Top

Gepubliceerd in:

21-02-2019 | Original Paper

Examining the Relationship between Helicopter Parenting and Emerging Adults’ Mindsets Using the Consolidated Helicopter Parenting Scale

Auteurs: Holly H. Schiffrin, Jennaveve C. Yost, Victoria Power, Emily R. Saldanha, Erynn Sendrick

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 5/2019

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to develop a consolidated helicopter parenting scale (CHPS) from five existing measures of helicopter parenting and utilize the new measure to examine the relationship between helicopter parenting and intelligence mindset.

Methods

Participants were 275 emerging adults between 18–25 years of age who completed an online survey. First, we conducted an Exploratory Factor Analysis of five helicopter parenting measures to develop a scale that reliably measured participants’ reports of helicopter parenting by both their mothers and fathers. Then, we utilized the new measure to examine whether helicopter parenting mediated the relationship between emerging adults’ report of their parents’ failure mindsets and their own intelligence mindsets.

Results

The 10 items retained in the factor analysis primarily captured emerging adults’ perception that their parents’ involvement was inappropriate rather than delineating objective behaviors in which their parents engaged. Both mothers and fathers were more likely to engage in helicopter parenting when emerging adults reported their parents had a failure mindset. However, only fathers’ helicopter parenting mediated the relationship between parents’ failure mindsets and their children’s intelligence mindsets.

Conclusions

When parents were viewed as having a failure-is-debilitating mindset, emerging adults also reported that fathers were more likely to participate in helicopter parenting behaviors, which was associated with fixed mindsets in emerging adults. People with fixed mindsets have been found to have decreased motivation (e.g., avoiding challenges and less perseverance) and academic achievement in prior research.

vorige artikel Assessing the Personality Profile with ADHD Characteristics Using the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS)

volgende artikel Longitudinal Validation of a New Measure to Assess Parental Knowledge and its Sources in Spanish Adolescents

Amemiya, J., & Wang, M. T. (2018). Why effort praise can backfire in adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 12, 199–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12284.CrossRef

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.CrossRef

Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: a longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78, 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x.CrossRefPubMed

Boaler, J. (2013). Ability and mathematics: The mindset revolution that is reshaping education. Forum, 55, 143–152. http://www.you-cubed.org/wp-content/uploads/14_Boaler_FORUM_55_1_web.pdf.

Bornstein, M. H. (2012). Cultural approaches to parenting. Parenting, 12, 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683359.CrossRefPubMed

Bradley-Geist, J. C., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2014). Helicopter parents: an examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students. Education andTraining, 56, 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2012-0096.CrossRef

Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10, 1–9. https://www.pareonline.net/pdf/v10n7.pdf.

Cui, M., Graber, J. A., Metz, A., & Darling, C. A. (2016). Parental indulgence, self-regulation, and young adults’ behavioral and emotional problems. Journal of Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2016.1237884.

Darlow, V., Norvilitis, J. M., & Schuetze, P. (2017). The relationship between helicopter parenting and adjustment to college. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2291–2298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0751-3.CrossRef

Day, R. D., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2009). Mother and father connectedness and involvement during early adolescence. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 900–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016438.CrossRefPubMed

Diener, C. I., & Dweck, C. S. (1978). An analysis of learned helplessness: continuous changes in performance, strategy, and achievement cognitions following failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.5.451.CrossRef

Dweck, C. S. (1975). The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 674–685. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077149.CrossRef

Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040–1048. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040.CrossRef

Dweck, C. S. (2000). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. East Sussex: Psychology Press.

Dweck, C. S. (2007). The secret to raising smart kids. Scientific American Mind, 18, 36–43. http://users.digitalkingdom.org/~rlpowell/public_media/raising_smart_kids.pdf.

Dweck, C. S. (2010). Even geniuses work hard. Educational Leadership, 68, 16–20. http://cdn-blogs.waukeeschools.org/maplegrovepdpost/files/2013/03/Even-Geniuses-Work-Hard.pdf.

Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C. Y., & Hong, Y. Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: a word from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0604_1.CrossRef

Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256–273. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.95.2.256.CrossRef

Dweck, C. S., & Reppucci, N. D. (1973). Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034248.CrossRef

Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F., & Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74, 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00987.x.CrossRefPubMed

Givertz, M., & Segrin, C. (2014). The association between overinvolved parenting and young adults’ self-efficacy, psychological entitlement, and family communication. Communication Research, 41, 1111–1136.CrossRef

Grant, H., & Dweck, C. S. (2003). Clarifying achievement goals and their impact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 541–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212456392.CrossRefPubMed

Gunderson, E. A., Gripshover, S. J., Romero, C., Dweck, C. S., Goldin‐Meadow, S., & Levine, S. C. (2013). Parent praise to 1‐to 3-year-olds predicts children’s motivational frameworks 5 years later. Child Development, 84, 1526–1541. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12064.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Haimovitz, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Parents’ views of failure predict children’s fixed and growth intelligence mind-sets. Psychological Science, 27, 859–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616639727.CrossRefPubMed

Haimovitz, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2017). The origins of children’s growth and fixed mindsets: new research and a new proposal. Child Development, 88, 1849–1859. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12955.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85, 4–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100.CrossRef

Hays, S. (1998). The fallacious assumptions and unrealistic prescriptions of attachment theory: a comment on “parents’ socioemotional investment in children.”. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60, 782–790. https://doi.org/10.2307/353546.CrossRef

Hendrick, S. S. (1981). Self-disclosure and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 1150–1159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.6.1150.CrossRef

Hong, Y. Y., Chiu, C. Y., Dweck, C. S., Lin, D. M. S., & Wan, W. (1999). Implicit theories, attributions, and coping: a meaning system approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.588.CrossRef

Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Kuo, Y. C., & Hsu, W. Y. (2015). Parental monitoring and helicopter parenting relevant to vocational student’s procrastination and self-regulated learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.003.CrossRef

Kamins, M. L., & Dweck, C. S. (1999). Person versus process praise and criticism: implications for contingent self-worth and coping. Developmental Psychology, 35, 835.CrossRef

Kim, S. Y., Wang, Y., Orozco-Lapray, D., Shen, Y., & Murtuza, M. (2013). Does “tiger parenting” exist? Parenting profiles of Chinese Americans and adolescent developmental outcomes. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.3.835.CrossRefPubMed

Kim, Sw, & Hill, N. E. (2015). Including fathers in the picture: a meta-analysis of parental involvement and students’ academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(4), 919–934. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000023.CrossRef

Kins, E., Beyers, W., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Patterns of home leaving and subjective well-being in emerging adulthood: the role of motivational processes and parental autonomy support. DevelopmentalPsychology, 45, 1416–1429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015580.CrossRef

LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31, 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038.CrossRef

Marsiglio, W., Amato, P., Day, R. D., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Scholarship on fatherhood in the 1990s and beyond. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 1173–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01173.x.CrossRef

Moorman, E. A., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2010). Ability mindsets influence the quality of mothers’ involvement in children’s learning: an experimental investigation. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1354–1362. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020376.CrossRefPubMed

Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children’s motivation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33.CrossRefPubMed

Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nielson, M. G. (2015). Is hovering smothering or loving? An examination of parental warmth as a moderator of relations between helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ indices of adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 3, 282–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815576458.CrossRef

Nelson, M. K. (2010). Parenting out of control: Anxious parents in uncertain times. New York: New York University Press.

Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65, 407–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2013.811434.CrossRef

Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down? Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007.CrossRefPubMed

Park, D., Gunderson, E. A., Tsukayama, E., Levine, S. C., & Beilock, S. L. (2016). Young children’s motivational frameworks and math achievement: Relation to teacher-reported instructional practices, but not teacher theory of intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108, 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000064.CrossRef

Pelegrina, S., Garcı́a-Linares, M. C., & Casanova, P. F. (2003). Adolescents and their parents’ perceptions about parenting characteristics. Who can better predict the adolescent’s academic competence? Journal of Adolescence, 26, 651–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(03)00062-9.CrossRefPubMed

Pleck, J. H. (2012). Integrating father involvement in parenting research. Parenting, 12, 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683365.CrossRef

Pomerantz, E. M., & Kempner, S. G. (2013). Mothers’ daily person and process praise: implications for children’s theory of intelligence and motivation. Developmental Psychology, 49, 2040–2046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031840.CrossRefPubMed

Reed, K., Duncan, J. M., Lucier-Greer, M., Fixelle, C., & Ferraro, A. J. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 3136–3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0466-x.CrossRef

Rogers, M. A., Theule, J., Ryan, B. A., Adams, G. R., & Keating, L. (2009). Parental involvement and children’s school achievement: evidence for mediating processes. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24, 34–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573508328445.CrossRef

Rousseau, S., & Scharf, M. (2015). “I will guide you” The indirect link between overparenting and young adults’ adjustment. Psychiatry Research, 228, 826–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.016.CrossRefPubMed

Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Geary, K., Miles-McLean, H., Tashner, T., Hagerman, C., & Rizzo, K. (2014). Mother, father, or parent? College students’ intensive parenting attitudes differ by referent. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1073–1080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9764-8.CrossRef

Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3.CrossRef

Schiffrin, H. H., & Liss, M. (2017). The effects of helicopter parenting on academic motivation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 1472–1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0658-z.CrossRef

Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Murphy, M. T. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61, 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00689.x.CrossRef

Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 569–595. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569.CrossRef

Shoup, R., Gonyea, R. M., & Kuh, G. D. (2009). Helicopter parents: examining the impact of highly involved parents on student engagement and educational outcomes. Paper presented at the 49th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Atlanta, Georgia. http://cpr.indiana.edu/uploads/AIR%202009%20Impact%20of%20Helicopter%20Parents.pdf.

Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018). To what extent and under which circumstances are growth mind-sets important to academic achievement? Two meta-analyses. Psychological Science, 29, 549–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617739704.CrossRefPubMed

Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012.CrossRefPubMed

Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., & Beyers, W., et al. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43, 633–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.633.CrossRefPubMed

Somers, P., & Settle, J. (2010). The helicopter parent: Research toward a typology. College and University: The Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 86, 18–27. https://www.aacrao.org/research-publications/quarterly-journals/college-university-journal/article/c-u-archive/c-u-vol.-86-no.-1-summer-2010.

Thomas, G., Fletcher, G. J., & Lange, C. (1997). On-line empathic accuracy in marital interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 839–850. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.839.CrossRef

van Ingen, D. J., Freiheit, S. R., Steinfeldt, J. A., Moore, L. L., Wimer, D. J., Knutt, A. D., & Roberts, A. (2015). Helicopter parenting: the effect of an overbearing caregiving style on peer attachment and self‐efficacy. Journal of College Counseling, 18, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2015.00065.x.CrossRef

Titel: Examining the Relationship between Helicopter Parenting and Emerging Adults’ Mindsets Using the Consolidated Helicopter Parenting Scale
Auteurs: Holly H. Schiffrin
Jennaveve C. Yost
Victoria Power
Emily R. Saldanha
Erynn Sendrick
Publicatiedatum: 21-02-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 5/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01360-5

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2019

Understanding of Emotions and Empathy: Predictors of Positive Parenting with Preschoolers in Economically Stressed Families

Original Paper

Economic Pressure, Parent Positivity, Positive Parenting, and Child Social Competence

Original Paper

Do Attachment Styles and Family Functioning Predict Adolescents’ Problematic Internet Use? A Relative Weight Analysis

Original Paper

Longitudinal Trajectories of Parenting Stress among Ethnic Minority Adolescent Mothers

Original Paper

Group PCIT for Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Externalizing Behavior Problems

Original Paper

Attachment Bonds as Risk Factors of Intimate Partner Violence

Original Paper