Top

Gepubliceerd in:

12-02-2019 | Original Paper

Exchange of Emotional Support Between Adult Children and their Parents and the Children’s Well-being

Auteurs: Liora Bar-Tur, Kfir Ifrah, Dahlia Moore, Bat Katzman

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 5/2019

Abstract

Objectives

The present study examined the associations between exchanges of emotional support of Israeli adult children with their parents, their emotional bond with their parents, and the children’s well-being.

Method

A self-report survey was administered to 1013 participants aged 21–45 (72.8% female, 49.5% students, and 55.7% of whom lived with their parents) that reported on their relationships with their mothers and fathers. Structural equation models tested the relationships of the participants with their mothers and fathers separately.

Results

The emotional bond contributed directly to the emotional support received from each parent and to the children’s positive well-being but not to the emotional support given to each parent. The latter association was dependent on the emotional support received from each parent. The results also showed that emotional support given to each parent made a stronger contribution to children’s positive well-being than emotional support received from each parent.

Conclusions

Adult children’s emotional support given to their parents made a stronger contribution to the positive well-being of these children than emotional support received from their parents. Providing parents with emotional support may contribute to a sense of reciprocity and connectedness that positively relates to adult children’s positive well-being. Further studies are recommended to examine emotional support exchange of adult children and their parents in other countries and cultural contexts as well as to compare the reports of both children and parents on their relationships.

vorige artikel Cultural Values and Behavior among African American and European American Children

volgende artikel Do Attachment Styles and Family Functioning Predict Adolescents’ Problematic Internet Use? A Relative Weight Analysis

Antonucci, T. C., & Jackson, J. S. (1990). The role of reciprocity in social support. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 173–198). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.

Bar-Tur, L., Ifrah, K., Moore, D., Kamin, S. T., & Lang, F. R. (2018). How do emotional closeness and support from parents relate to Israeli and German students’ life satisfaction? Journal of Family Issues, 39, 3096–3123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18770213.CrossRef

Bengtson, V., Biblarz, T., & Roberts, R. (2002). How families still matter: A longitudinal study of youth in two generations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Berkman, L. F., & Glass, T. (2000). Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. In L. F. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social epidemiology (pp. 137–173). Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.

Birditt, K. S., Hartnett, C. S., Fingerman, K. L., Zarit, S. H., & Antonucci, T. (2015). Extending the intergenerational stake hypothesis: Evidence of an intra-individual stake and implications for well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77, 877–888. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12203.CrossRefPubMed

Birditt, K. S., Fingerman, K. L., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2008). Parents perceived as peers: Filial maturity in adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 15, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-007-9019-2.CrossRef

Birditt, K. S., Tighe, L. A., Fingerman, K. L., & Zarit, S. H. (2012). Intergenerational relationship quality across three generations. The Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 67, 627–638. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs050.CrossRef

Brannan, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Mohr, C. D., Mortazavi, S., & Stein, N. (2012). Friends and family: A cross-cultural investigation of social support and subjective well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.743573.CrossRef

Brown, S. L., Nesse, R. M., Vinokur, A. D., & Smith, D. M. (2003). Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it. Results from a prospective Study of Mortality Psychological Science, 14, 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.14461.CrossRefPubMed

Buchanan, K. E., & Bardi, A. (2010). Acts of kindness and acts of novelty affect life satisfaction. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150, 235–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540903365554.CrossRefPubMed

Bucx, F., van Wel, F., & Knijn, T. (2012). Life course status and exchange of support between young adults and parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 74, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00883.x.CrossRef

Central Bureau of Statistics. (2011). Statistical abstracts of Israel. Jerusalem: Author.

