Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies 5/2019

18-02-2019 | Original Paper

Assessing the Personality Profile with ADHD Characteristics Using the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS)

Auteurs: Agata Ando, Claudia Pignolo, Donald J. Viglione, Alessandro Zennaro, Stefania Cristofanelli, Laura Ferro

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 5/2019

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Objectives

Assessment of ADHD typically includes rating scales completed by parents, teachers, and/or patients themselves. However, rating scales may be subject to rater bias effects, and raters may not recognize the patient’s implicit qualities and underlying personality processes. In contrast, the Rorschach test permits standardized, in vivo observation and coding of behaviors as outcomes of implicit personality processes, and, thus, it may assist clinicians in the formulation of contextualized treatment decisions. By using the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), a performance-based personality test characterized by empirical foundation and psychometric efficiency, we conducted an observational study to investigate in depth personality and its implicit qualities in children with ADHD who were not on medication.

Methods

After reviewing thoroughly the previous studies on ADHD and the Rorschach and discussing their contradictory findings, we compared the data of our sample (N = 31) with the R-PAS normative children’s group.

Results

Several Rorschach variables differed from R-PAS norms and indicated the presence of unconventional perceptions characterized by non-cognitively mediated interactions and difficulties mentalizing human behavior.

Conclusions

Overall, it appears that hyperactivity and impulsivity are associated with unconventional and sometimes mistaken processing of information especially relevant to people and relationships. Although we compared the Rorschach profiles to norms rather than a matched control group, our findings could provide useful information for understanding the personality functioning beyond manifest symptoms or symptom reports of children with ADHD.
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Ames, L. B., Metraux, R., Rodell, J. L., & Walker, R. N. (1974). Child Rorschach responses: Developmental trends from ten to sixteen years. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Ames, L. B., Metraux, R., Rodell, J. L., & Walker, R. N. (1974). Child Rorschach responses: Developmental trends from ten to sixteen years. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
go back to reference Barkley, R. A. (2002). Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 10–15.PubMed Barkley, R. A. (2002). Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 10–15.PubMed
go back to reference Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Beck, S. J., & Molish, H. B. (1967). Rorschach’s test. II: A variety of personality pictures. New York: Grune & Stratton. Beck, S. J., & Molish, H. B. (1967). Rorschach’s test. II: A variety of personality pictures. New York: Grune & Stratton.
go back to reference Beck, S. J., Beck, A. G., Levitt, E. E., & Molish, H. B. (1961). Rorschach’s Test: I. Basic Processes. New York: Gurne & Strattons. Beck, S. J., Beck, A. G., Levitt, E. E., & Molish, H. B. (1961). Rorschach’s Test: I. Basic Processes. New York: Gurne & Strattons.
go back to reference Bornstein, R. F., Rossner, S. C., Hill, E. L., & Stepanian, M. L. (1994). Face validity and fakability of objective and projective measures of dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 363–386.CrossRef Bornstein, R. F., Rossner, S. C., Hill, E. L., & Stepanian, M. L. (1994). Face validity and fakability of objective and projective measures of dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 363–386.CrossRef
go back to reference Cassell, W. A. (1980). Body symbolism and the somatic inkblot series. Anchorage: Aurora Publication. Cassell, W. A. (1980). Body symbolism and the somatic inkblot series. Anchorage: Aurora Publication.
go back to reference Cotugno, A. J. (1995). Personality attributes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 554–562.CrossRefPubMed Cotugno, A. J. (1995). Personality attributes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 554–562.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dirks, M. A., De Los Reyes, A., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Cella, D., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2012). Embracing not erasing contextual variability in children’s behavior: theory and utility in the selection and use of measures and informants in the assessment of developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 558–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02537.x.CrossRefPubMed Dirks, M. A., De Los Reyes, A., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Cella, D., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2012). Embracing not erasing contextual variability in children’s behavior: theory and utility in the selection and use of measures and informants in the assessment of developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 558–574. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​j.​1469-7610.​2012.​02537.​x.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Doyle, A. E. (2006). Executive functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(suppl 8), 21–26.PubMed Doyle, A. E. (2006). Executive functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(suppl 8), 21–26.PubMed
