Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

01-07-2010 | Original Paper

Affective Modulation of the Startle Eyeblink and Postauricular Reflexes in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Auteurs: Gabriel S. Dichter, Stephen D. Benning, Tia N. Holtzclaw, James W. Bodfish

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 7/2010

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Eyeblink and postauricular reflexes to standardized affective images were examined in individuals without (n = 37) and with (n = 20) autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Affective reflex modulation in control participants replicated previous findings. The ASD group, however, showed anomalous reflex modulation patterns, despite similar self-report ratings of pictures. Specifically, the ASD group demonstrated exaggerated eyeblink responses to pleasant images and exaggerated postauricular responses to unpleasant images. Although ASD is often conceptualized in terms of specific deficits in affective responding in the social domain, the present results suggest a domain-general pattern of deficits in affective processing and that such deficits may arise at an early phase in the stream of information processing.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Voetnoten
1
The term “linear” in this context refers to the first-order polynomial trend test that is commonly used in the startle modulation literature to evaluate the effects of picture valence, which is typically divided into the categories of unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant, on reflex responses. Thus, a “linear” pattern of responses indicates either [unpleasant > neutral > pleasant] or [pleasant > neutral > unpleasant] patterns of responding.
 
2
In-house experimental images depicted common circumscribed interests and images of faces with neutral expressions. The mood states induced by IAPS images are very brief: in nonclinical samples, affective startle modulation is not evident 1.5–2.5 s after image offset (Dichter et al. 2002). Thus, there are likely no effects of the inclusion of other images on startle responses, given the 10 s ITI employed.
 
3
Other researchers have noted highly similar results obtained with both raw and standardized scores (e.g., Grillon and Ameli 2001; Dichter and Tomarken 2008).
 
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV (4th ed.). Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV (4th ed.). Washington, DC.
go back to reference Arinami, T., Li, L., Mitsushio, H., Itokawa, M., Hamaguchi, H., & Toru, M. (1996). An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene is associated with both brain substance P contents and affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 40(11), 1122–1127.CrossRefPubMed Arinami, T., Li, L., Mitsushio, H., Itokawa, M., Hamaguchi, H., & Toru, M. (1996). An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene is associated with both brain substance P contents and affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 40(11), 1122–1127.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bachevalier, J., & Loveland, K. A. (2006). The orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social-emotional behavior in autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 97–117.CrossRefPubMed Bachevalier, J., & Loveland, K. A. (2006). The orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social-emotional behavior in autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 97–117.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., & Belmonte, M. K. (2005). Autism: a window onto the development of the social and the analytic brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 109–126.CrossRefPubMed Baron-Cohen, S., & Belmonte, M. K. (2005). Autism: a window onto the development of the social and the analytic brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 109–126.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(3), 355–364.CrossRefPubMed Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(3), 355–364.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Benning, S. D., Bernat, E. M., Starr, M. J., Gewirtz, J. C., & Patrick, C. J. (2004a). Post-auricular reflex potentiation during relief stimuli in differential aversive conditioning: A construct validation study. Psychophysiology, 41, S3–S4.CrossRef Benning, S. D., Bernat, E. M., Starr, M. J., Gewirtz, J. C., & Patrick, C. J. (2004a). Post-auricular reflex potentiation during relief stimuli in differential aversive conditioning: A construct validation study. Psychophysiology, 41, S3–S4.CrossRef
go back to reference Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., & Lang, A. R. (2004b). Emotional modulation of the post-auricular reflex. Psychophysiology, 41(3), 426–432.CrossRefPubMed Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., & Lang, A. R. (2004b). Emotional modulation of the post-auricular reflex. Psychophysiology, 41(3), 426–432.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bernier, R., Dawson, G., Panagiotides, H., & Webb, S. (2005). Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show normal responses to a fear potential startle paradigm. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 575–583.CrossRefPubMed Bernier, R., Dawson, G., Panagiotides, H., & Webb, S. (2005). Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show normal responses to a fear potential startle paradigm. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 575–583.