Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

21-06-2018 | Original Paper

A Grounded Theory Study of the Development of Trans Youths’ Awareness of Coping with Gender Identity

Auteurs: Stephanie L. Budge, Skyler Belcourt, James Conniff, Rachel Parks, David W. Pantalone, Sabra L. Katz-Wise

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 9/2018

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Despite an upward trend in research focused on trans youth, how trans youth cope with their gender identity remains relatively unknown. We aimed to gather in-depth information about how trans youth described the developmental process of coping with factors that arise when youth are exploring their gender identity, coming out to others, and navigating institutions and society. We interviewed 20 trans youth, ages 7–18, from the Northeastern, Southern, and Midwestern regions of the United States. Six coping themes, with 23 higher order categories, emerged from the grounded theory analysis: Negotiating Gender, Avoidance, Emotional Relief, Personal Solace, Support, and Active Engagement. Findings underscore the importance of understanding the nuances of coping processes, such that the same coping strategy could be either useful or harmful, depending on the purpose, timing, and context. Results indicate that youth report both subtle and explicit observations of their family members’ coping processes, especially when comparing how family members cope differently on similar issues related to gender identity. Implications for this study include the importance of researching interventions that focus on minority stress for trans youth, as well as future research directions to understand family coping processes.
Literatuur
go back to reference Boergers, J., Spirito, A., & Donaldson, D. (1998). Reasons for adolescent suicide attempts: associations with psychological functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1287–1293.CrossRef Boergers, J., Spirito, A., & Donaldson, D. (1998). Reasons for adolescent suicide attempts: associations with psychological functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1287–1293.CrossRef
go back to reference Brandtstädter, J. (1992). Personal control over development: Implications of self-efficacy. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: thought control of action (pp. 127–145). Washington, DC: Hemisphere. Brandtstädter, J. (1992). Personal control over development: Implications of self-efficacy. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: thought control of action (pp. 127–145). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
go back to reference Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Compas, B. E. (1987). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 393–403.CrossRefPubMed Compas, B. E. (1987). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 393–403.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219–239.CrossRefPubMed Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219–239.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Delongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992–1003.CrossRefPubMed Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Delongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992–1003.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ford, J. D., & Greene, C. A. (2017). Psychological and biological theories of child and adolescent traumatic stress disorders. In M. A. Landolt, M. Cloitre & U. Schnyder (Eds.), Evidence-based treatments for trauma related disorders in children and adolescent (pp. 97–117). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.CrossRef Ford, J. D., & Greene, C. A. (2017). Psychological and biological theories of child and adolescent traumatic stress disorders. In M. A. Landolt, M. Cloitre & U. Schnyder (Eds.), Evidence-based treatments for trauma related disorders in children and adolescent (pp. 97–117). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.CrossRef
go back to reference Frydenberg, E. (2017). Development of coping in the formative years: Building resilience. In E. Frydenberg (Ed.), Coping and the challenge of resilience (pp. 135–151). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Frydenberg, E. (2017). Development of coping in the formative years: Building resilience. In E. Frydenberg (Ed.), Coping and the challenge of resilience (pp. 135–151). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Jacobson, C., Batejan, K., Kleinman, M., & Gould, M. (2013). Reasons for attempting suicide among a community sample of adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43, 646–662.CrossRefPubMed Jacobson, C., Batejan, K., Kleinman, M., & Gould, M. (2013). Reasons for attempting suicide among a community sample of adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43, 646–662.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kosciw, J. G., Diaz, E. M., & Greytak, E. A. (2008). National school climate survey 2007: the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation’s schools. New York: Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN). Kosciw, J. G., Diaz, E. M., & Greytak, E. A. (2008). National school climate survey 2007: the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation’s schools. New York: Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN).
go back to reference Katz-Wise, S. L., Budge, S. L., Fugate, E., Flanagan, K., Touloumtzis, C., Rood, B., Perez-Brumer, A., & Leibowitz, S. (2017a). Transactional pathways of transgender identity development in transgender and gender nonconforming youth and caregivers from the Trans Youth Family Study. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19, 243–263.CrossRef Katz-Wise, S. L., Budge, S. L., Fugate, E., Flanagan, K., Touloumtzis, C., Rood, B., Perez-Brumer, A., & Leibowitz, S. (2017a). Transactional pathways of transgender identity development in transgender and gender nonconforming youth and caregivers from the Trans Youth Family Study. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19, 243–263.CrossRef
go back to reference Katz-Wise, S. L., Budge, S. L., Orovecz, J. J., Nguyen, B., Nava-Coulter, B., & Thomson, K. (2017b). Imagining the future: Perspectives among youth and caregivers in the Trans Youth Family Study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64, 26–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Katz-Wise, S. L., Budge, S. L., Orovecz, J. J., Nguyen, B., Nava-Coulter, B., & Thomson, K. (2017b). Imagining the future: Perspectives among youth and caregivers in the Trans Youth Family Study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64, 26–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
go back to reference McCubbin, H. I., & Figley, C. R. (2014). Stress and the family: coping with normative transitions 1, New York, NY: Routledge. McCubbin, H. I., & Figley, C. R. (2014). Stress and the family: coping with normative transitions 1, New York, NY: Routledge.