Cheng, Y.-P., Birditt, K. S., Zarit, S. H., & Fingerman, K. L. (2013). Young adults’ provision of support to middle-aged parents. The Journals of Gerontology: Social Science, 70, 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt108.CrossRef

Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676–684. 10/1037/0003-066X.59.8.676.CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, S., & Jaicki-Deveris, D. (2009). Can we improve our physical health by altering our social networks? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 375–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01141.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Connidis, I. A. (2010). Exploring Intergenerational Relations. In Family ties and aging (2nd ed., pp. 137–152). Los Angeles, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542.CrossRefPubMed

Diener, E., Gohm, C. L., Suh, E., & Oishi, S. (2000). Similarity of the relations between marital status and subjective well-being across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022100031004001.CrossRef

Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y.-P., Kim, K., Gyoungmin, K., Fung, H. H., Lang, F. R., & Wagner, J. (2014). Parental involvement with college students in Germany, Hong-Kong, Korea and the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 37, 1384–1411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14541444.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y.-P., Wesselman, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F., & Birditt, K. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 74, 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00987.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fingerman, K. L., Hay, E. I., Kamp Dush, C. M., Cichy, K. E., & Hosterman, S. (2007). Parents’ and offspring’s perceptions of change and continuity when parents experience the transition to old age. Advances in Life Course Research, 12, 275–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-2608(07)12010-4.CrossRef

Fingerman, K. L., Kim, K., Tennant, P. S., Birditt, K. S., & Zarit, S. H. (2015). Intergenerational support in a daily context. The Gerontologist, 56, 896–908. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv035.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fingerman, K. L., Miller, L., Birditt, K., & Zarit, S. (2009). Giving the good and the needy: Parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 71, 1220–1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00665.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fingerman, K. L., Pitzer, L. M., Chan, W., Birditt, K. S., Franks, M. M., & Zarit, S. (2011). Who gets what and why: Help middle-aged adults provide to parents and grown children. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 66B, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq009.CrossRef

Fingerman, K. L., Sechrist, J., & Birditt, K. (2013). Changing views on intergenerational ties. Gerontology, 59, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1159/000342211.CrossRefPubMed

Furstenberg, F. F. (2010). On a new schedule: Transitions to adulthood and family change. Future of the Child, 20, 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0038.CrossRef

Gans, D., & Silverstein, M. (2006). Norms or filial responsibility for aging parents across time and generations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 68, 961–976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00307.CrossRef

Giarrusso, R., Feng, D., & Bengtson, V. L. (2005). The intergenerational stake over 20 years. In M. Silverstein (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (pp. 55–76). New York, NY: Springer.

Gleason, M. E. J., Iida, M., Bolger, N., & Shrout, P. E. (2003). Daily supportive equity in close relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1036–1045. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203253473.CrossRefPubMed

Gleason, M. E. J., Iida, M., Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2008). Receiving support as a mixed blessing: Evidence for dual effects of support on psychological outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 824–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.824.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: Preliminary statements. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–178.CrossRef

Grundy, E. (2005). Reciprocity in relationships: Socio-economic and health influences on intergenerational exchanges between third age parents and their adult children in Great Britain. The British Journal of Sociology, 56, 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2005.00057.x.CrossRefPubMed

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Hyde, M., Wiggins, R. D., Higgs, P., & Blane, D. B. (2003). A measure of quality of life in early old age: The theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Aging & Mental Health, 7, 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786031000101157.CrossRef

Karantzas, G. C., & Simpson, J. A. (2015). Attachment and aged care. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and research: New directions and emerging themes (pp. 319–345). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Katz, R., Gur-Yaish, N., & Lowenstein, A. (2010). Motivation to provide help to older parents in Norway, Spain, and Israel. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 71, 283–303. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.71.4.b.CrossRefPubMed

Levitzki, N. (2009). Parenting of adult children in an Israeli sample: Parents are always parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015218.CrossRefPubMed

Lewin-Epstein, N., Stier, H., Braun, M., & Langfeldt, B. (2000). Family policy and public attitudes in Germany and Israel. European Sociological Review, 16, 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/16.4.385.CrossRef

Liang, J., Krause, N. M., & Bennett, J. M. (2001). Social exchange and well-being. Psychology and Aging, 16, 511–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.3.511.CrossRefPubMed

