Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

24-08-2016 | Original Paper

Expressed Emotion in Mothers of School-Age Children: Relations to Maternal Maltreatment and Parenting Behavior

Auteurs: Hannah M. Rea, Anne Shaffer

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 12/2016

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The five-minute speech sample is an indirect measure of familial emotional climate, measuring the degree of criticism and/or emotional over-involvement a parent displays while describing a child. Originally developed for parents of adult children with chronic mental illness, the five-minute speech sample has more recently been used among parents of younger children, with inconsistent results. The first aim was to investigate the five-minute speech sample as a measure of parenting perceptions for nonclinical youth by analyzing relations of criticism and emotional over-involvement with self-reported and observed measures of parenting behavior in a diverse community sample of mothers (N = 64) with school-age children (M age = 9.48). Self-reported emotion socialization behaviors and observed parenting practices were correlated with criticism and emotional over-involvement ratings. The second aim was to analyze criticism and emotional over-involvement as mediators in a relationship between a mother’s history of maltreatment and her parenting behaviors. Findings indicated that criticism and emotional over-involvement are related to observed and self-reported parenting behaviors, though emotional over-involvement appears to be an aspect of positive parenting in this youth sample. All subtypes of maltreatment were correlated with significantly less emotionally supportive behaviors, but not with more unsupportive behaviors. Higher levels of emotional over-involvement significantly mediated the relationship between a history of sexual abuse and supportive and unsupportive parenting practices.
Literatuur
go back to reference Alexander, P. C., Teti, L., & Anderson, C. L. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse history and role reversal in parenting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 829–838.CrossRef Alexander, P. C., Teti, L., & Anderson, C. L. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse history and role reversal in parenting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 829–838.CrossRef
go back to reference Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., Dulmen, M. H., & Alan Sroufe, L. (2005). When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 235–245.CrossRefPubMed Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., Dulmen, M. H., & Alan Sroufe, L. (2005). When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 235–245.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bailey, H. N., DeOliveira, C. A., Wolfe, V. V., Evans, E. M., & Hartwick, C. (2012). The impact of childhood maltreatment history on parenting: A comparison of maltreatment types and assessment methods. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 236–246.CrossRef Bailey, H. N., DeOliveira, C. A., Wolfe, V. V., Evans, E. M., & Hartwick, C. (2012). The impact of childhood maltreatment history on parenting: A comparison of maltreatment types and assessment methods. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 236–246.CrossRef
go back to reference Baker, B. L., Heller, T. L., & Henker, B. (2000). Expressed emotion, parenting stress, and adjustment in mothers of young children with behavior problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 907–915.CrossRefPubMed Baker, B. L., Heller, T. L., & Henker, B. (2000). Expressed emotion, parenting stress, and adjustment in mothers of young children with behavior problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 907–915.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Barrowclough, C., & Hooley, J. M. (2003). Attributions and expressed emotion: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 849–880.CrossRefPubMed Barrowclough, C., & Hooley, J. M. (2003). Attributions and expressed emotion: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 849–880.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Beck, A., Daley, D., Hastings, R. P., & Stevenson, J. (2004). Mothers’ expressed emotion towards children with and without intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48, 628–638.CrossRefPubMed Beck, A., Daley, D., Hastings, R. P., & Stevenson, J. (2004). Mothers’ expressed emotion towards children with and without intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48, 628–638.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 413–434.CrossRefPubMed Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 413–434.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Berlin, L. J., Appleyard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (2011). Intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment: Mediating mechanisms and implications for prevention. Child Development, 82, 162–176.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Berlin, L. J., Appleyard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (2011). Intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment: Mediating mechanisms and implications for prevention. Child Development, 82, 162–176.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Bernstein, D., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation. Bernstein, D., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Boger, K. D., Tompson, M. C., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Pavlis, L. E., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parental expressed emotion toward children: Prediction from early family functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 784.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Boger, K. D., Tompson, M. C., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Pavlis, L. E., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parental expressed emotion toward children: Prediction from early family functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 784.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1990). Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 357–364.CrossRef Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1990). Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 357–364.CrossRef
go back to reference Brown, G. W., Monck, E. M., Carstairs, G. M., & Wing, J. K. (1962). Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic illness. British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, 16, 55–68. Brown, G. W., Monck, E. M., Carstairs, G. M., & Wing, J. K. (1962). Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic illness. British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, 16, 55–68.
