation (group 1)) + (Std. deviation (group 2))/2)],
  3. *Mean of depression in oppositional children; +Mean of depression in non-oppositional children

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Boylan, K., Vaillancourt, T., Boyle, M. et al. Comorbidity of internalizing disorders in children with oppositional defiant disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16, 484–494 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0624-1

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