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bolton, P. F., Pickles, A., Murphy, M., & Rutter, M. (1998). Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: Patterns of familial aggregation. Psychological Medicine, 28(2), 385–395.CrossRefPubMed Bolton, P. F., Pickles, A., Murphy, M., & Rutter, M. (1998). Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: Patterns of familial aggregation. Psychological Medicine, 28(2), 385–395.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1993). Pictures as prepulse: Attention and emotion in startle modification. Psychophysiology, 30(5), 541–545.CrossRefPubMed Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1993). Pictures as prepulse: Attention and emotion in startle modification. Psychophysiology, 30(5), 541–545.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Browning, M., Reid, C., Cowen, P. J., Goodwin, G. M., & Harmer, C. J. (2007). A single dose of citalopram increases fear recognition in healthy subjects. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 21(7), 684–690.CrossRefPubMed Browning, M., Reid, C., Cowen, P. J., Goodwin, G. M., & Harmer, C. J. (2007). A single dose of citalopram increases fear recognition in healthy subjects. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 21(7), 684–690.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Corona, R., Dissanayake, C., Arbelle, S., Wellington, P., & Sigman, M. (1998). Is affect aversive to young children with autism? Behavioral and cardiac responses to experimenter distress. Child Development, 69(6), 1494–1502.PubMed Corona, R., Dissanayake, C., Arbelle, S., Wellington, P., & Sigman, M. (1998). Is affect aversive to young children with autism? Behavioral and cardiac responses to experimenter distress. Child Development, 69(6), 1494–1502.PubMed
go back to reference Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., et al. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8(4), 519–526.PubMed Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., et al. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8(4), 519–526.PubMed
go back to reference Davis, M. (1989). Neural systems involved in fear-potentiated startle. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 563, 165–183.CrossRefPubMed Davis, M. (1989). Neural systems involved in fear-potentiated startle. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 563, 165–183.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Davis, M., Falls, W. A., Campeau, S., & Kim, M. (1993). Fear-potentiated startle: A neural and pharmacological analysis. Behavioural Brain Research, 58(1–2), 175–198.CrossRefPubMed Davis, M., Falls, W. A., Campeau, S., & Kim, M. (1993). Fear-potentiated startle: A neural and pharmacological analysis. Behavioural Brain Research, 58(1–2), 175–198.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Davis, M., Walker, D. L., & Lee, Y. (1997). Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 352(1362), 1675–1687.CrossRefPubMed Davis, M., Walker, D. L., & Lee, Y. (1997). Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 352(1362), 1675–1687.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Depue, R. A., & Iacono, W. G. (1989). Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 457–492.PubMed Depue, R. A., & Iacono, W. G. (1989). Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 457–492.PubMed
go back to reference Dichter, G. S., & Tomarken, A. J. (2008). The chronometry of affective startle modulation in unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1), 1–15.CrossRefPubMed Dichter, G. S., & Tomarken, A. J. (2008). The chronometry of affective startle modulation in unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(1), 1–15.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dichter, G. S., Tomarken, A. J., & Baucom, B. (2002). Startle modulation before, during and after exposure to emotional stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 43(2), 191–196.CrossRefPubMed Dichter, G. S., Tomarken, A. J., & Baucom, B. (2002). Startle modulation before, during and after exposure to emotional stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 43(2), 191–196.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dichter, G. S., Tomarken, A. J., Shelton, R. C., & Sutton, S. K. (2004). Early- and late-onset startle modulation in unipolar depression. Psychophysiology, 41(3), 433–440.CrossRefPubMed Dichter, G. S., Tomarken, A. J., Shelton, R. C., & Sutton, S. K. (2004). Early- and late-onset startle modulation in unipolar depression. Psychophysiology, 41(3), 433–440.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dillon, D. G., & Labar, K. S. (2005). Startle modulation during conscious emotion regulation is arousal-dependent. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119(4), 1118–1124.CrossRefPubMed Dillon, D. G., & Labar, K. S. (2005). Startle modulation during conscious emotion regulation is arousal-dependent. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119(4), 1118–1124.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Essex, M. J., Goldsmith, H. H., Smider, N. A., Dolski, I., Sutton, S. K., & Davidson, R. J. (2003). Comparison of video- and EMG-based evaluations of the magnitude of children’s emotion-modulated startle response. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(4), 590–598. Essex, M. J., Goldsmith, H. H., Smider, N. A., Dolski, I., Sutton, S. K., & Davidson, R. J. (2003). Comparison of video- and EMG-based evaluations of the magnitude of children’s emotion-modulated startle response. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(4), 590–598.