go back to reference Brown, J., Cohen, P., Johnson, J. G., & Salzinger, S. (1998). A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: Findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 1065–1078.CrossRef Brown, J., Cohen, P., Johnson, J. G., & Salzinger, S. (1998). A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: Findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 1065–1078.CrossRef
go back to reference Bugental, D. B., & Johnston, C. (2000). Parental and child cognitions in the context of the family. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 315–344.CrossRefPubMed Bugental, D. B., & Johnston, C. (2000). Parental and child cognitions in the context of the family. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 315–344.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Burchinal, M. R., Roberts, J. E., Hooper, S., & Zeisel, S. A. (2000). Cumulative risk and early cognitive development: A comparison of statistical risk models. Developmental Psychology, 36, 793–807.CrossRefPubMed Burchinal, M. R., Roberts, J. E., Hooper, S., & Zeisel, S. A. (2000). Cumulative risk and early cognitive development: A comparison of statistical risk models. Developmental Psychology, 36, 793–807.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Burkett, L. P. (1991). Parenting behaviors of women who were sexually abused as children in their families of origin. Family Process, 30, 421–434.CrossRefPubMed Burkett, L. P. (1991). Parenting behaviors of women who were sexually abused as children in their families of origin. Family Process, 30, 421–434.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cruise, R. C., Sheeber, L. B., & Tompson, M. C. (2011). Behavioral correlates of maternal expressed emotion in interaction tasks. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 781CrossRefPubMed Cruise, R. C., Sheeber, L. B., & Tompson, M. C. (2011). Behavioral correlates of maternal expressed emotion in interaction tasks. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 781CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487–496.CrossRef Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487–496.CrossRef
go back to reference Delvecchio, E., Di Riso, D., Chessa, D., Salcuni, S., Mazzeschi, C., & Laghezza, L. (2013). Expressed emotion, parental stress, and family dysfunction among parents of nonclinical Italian children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 989–999.CrossRef Delvecchio, E., Di Riso, D., Chessa, D., Salcuni, S., Mazzeschi, C., & Laghezza, L. (2013). Expressed emotion, parental stress, and family dysfunction among parents of nonclinical Italian children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 989–999.CrossRef
go back to reference Dix, T., Ruble, D. N., & Zambarano, R. J. (1989). Mothers’ implicit theories of discipline: Child effects, parent effects, and the attribution process. Child Development, 60, 1373–1391.CrossRef Dix, T., Ruble, D. N., & Zambarano, R. J. (1989). Mothers’ implicit theories of discipline: Child effects, parent effects, and the attribution process. Child Development, 60, 1373–1391.CrossRef
go back to reference Edwards, A., Shipman, K., & Brown, A. (2005). The socialization of emotional understanding: A comparison of neglectful and nonneglectful mothers and their children. Child Maltreatment, 10, 293–304.CrossRefPubMed Edwards, A., Shipman, K., & Brown, A. (2005). The socialization of emotional understanding: A comparison of neglectful and nonneglectful mothers and their children. Child Maltreatment, 10, 293–304.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Troyer, D., Speer, A. L., Karbon, M., & Switzer, G. (1992). The relations of maternal practices and characteristics to children’s vicarious emotional responsiveness. Child Development, 63, 583–602.CrossRefPubMed Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Troyer, D., Speer, A. L., Karbon, M., & Switzer, G. (1992). The relations of maternal practices and characteristics to children’s vicarious emotional responsiveness. Child Development, 63, 583–602.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Bernzweig, J. (1990). Coping with children’s negative emotions scale (CCNES): description and scoring. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University. Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Bernzweig, J. (1990). Coping with children’s negative emotions scale (CCNES): description and scoring. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University.
go back to reference Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The coping with children's negative emotions scale (CCNES): Psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence. Marriage & Family Review, 34, 285–310. Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The coping with children's negative emotions scale (CCNES): Psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence. Marriage & Family Review, 34, 285–310.