go back to reference Miller, C. T. (2006). Social psychological perspectives on coping with stressors related to stigma. In S. Levin & C. van Laar (Eds.), Stigma and group inequality: social psychological perspectives (pp. 21–44). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers. Miller, C. T. (2006). Social psychological perspectives on coping with stressors related to stigma. In S. Levin & C. van Laar (Eds.), Stigma and group inequality: social psychological perspectives (pp. 21–44). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers.
go back to reference Moradi, B., Tebbe, E. A., Brewster, M. E., Budge, S. L., Lenzen, A., Ege, E., & Flores, M. J. (2016). A content analysis of literature on trans people and issues: 2002–2012. The Counseling Psychologist, 44, 960–995.CrossRef Moradi, B., Tebbe, E. A., Brewster, M. E., Budge, S. L., Lenzen, A., Ege, E., & Flores, M. J. (2016). A content analysis of literature on trans people and issues: 2002–2012. The Counseling Psychologist, 44, 960–995.CrossRef
go back to reference O’Connor, S. S., Brausch, A., Anderson, A. R., & Jobes, D. A. (2014). Applying the collaborative assessment and management of suicidality (CAMS) to suicidal adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation & Therapy, 9, 53.58. O’Connor, S. S., Brausch, A., Anderson, A. R., & Jobes, D. A. (2014). Applying the collaborative assessment and management of suicidality (CAMS) to suicidal adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation & Therapy, 9, 53.58.
go back to reference Pachankis, J. E., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Rendina, H. J., Safren, S. A., & Parsons, J. T. (2015). LGB-affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy for young adult gay and bisexual men: a randomized controlled trial of a transdiagnostic minority stress approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(5), 875.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pachankis, J. E., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Rendina, H. J., Safren, S. A., & Parsons, J. T. (2015). LGB-affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy for young adult gay and bisexual men: a randomized controlled trial of a transdiagnostic minority stress approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(5), 875.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Reisner, S. L., Vetters, R., Leclerc, M., Zaslow, S., Wolfrum, S., Shumer, D., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2015). Mental health of transgender youth in care at an adolescent urban community health center: a matched retrospective cohort study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 274–279.CrossRefPubMed Reisner, S. L., Vetters, R., Leclerc, M., Zaslow, S., Wolfrum, S., Shumer, D., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2015). Mental health of transgender youth in care at an adolescent urban community health center: a matched retrospective cohort study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 274–279.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rood, B. A., Reisner, S. L., Puckett, J. A., Surace, F. I., Berman, A. K., & Pantalone, D. W. (2017). Internalized transphobia: exploring perceptions of social messages in transgender and gender nonconforming adults. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(4), 411–426.CrossRef Rood, B. A., Reisner, S. L., Puckett, J. A., Surace, F. I., Berman, A. K., & Pantalone, D. W. (2017). Internalized transphobia: exploring perceptions of social messages in transgender and gender nonconforming adults. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(4), 411–426.CrossRef
go back to reference Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: a two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5–37.CrossRef Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: a two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5–37.CrossRef
go back to reference Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: a theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38, 1161–1173.CrossRef Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: a theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38, 1161–1173.CrossRef
go back to reference Titelman, P. (2012). Triangles: Bowen family systems theory perspectives. New York, NY: The Haworth Press. Titelman, P. (2012). Triangles: Bowen family systems theory perspectives. New York, NY: The Haworth Press.
go back to reference Troop‐Gordon, W., Sugimura, N., & Rudolph, K. D. (2017). Responses to interpersonal stress: Normative changes across childhood and the impact of peer victimization. Child Development, 88, 640–657.CrossRefPubMed Troop‐Gordon, W., Sugimura, N., & Rudolph, K. D. (2017). Responses to interpersonal stress: Normative changes across childhood and the impact of peer victimization. Child Development, 88, 640–657.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Vance, S. R., Halpern-Felsher, B. L., & Rosenthal, S. M. (2015). Health care providers’ comfort with and barriers to care of transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 251–253.CrossRefPubMed Vance, S. R., Halpern-Felsher, B. L., & Rosenthal, S. M. (2015). Health care providers’ comfort with and barriers to care of transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 251–253.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Veale, J. F., Watson, R. J., Peter, T., & Saewyc, E. M. (2017). Mental health disparities among Canadian transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60, 44–49.CrossRefPubMed Veale, J. F., Watson, R. J., Peter, T., & Saewyc, E. M. (2017). Mental health disparities among Canadian transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60, 44–49.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wilson, E. C., Iverson, E., Garofalo, R., & Belzer, M. (2012). Parental support and condom use among transgender female youth. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 23, 306–317.CrossRefPubMed Wilson, E. C., Iverson, E., Garofalo, R., & Belzer, M. (2012). Parental support and condom use among transgender female youth. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 23, 306–317.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wyss, S. E. (2004). ‘This was my hell’: the violence experienced by gender non‐conforming youth in US high schools. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 17, 709–730.CrossRef Wyss, S. E. (2004). ‘This was my hell’: the violence experienced by gender non‐conforming youth in US high schools. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 17, 709–730.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
A Grounded Theory Study of the Development of Trans Youths’ Awareness of Coping with Gender Identity
Auteurs
Stephanie L. Budge
Skyler Belcourt
James Conniff
Rachel Parks
David W. Pantalone
Sabra L. Katz-Wise
Publicatiedatum
21-06-2018
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 9/2018
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1136-y