go back to reference Fein, D., Pennington, B., & Waterhouse, L. (1987). Implications of social deficits in autism for neurological dysfunction. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Neurobiological issues in autism (pp. 127–144). New York: Plenum Press. Fein, D., Pennington, B., & Waterhouse, L. (1987). Implications of social deficits in autism for neurological dysfunction. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), Neurobiological issues in autism (pp. 127–144). New York: Plenum Press.
go back to reference Fendt, M., Koch, M., & Schnitzler, H. U. (1994). Lesions of the central gray block the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats. Brain Research, 661(1–2), 163–173.CrossRefPubMed Fendt, M., Koch, M., & Schnitzler, H. U. (1994). Lesions of the central gray block the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats. Brain Research, 661(1–2), 163–173.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fotheringham, J. B. (1991). Autism: Its primary psychological and neurological deficit. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 36(9), 686–692. Fotheringham, J. B. (1991). Autism: Its primary psychological and neurological deficit. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 36(9), 686–692.
go back to reference Fowles, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiology and psychopathology: A motivational approach. Psychophysiology, 25(4), 373–391.CrossRefPubMed Fowles, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiology and psychopathology: A motivational approach. Psychophysiology, 25(4), 373–391.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Funayama, E. S., Grillon, C., Davis, M., & Phelps, E. A. (2001). A double dissociation in the affective modulation of startle in humans: Effects of unilateral temporal lobectomy. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(6), 721–729.CrossRefPubMed Funayama, E. S., Grillon, C., Davis, M., & Phelps, E. A. (2001). A double dissociation in the affective modulation of startle in humans: Effects of unilateral temporal lobectomy. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(6), 721–729.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gaffan, D. (1992). Amygdala and the memory of reward. In J. O. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and dysfunction. New York: Wiley-Liss. Gaffan, D. (1992). Amygdala and the memory of reward. In J. O. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and dysfunction. New York: Wiley-Liss.
go back to reference Graham, S. J., Scaife, J. C., Balboa Verduzco, A. M., Langley, R. W., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (2004). Effects of quetiapine and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (eyeblink) response and the N1/P2 auditory evoked response in man. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 173–180.CrossRefPubMed Graham, S. J., Scaife, J. C., Balboa Verduzco, A. M., Langley, R. W., Bradshaw, C. M., & Szabadi, E. (2004). Effects of quetiapine and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (eyeblink) response and the N1/P2 auditory evoked response in man. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 173–180.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gray, H. (1901/1995). Anatomy: Descriptive and surgical (15 ed.). New York: Barnes and Noble Books, Inc. Gray, H. (1901/1995). Anatomy: Descriptive and surgical (15 ed.). New York: Barnes and Noble Books, Inc.