go back to reference Fitzgerald, M. M., Shipman, K. L., Jackson, J. L., McMahon, R. J., & Hanley, H. M. (2005). Perceptions of parenting versus parent-child interactions among incest survivors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 661–681.CrossRef Fitzgerald, M. M., Shipman, K. L., Jackson, J. L., McMahon, R. J., & Hanley, H. M. (2005). Perceptions of parenting versus parent-child interactions among incest survivors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 661–681.CrossRef
go back to reference Graham, J. W., Olchowski, A. E., & Gilreath, T. D. (2007). How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prevention Science, 8, 206–213.CrossRefPubMed Graham, J. W., Olchowski, A. E., & Gilreath, T. D. (2007). How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prevention Science, 8, 206–213.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Grusec, J. E. (2011). Socialization processes in the family: Social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 243–269.CrossRefPubMed Grusec, J. E. (2011). Socialization processes in the family: Social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 243–269.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Han, Z. R., & Shaffer, A. (2014). Maternal expressed emotion in relation to child behavior problems: Differential and mediating effects. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1491–1500.CrossRef Han, Z. R., & Shaffer, A. (2014). Maternal expressed emotion in relation to child behavior problems: Differential and mediating effects. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1491–1500.CrossRef
go back to reference Hermanns, J., Florin, I., Dietrich, M., Rieger, C., & Hahlweg, K. (1989). Maternal criticism, mother-child interaction, and bronchial asthma. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33, 469–476.CrossRefPubMed Hermanns, J., Florin, I., Dietrich, M., Rieger, C., & Hahlweg, K. (1989). Maternal criticism, mother-child interaction, and bronchial asthma. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33, 469–476.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hibbs, E. D., Hamburger, S. D., Lenane, M., Rapoport, J. L., Kruesi, M. J., Keysor, C. S., & Goldstein, M. J. (1991). Determinants of expressed emotion in families of disturbed and normal children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 757–770.CrossRefPubMed Hibbs, E. D., Hamburger, S. D., Lenane, M., Rapoport, J. L., Kruesi, M. J., Keysor, C. S., & Goldstein, M. J. (1991). Determinants of expressed emotion in families of disturbed and normal children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 757–770.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hooley, J. M. (2007). Expressed emotion and relapse of psychopathology. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 3, 329–352.CrossRef Hooley, J. M. (2007). Expressed emotion and relapse of psychopathology. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 3, 329–352.CrossRef
go back to reference Kershner, J. G., Cohen, N. J., & Coyne, J. C. (1996). Expressed emotion in families of clinically referred and nonreferred children: Toward a further understanding of the expressed emotion index. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 97–106.CrossRef Kershner, J. G., Cohen, N. J., & Coyne, J. C. (1996). Expressed emotion in families of clinically referred and nonreferred children: Toward a further understanding of the expressed emotion index. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 97–106.CrossRef
go back to reference Kim, K., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (2010). Childhood experiences of sexual abuse and later parenting practices among non-offending mothers of sexually abused and comparison girls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 610–622. Kim, K., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (2010). Childhood experiences of sexual abuse and later parenting practices among non-offending mothers of sexually abused and comparison girls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 610–622.
go back to reference Lindsay, W. R., Law, J., Quinn, K., Smart, N., & Smith, A. H. (2001). A comparison of physical and sexual abuse: Histories of sexual and non-sexual offenders with intellectual disability. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 989–995.CrossRef Lindsay, W. R., Law, J., Quinn, K., Smart, N., & Smith, A. H. (2001). A comparison of physical and sexual abuse: Histories of sexual and non-sexual offenders with intellectual disability. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 989–995.CrossRef
go back to reference Lyons-Ruth, K., & Block, D. (1996). The disturbed caregiving system: Relations among childhood trauma, maternal caregiving, and infant affect and attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 257–275.CrossRef Lyons-Ruth, K., & Block, D. (1996). The disturbed caregiving system: Relations among childhood trauma, maternal caregiving, and infant affect and attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 257–275.CrossRef
go back to reference MacKinnon, C. E., Lamb, M. E., Belsky, J., & Baum, C. (1990). An affective-cognitive model of mother-child aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 1–13.CrossRef MacKinnon, C. E., Lamb, M. E., Belsky, J., & Baum, C. (1990). An affective-cognitive model of mother-child aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 1–13.CrossRef
go back to reference Magana-Amato, A. (2012). Manual for coding expressed emotion from the Five Minute Speech Sample. Unpublished manual from the author. Magana-Amato, A. (2012). Manual for coding expressed emotion from the Five Minute Speech Sample. Unpublished manual from the author.
