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01-12-2013 | Brief Report

Enhancement of False Memory for Negative Material in Dysphoria: Mood Congruency or Response Bias?

Auteurs: Jonathan N. Stea, Sharon M. Lee, Christopher R. Sears

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 6/2013

Abstract

Although there is an extensive literature on the effects of depression and dysphoria on memory accuracy, few studies have examined the effects of depression or dysphoria on false memory. This study used the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (Roediger and McDermott in J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 21:803–814, 1995) to look for evidence of a mood congruent false memory effect in dysphoric individuals. Participants studied lists of semantically associated negative and neutral words for a recognition memory test. The memory test included critical lures (words not presented in the study lists, but strongly related to words on the lists) to assess false memory and non-presented negative and neutral unrelated words to assess participants’ response bias. Although dysphoric participants falsely recognized significantly more critical lures related to the negative word lists, additional analyses revealed that this difference could be explained by a response bias that inflated their recognition responses to negatively valenced words. Directions for future research are discussed.

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Readers should keep in mind that this method of selecting dysphoric participants (BDI > = 20) does not necessarily mean that all the participants have sub-clinical levels of depression. Because there was no diagnostic assessment, it is possible that some members of the dysphoric group would qualify for a diagnosis of major depression. This is an issue that McDermut et al. (1997) and others have considered in detail.

Recall that Torrens et al. (2008) used a BDI cut-off score of 14 to create their dysphoric group. When we analyzed the data using this lower BDI cut-off score the results were essentially the same.

A statistical power analysis of the test of this interaction was conducted using the effect size (partial η ² = 0.10) of the Group × Lure Relation interaction from the analysis of the unadjusted false recognition data in the power calculation (an effect size of 0.33, and a total sample size of 93). Using these parameters, achieved power was calculated to be 89% (using the G*Power 3.1 software package; Faul et al. 2007).

An alternative analysis using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) design led to the same conclusion. For this analysis, only the data for the lures related to the negative word lists were analyzed, and false positive responses to the negative non-studied unrelated words was used as a covariate, which equated the participants in the dysphoric and non-dysphoric groups on their tendency to respond “sure old” to non-studied words of negative valence. In the analysis the covariate was statistically significant, F(1, 90) = 17.23, p < 0.001, MSE = 15505.48, partial η ² = 0.16. As expected, false positive responses to negative non-studied unrelated words were positively correlated with false recognitions of lures related to negative word lists. The test of the Group effect was not significant, F(1, 90) = 1.13, p > 0.10, as the two groups did not differ in their false recognitions.

We thank an anonymous reviewer for suggesting this possibility.

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Titel: Enhancement of False Memory for Negative Material in Dysphoria: Mood Congruency or Response Bias?
Auteurs: Jonathan N. Stea
Sharon M. Lee
Christopher R. Sears
Publicatiedatum: 01-12-2013
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 6/2013
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9557-9

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