Lin, I.-F. (2008). Mother and daughter reports about upward transfers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 815–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00524.x.CrossRef

Lowenstein, A. (2007). Solidarity—conflict and ambivalence: Testing two conceptual frameworks and their impact on quality of life for older family members. The Journals of Gerontology: Social Science, 62, S100–S107. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.2.S100.CrossRef

Lowenstein, A., & Daatland, S. O. (2006). Filial norms and family support in a comparative cross-national context: evidence from the OASIS study. Aging and Society, 26, 203–223. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X05004502.CrossRef

Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412469809.CrossRef

Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 391 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391.CrossRef

Merz, E. M., Schuengel, C., & Schulze, H. J. (2008). Inter-generational relationships at different ages: An attachment perspective. Ageing & Society, 28, 717–736. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X08007046.CrossRef

OECD (2015). OECD Fact Book 2015–2016. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/18147364.

Roll, A., & Litwin, H. (2010). Intergenerational financial transfers and mental health: An analysis using SHARE-Israel data. Aging and Mental Health, 14, 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860903191366.CrossRefPubMed

Rossi, A. S., & Rossi, P. H. (1990). Of human bonding: Parent–child relations across the life course. New York, NY: A. de Gruyter.

Schwarz, B., Trommsdorff, G., Albert, J., & Mayer, B. (2005). Adult parent–child relationships: Relationship quality, support, and reciprocity. Applied Psychology, 54, 396–417. 10.111/j.1464-0597.2005.00217.x.CrossRef

Shapiro, A. (2004). Revisiting the generation gap: Exploring the relationships of parent/adult-child dyads. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 58, 127–146. https://doi.org/10.2190/EVFK-7F2X-KQNV-DH58.CrossRefPubMed

Silverstein, M., & Bengtson, V. L. (1997). Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of adult child-parent relationships in American families. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 429–460. https://doi.org/10.1086/231213.CrossRef

Silverstein, M., Conroy, S. J., Wang, H., Giarrusso, R., & Bengtson, V. L. (2002). Reciprocity in parent–child relations over the adult life course. The Journals of Gerontology: Social Science, 57, S3–S13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.1.S3.CrossRef

Silverstein, M., Gans, D., & Yang, F. M. (2006). Intergenerational support to aging parents: The role of norms and needs. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 1068–1084. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06288120.CrossRef

Swartz, T. T. (2009). Intergenerational family relations in adulthood: Patterns, variations, and implications in the contemporary United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134615.CrossRef

Thomas, P. A. (2010). Is it better to give or receive? Social support and the well-being of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 65B, 351–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp113.CrossRef

Umberson, D. (1992). Relationships between adult children and their parents: Psychological consequences for both generations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 664–674. https://doi.org/10.2307/353252.CrossRef

Umberson, D., Crosnoe, R., & Reczek, C. (2010). Social relationships and health behavior across life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120011.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zarit, S. H., Birditt, K. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2014). Discrepancy in reports of support exchanges between parents and adult offspring: Within- and between-family differences. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 168–179. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035735.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Exchange of Emotional Support Between Adult Children and their Parents and the Children’s Well-being
Auteurs: Liora Bar-Tur
Kfir Ifrah
Dahlia Moore
Bat Katzman
Publicatiedatum: 12-02-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 5/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01355-2

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2019

Economic Pressure, Parent Positivity, Positive Parenting, and Child Social Competence

Original Paper

Cultural Values and Behavior among African American and European American Children

Original Paper

Anxiety and Depression in Parent Caregivers of Children with Cystic Fibrosis

Original Paper

Longitudinal Trajectories of Parenting Stress among Ethnic Minority Adolescent Mothers

Original Paper

Self-compassion and Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Cognitive Reactions to Daily Life Problems

Open Access
Original Paper

Understanding of Emotions and Empathy: Predictors of Positive Parenting with Preschoolers in Economically Stressed Families

Original Paper