go back to reference Grillon, C., & Ameli, R. (2001). Conditioned inhibition of fear-potentiated startle and skin conductance in humans. Psychophysiology, 38(5), 807–815.CrossRefPubMed Grillon, C., & Ameli, R. (2001). Conditioned inhibition of fear-potentiated startle and skin conductance in humans. Psychophysiology, 38(5), 807–815.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hackley, S. A. (1993). An evaluation of the automaticity of sensory processing using event-related potentials and brain-stem reflexes. Psychophysiology, 30(5), 415–428.CrossRefPubMed Hackley, S. A. (1993). An evaluation of the automaticity of sensory processing using event-related potentials and brain-stem reflexes. Psychophysiology, 30(5), 415–428.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hanlon, M. C., Karayanidis, F., & Schall, U. (2009). Intact sensorimotor gating in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 12(5), 701–707.CrossRefPubMed Hanlon, M. C., Karayanidis, F., & Schall, U. (2009). Intact sensorimotor gating in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 12(5), 701–707.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Harmer, C. J., Reid, C. B., Ray, M. K., Goodwin, G. M., & Cowen, P. J. (2006). 5HT(3) antagonism abolishes the emotion potentiated startle effect in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 186(1), 18–24.CrossRef Harmer, C. J., Reid, C. B., Ray, M. K., Goodwin, G. M., & Cowen, P. J. (2006). 5HT(3) antagonism abolishes the emotion potentiated startle effect in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 186(1), 18–24.CrossRef
go back to reference Harmer, C. J., Shelley, N. C., Cowen, P. J., & Goodwin, G. M. (2004). Increased positive versus negative affective perception and memory in healthy volunteers following selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(7), 1256–1263.CrossRefPubMed Harmer, C. J., Shelley, N. C., Cowen, P. J., & Goodwin, G. M. (2004). Increased positive versus negative affective perception and memory in healthy volunteers following selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(7), 1256–1263.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Herpertz, S. C., Werth, U., Lukas, G., Qunaibi, M., Schuerkens, A., Kunert, H. J., et al. (2001). Emotion in criminal offenders with psychopathy and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(8), 737–745.CrossRefPubMed Herpertz, S. C., Werth, U., Lukas, G., Qunaibi, M., Schuerkens, A., Kunert, H. J., et al. (2001). Emotion in criminal offenders with psychopathy and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(8), 737–745.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hess, U., Sabourin, G., & Kleck, R. E. (2007). Postauricular and eyeblink startle responses to facial expressions. Psychophysiology, 44(3), 431–435.CrossRefPubMed Hess, U., Sabourin, G., & Kleck, R. E. (2007). Postauricular and eyeblink startle responses to facial expressions. Psychophysiology, 44(3), 431–435.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (1987). Fear-potentiated startle using an auditory conditioned stimulus: Effect of lesions of the amygdala. Physiology & Behavior, 39(3), 403–408.CrossRef Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (1987). Fear-potentiated startle using an auditory conditioned stimulus: Effect of lesions of the amygdala. Physiology & Behavior, 39(3), 403–408.CrossRef
go back to reference Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. The Nervous Child, 2, 217–250. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. The Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.
go back to reference Kaviani, H., Gray, J. A., Checkley, S. A., Raven, P. W., Wilson, G. D., & Kumari, V. (2004). Affective modulation of the startle response in depression: Influence of the severity of depression, anhedonia, and anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 83(1), 21–31.CrossRefPubMed Kaviani, H., Gray, J. A., Checkley, S. A., Raven, P. W., Wilson, G. D., & Kumari, V. (2004). Affective modulation of the startle response in depression: Influence of the severity of depression, anhedonia, and anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 83(1), 21–31.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Khan, S., & Liberzon, I. (2004). Topiramate attenuates exaggerated acoustic startle in an animal model of PTSD. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 172(2), 225–229.CrossRef Khan, S., & Liberzon, I. (2004). Topiramate attenuates exaggerated acoustic startle in an animal model of PTSD. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 172(2), 225–229.CrossRef
go back to reference Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998). Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: Brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, 44(12), 1248–1263.CrossRefPubMed Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998). Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: Brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, 44(12), 1248–1263.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture system (IAPS): Digitized photographs, instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report A-6. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture system (IAPS): Digitized photographs, instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report A-6. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
go back to reference Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.