go back to reference Exner, J. E. (1974). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (Vol 1). New York: Wiley. Exner, J. E. (1974). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (Vol 1). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Exner, J. E. (1993). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. Basic foundations (Vol. 1, 3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. Exner, J. E. (1993). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. Basic foundations (Vol. 1, 3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Exner, J. E. (2003). The Rorschach: a comprehensive system. Basic Foundations and Principles ofInterpretation (Vol. 1, 4th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. Exner, J. E. (2003). The Rorschach: a comprehensive system. Basic Foundations and Principles ofInterpretation (Vol. 1, 4th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.
go back to reference Howell, D. C. (2013). Statistical methods for psychology (8th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Howell, D. C. (2013). Statistical methods for psychology (8th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
go back to reference Jain, R., Singh, B., Mohanty, S., & Kumar, R. (2005). SIS-I and Rorschach diagnostic indicators of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 12, 141–152. Jain, R., Singh, B., Mohanty, S., & Kumar, R. (2005). SIS-I and Rorschach diagnostic indicators of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 12, 141–152.
go back to reference Klopfer, B., & Kelley, D. M. (1942). The Rorschach technique: A manual for a projective method of personality diagnosis. Yonkers on Hudson: Word Books. Klopfer, B., & Kelley, D. M. (1942). The Rorschach technique: A manual for a projective method of personality diagnosis. Yonkers on Hudson: Word Books.
go back to reference Klopfer, B, Ainsworth, M. D, Klopfer, W. G., & Holt, R. R. (1954). Developments in the Rorschach Technique (Vol. I.). Techniques and Theory. Yonkers on Hudson: World Books. Klopfer, B, Ainsworth, M. D, Klopfer, W. G., & Holt, R. R. (1954). Developments in the Rorschach Technique (Vol. I.). Techniques and Theory. Yonkers on Hudson: World Books.
go back to reference Meehan, K. B., Ueng-McHale, J. Y., Reynoso, J. S., Harris, B. H., Wolfson, V. M., Gomes, H., & Tuber, S. B. (2008). Self-regulation and internal resources in school-age children with ADHD symptomatology: an investigation using the Rorschach inkblot method. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 72, 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2008.72.4.259.CrossRefPubMed Meehan, K. B., Ueng-McHale, J. Y., Reynoso, J. S., Harris, B. H., Wolfson, V. M., Gomes, H., & Tuber, S. B. (2008). Self-regulation and internal resources in school-age children with ADHD symptomatology: an investigation using the Rorschach inkblot method. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 72, 259–282. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1521/​bumc.​2008.​72.​4.​259.​CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Meyer, G. J. (2017). What Rorschach performance can add to assessing and understanding personality. International Journal of Personality Psychology, 3(1), 36–49. Meyer, G. J. (2017). What Rorschach performance can add to assessing and understanding personality. International Journal of Personality Psychology, 3(1), 36–49.
go back to reference Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2011). A manual for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System. Toledo, OH: R–PAS. Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2011). A manual for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System. Toledo, OH: R–PAS.
go back to reference Rapaport, D, Gill, M. M, Schafer, R., & Holt, R. R. (1968). Diagnostic psychological testing (Rev. ed.). New York: International Universities Press. Rapaport, D, Gill, M. M, Schafer, R., & Holt, R. R. (1968). Diagnostic psychological testing (Rev. ed.). New York: International Universities Press.
go back to reference Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1992). Behaviour Assessment System for Children Manual. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service. Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1992). Behaviour Assessment System for Children Manual. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service.
go back to reference Ross, D. M., & Ross, S. A. (1976). Hyperactivity: Research, theory, and action. New York Wiley. Ross, D. M., & Ross, S. A. (1976). Hyperactivity: Research, theory, and action. New York Wiley.
go back to reference Weiner, I.B. (1998). Rorschach differentiation pf schizophrenia and affective disorder In G.P. Koocher, J.C. Norcross, & S.S. Hill (Eds.), Psychologist’s desk reference (pp. 151–154). New York: Oxford University Press. Weiner, I.B. (1998). Rorschach differentiation pf schizophrenia and affective disorder In G.P. Koocher, J.C. Norcross, & S.S. Hill (Eds.), Psychologist’s desk reference (pp. 151–154). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference West, S.G., Finch, J.F., & Curran, P.J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks: Sage. West, S.G., Finch, J.F., & Curran, P.J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
go back to reference Zhong, S., Jing, J., Wang, L., & Yin, Q. (2007). Analysis on Rorschach Inkblot test in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15, 545–547. Zhong, S., Jing, J., Wang, L., & Yin, Q. (2007). Analysis on Rorschach Inkblot test in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15, 545–547.
Metagegevens
Titel
Assessing the Personality Profile with ADHD Characteristics Using the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS)
Auteurs
Agata Ando
Claudia Pignolo
Donald J. Viglione
Alessandro Zennaro
Stefania Cristofanelli
Laura Ferro
Publicatiedatum
18-02-2019
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 5/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01359-y

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2019

Journal of Child and Family Studies 5/2019 Naar de uitgave