go back to reference McCarty, C. A., & Weisz, J. R. (2002). Correlates of expressed emotion in mothers of clinically‐referred youth: An examination of the five‐minute speech sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 759–768.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral McCarty, C. A., & Weisz, J. R. (2002). Correlates of expressed emotion in mothers of clinically‐referred youth: An examination of the five‐minute speech sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 759–768.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Newcomb, M. D., & Locke, T. F. (2001). Intergenerational cycle of maltreatment: A popular concept obscured by methodological limitations. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1219–1240.CrossRef Newcomb, M. D., & Locke, T. F. (2001). Intergenerational cycle of maltreatment: A popular concept obscured by methodological limitations. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1219–1240.CrossRef
go back to reference Peris, T. S., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2015). Parental expressed emotion and youth psychopathology: New directions for an old construct. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46, 863–873.CrossRef Peris, T. S., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2015). Parental expressed emotion and youth psychopathology: New directions for an old construct. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46, 863–873.CrossRef
go back to reference Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.CrossRef Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.CrossRef
go back to reference Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2004). Expressed emotion in multiple subsystems of the families of toddlers with depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 689–709.CrossRefPubMed Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2004). Expressed emotion in multiple subsystems of the families of toddlers with depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 689–709.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ruscio, A. M. (2001). Predicting the child-rearing practices of mothers sexually abused in childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 369–387.CrossRef Ruscio, A. M. (2001). Predicting the child-rearing practices of mothers sexually abused in childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 369–387.CrossRef
go back to reference Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Barocas, R., Zax, M., & Greenspan, S. (1987). Intelligence quotient scores of 4-year-old children: Social-environmental risk factors. Pediatrics, 79, 343–350.PubMed Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Barocas, R., Zax, M., & Greenspan, S. (1987). Intelligence quotient scores of 4-year-old children: Social-environmental risk factors. Pediatrics, 79, 343–350.PubMed
go back to reference Serbin, L. A., & Karp, J. (2003). Intergenerational studies of parenting and the transfer of risk from parent to child. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 138–142.CrossRef Serbin, L. A., & Karp, J. (2003). Intergenerational studies of parenting and the transfer of risk from parent to child. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 138–142.CrossRef
go back to reference Shipman, K. L., Schneider, R., Fitzgerald, M. M., Sims, C., Swisher, L., & Edwards, A. (2007). Maternal emotion socialization in maltreating and non‐maltreating families: Implications for children’s emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 268–285.CrossRef Shipman, K. L., Schneider, R., Fitzgerald, M. M., Sims, C., Swisher, L., & Edwards, A. (2007). Maternal emotion socialization in maltreating and non‐maltreating families: Implications for children’s emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 268–285.CrossRef
go back to reference Shipman, K. L., & Zeman, J. (1999). Emotional understanding: A comparison of physically maltreating and nonmaltreating mother-child dyads. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 407–417.CrossRefPubMed Shipman, K. L., & Zeman, J. (1999). Emotional understanding: A comparison of physically maltreating and nonmaltreating mother-child dyads. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 407–417.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Stubbe, D. E., Zahner, G. E., Goldstein, M. J., & Leckman, J. F. (1993). Diagnostic specificity of a brief measure of expressed emotion: A community study of children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 139–154.CrossRefPubMed Stubbe, D. E., Zahner, G. E., Goldstein, M. J., & Leckman, J. F. (1993). Diagnostic specificity of a brief measure of expressed emotion: A community study of children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 139–154.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Trickett, P. K., & McBride-Chang, C. (1995). The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Review, 15, 311–337.CrossRef Trickett, P. K., & McBride-Chang, C. (1995). The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Review, 15, 311–337.CrossRef
go back to reference Van Humbeeck, G., Van Audenhove, C., De Hert, M., Pieters, G., & Storms, G. (2002). Expressed emotion: A review of assessment instruments. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 321–341.CrossRef Van Humbeeck, G., Van Audenhove, C., De Hert, M., Pieters, G., & Storms, G. (2002). Expressed emotion: A review of assessment instruments. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 321–341.CrossRef
go back to reference Wamboldt, F. S., O’Connor, W., Wamboldt, M. Z., Gavin, L. A., & Klinnert, M. D. (2000). The Five Minute Speech Sample in children with asthma: Deconstructing the construct of expressed emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 887–898.CrossRefPubMed Wamboldt, F. S., O’Connor, W., Wamboldt, M. Z., Gavin, L. A., & Klinnert, M. D. (2000). The Five Minute Speech Sample in children with asthma: Deconstructing the construct of expressed emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 887–898.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Zvara, B. J., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Carmody, K. A., & Cox, M., Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2015). Childhood sexual trauma and subsequent parenting beliefs and behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 87–97.CrossRef Zvara, B. J., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Carmody, K. A., & Cox, M., Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2015). Childhood sexual trauma and subsequent parenting beliefs and behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 87–97.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Expressed Emotion in Mothers of School-Age Children: Relations to Maternal Maltreatment and Parenting Behavior
Auteurs
Hannah M. Rea
Anne Shaffer
Publicatiedatum
24-08-2016
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 12/2016
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0500-z