go back to reference Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Patrick, C. J. (1993a). Emotion and psychopathology: A startle probe analysis. Progress in Experimental Personality and Psychopathology Research, 16, 163–199.PubMed Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Patrick, C. J. (1993a). Emotion and psychopathology: A startle probe analysis. Progress in Experimental Personality and Psychopathology Research, 16, 163–199.PubMed
go back to reference Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993b). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 261–273.CrossRefPubMed Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993b). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 261–273.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Larson, C. L., Nitschke, J. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Common and distinct patterns of affective response in dimensions of anxiety and depression. Emotion, 7(1), 182–191.CrossRefPubMed Larson, C. L., Nitschke, J. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Common and distinct patterns of affective response in dimensions of anxiety and depression. Emotion, 7(1), 182–191.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview—Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685.CrossRefPubMed Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview—Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference MacLean, P. D. (1949). Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 11(6), 338–353.PubMed MacLean, P. D. (1949). Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 11(6), 338–353.PubMed
go back to reference Malkova, L., Gaffan, D., & Murray, E. A. (1997). Excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala fail to produce impairment in visual learning for auditory secondary reinforcement but interfere with reinforcer devaluation effects in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(15), 6011–6020.PubMed Malkova, L., Gaffan, D., & Murray, E. A. (1997). Excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala fail to produce impairment in visual learning for auditory secondary reinforcement but interfere with reinforcer devaluation effects in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(15), 6011–6020.PubMed
go back to reference Mazefsky, C. A., Folstein, S. E., & Lainhart, J. E. (2008). Overrepresentation of mood and anxiety disorders in adults with autism and their first-degree relatives: What does it mean? Autism Research, 1(3), 193–197.CrossRefPubMed Mazefsky, C. A., Folstein, S. E., & Lainhart, J. E. (2008). Overrepresentation of mood and anxiety disorders in adults with autism and their first-degree relatives: What does it mean? Autism Research, 1(3), 193–197.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Miller, M. W., Patrick, C. J., & Levenston, G. K. (2002). Affective imagery and the startle response: Probing mechanisms of modulation during pleasant scenes, personal experiences, and discrete negative emotions. Psychophysiology, 39(4), 519–529.CrossRefPubMed Miller, M. W., Patrick, C. J., & Levenston, G. K. (2002). Affective imagery and the startle response: Probing mechanisms of modulation during pleasant scenes, personal experiences, and discrete negative emotions. Psychophysiology, 39(4), 519–529.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference O’Beirne, G. A., & Patuzzi, R. B. (1999). Basic properties of the sound-evoked post-auricular muscle response (PAMR). Hearing Research, 138(1–2), 115–132.CrossRefPubMed O’Beirne, G. A., & Patuzzi, R. B. (1999). Basic properties of the sound-evoked post-auricular muscle response (PAMR). Hearing Research, 138(1–2), 115–132.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ochsner, K. N. (2008). The social-emotional processing stream: Five core constructs and their translational potential for schizophrenia and beyond. Biological Psychiatry, 64(1), 48–61.CrossRefPubMed Ochsner, K. N. (2008). The social-emotional processing stream: Five core constructs and their translational potential for schizophrenia and beyond. Biological Psychiatry, 64(1), 48–61.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Papez, J. W. (1937). A proposed mechanism of emotion. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7(1), 103–112. Papez, J. W. (1937). A proposed mechanism of emotion. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7(1), 103–112.
go back to reference Phelps, E. A., & Anderson, A. K. (1997). Emotional memory: What does the amygdala do? Current Biology, 7(5), R311–R314.CrossRefPubMed Phelps, E. A., & Anderson, A. K. (1997). Emotional memory: What does the amygdala do? Current Biology, 7(5), R311–R314.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Quevedo, K. M., Benning, S. D., Gunnar, M. R., & Dahl, R. E. (2009). The onset of puberty: Effects on the psychophysiology of defensive and appetitive motivation. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 27–45.CrossRefPubMed Quevedo, K. M., Benning, S. D., Gunnar, M. R., & Dahl, R. E. (2009). The onset of puberty: Effects on the psychophysiology of defensive and appetitive motivation. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 27–45.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sandt, A. R., Sloan, D. M., & Johnson, K. J. (2009). Measuring appetitive responding with the postauricular reflex. Psychophysiology, 46(3), 491–497.CrossRefPubMed Sandt, A. R., Sloan, D. M., & Johnson, K. J. (2009). Measuring appetitive responding with the postauricular reflex. Psychophysiology, 46(3), 491–497.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sasson, N., Turner-Brown, L., Holtzclaw, T., Lam, K. S., & Bodfish, J. (2008). Children with autism demonstrate circumscribed attention during passive viewing of complex social and nonsocial picture arrays. Autism Research, 1, 31–42.CrossRefPubMed Sasson, N., Turner-Brown, L., Holtzclaw, T., Lam, K. S., & Bodfish, J. (2008). Children with autism demonstrate circumscribed attention during passive viewing of complex social and nonsocial picture arrays. Autism Research, 1, 31–42.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A. W., Volkmar, F., et al. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(4), 331–340.CrossRefPubMed Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A. W., Volkmar, F., et al. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(4), 331–340.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sigman, M. D., Kasari, C., Kwon, J. H., & Yirmiya, N. (1992). Responses to the negative emotions of others by autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. Child Development, 63(4), 796–807.CrossRefPubMed Sigman, M. D., Kasari, C., Kwon, J. H., & Yirmiya, N. (1992). Responses to the negative emotions of others by autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. Child Development, 63(4), 796–807.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sollers, J. J., 3rd, & Hackley, S. A. (1997). Effects of foreperiod duration on reflexive and voluntary responses to intense noise bursts. Psychophysiology, 34(5), 518–526.CrossRefPubMed Sollers, J. J., 3rd, & Hackley, S. A. (1997). Effects of foreperiod duration on reflexive and voluntary responses to intense noise bursts. Psychophysiology, 34(5), 518–526.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Waters, A. M., Neumann, D. L., Henry, J., Craske, M. G., & Ornitz, E. M. (2008). Baseline and affective startle modulation by angry and neutral faces in 4–8 year-old anxious and non-anxious children. Biological Psychology, 78(1), 10–19.CrossRefPubMed Waters, A. M., Neumann, D. L., Henry, J., Craske, M. G., & Ornitz, E. M. (2008). Baseline and affective startle modulation by angry and neutral faces in 4–8 year-old anxious and non-anxious children. Biological Psychology, 78(1), 10–19.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wilbarger, J. L., McIntosh, D. N., & Winkielman, P. (2009). Startle modulation in autism: positive affective stimuli enhance startle response. Neuropsychologia, 47(5), 1323–1331.CrossRefPubMed Wilbarger, J. L., McIntosh, D. N., & Winkielman, P. (2009). Startle modulation in autism: positive affective stimuli enhance startle response. Neuropsychologia, 47(5), 1323–1331.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wynn, J. K., Green, M. F., Sprock, J., Light, G. A., Widmark, C., Reist, C., et al. (2007). Effects of olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia patients: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 95(1–3), 134–142.CrossRefPubMed Wynn, J. K., Green, M. F., Sprock, J., Light, G. A., Widmark, C., Reist, C., et al. (2007). Effects of olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia patients: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 95(1–3), 134–142.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Affective Modulation of the Startle Eyeblink and Postauricular Reflexes in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Auteurs
Gabriel S. Dichter
Stephen D. Benning
Tia N. Holtzclaw
James W. Bodfish
Publicatiedatum
01-07-2010
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 7/2010
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0925-y