Top

Gepubliceerd in:

20-12-2023 | Original Paper

Understanding Parenting Behavior in Junior Rugby League in Australia

Auteurs: Clifford J. Mallett, Matthew R. Sanders, Cassandra K. Dittman, James N. Kirby, Steven B. Rynne

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 1/2024

Abstract

Parents are key actors in all aspects of children’s involvement in organized sport. Further, parental behavior can have both adverse and positive effects on children’s enjoyment and retention in sport. In this study we collected epidemiological information to better understand parental behavior at junior sport and to identify the family, contextual, and sporting-related factors that contribute to parental reactions at children’s sporting events. Parents (N = 1418) of Australian Junior Rugby League players (aged 8–16 years) completed an anonymous online survey comprising questionnaire measures of parental spectator behavior and emotional reactions, parenting practices, emotional wellbeing and child behavior. Fathers (N = 401) were more likely than mothers (N = 1016) to report engaging in inappropriate spectator behavior and to have negative emotional reactions at their child’s rugby league games. Fathers also identified more highly with rugby league as a sport, placed more importance on winning and had more competitive attitudes, compared to mothers. Results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that ineffective and controlling parenting, parental emotional wellbeing, and competitive attitudes were key predictors of mothers’ inappropriate spectator behavior and their negative emotional reactions. For fathers, controlling parenting, competitive attitudes, and beliefs about winning, independently predicted their spectator behavior, while their emotional wellbeing and investment in rugby league were additional independent predictors of negative emotional reactions. These findings have important implications for designing intervention strategies that maximize positive parental involvement in junior sport, including the development of sports policy and universal interventions to address disruptive and counterproductive parental behavior.

vorige artikel Conceptualizing Care: US and Finnish Caregivers’ Reflections on Caregiving within the Family

volgende artikel Maternal Reflective Functioning and Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment Orientations in Poland, the Netherlands, and Turkey

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Arnold, D. S., O’Leary, S. G., Wolff, L. S., & Acker, M. M. (1993). The parenting scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.137.CrossRef

Borre, A., & Kliewer, W. (2014). Parental strain, mental health problems, and parenting practices: A longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.014.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723–742. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723.CrossRef

Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. Sage.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In Handbook of child psychology (pp. 793–828). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114

Chen, M., & Chan, K. L. (2016). Effects of parenting programs on child maltreatment prevention: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 17(1), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014566718.CrossRef

Coakley, J. (2006). The good father: Parental expectations and youth sports. Leisure Studies, 25(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500467735.CrossRef

Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.4.395.CrossRef

Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise In Tenenbaum, G., & Eklund, R. C. (Eds.) Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed.) (pp. 184–202). Wiley.

Côté, J., Turnnidge, J., & Vierimaa, M. (2016). A personal assets approach to youth sport. In K. Green & A. Smith (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport (pp. 243–255). Routledge

Dittman, C. K., Farruggia, S. P., Keown, L. J., & Sanders, M. R. (2016). Dealing with disobedience: An evaluation of a brief parenting intervention for young children showing noncompliant behavior problems [journal article]. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(1), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0548-9.CrossRef

Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., & McDonough, M. H. (2009). Parents’ perceptions of child-to-parent socialization in organized youth sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 444–468. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.4.444.CrossRefPubMed

Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., & McDonough, M. H. (2009). Parents’ perceptions of child-to-parent socialization in organized youth sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 444–468. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.4.444.CrossRef

Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., & McDonough, M. H. (2015). Early socialization of parents through organised sport. Sport, Exercise, and Perfromance Psychology, 4, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000021.CrossRef

Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., & Dotterer, A. M. (2016). Individual, relationship, and context factors associated with parent support and pressure in organized youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 23, 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.12.003.CrossRef

Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., Blazo, J. A., Coackley, J., Côté, J., Wagstaff, C. R. D., Warner, S., & King, M. Q. (2020). Toward an integrated understanding of the youth sport system. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1810847

Dunn, C. R., Dorsch, T. E., King, M. Q., & Rothlisberger, K. J. (2016). The impact of family financial investment on perceived parent pressure and child enjoyment and commitment in organized youth sport. Family Relations, 65(2), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12193.CrossRef

Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eime, R., Harvey, J., Charity, M., & Westerbeek, H. (2020). Longitudinal trends in sport participation and retention of women and girls. Frontiers in Sport and Active Living, 2(39). https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00039

Elliott, S. K., & Drummond, M. J. N. (2017). Parents in youth sport: What happens after the game? Sport Education and Society, 22(3), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1036233. b.CrossRef

Elliott, S. K. & Drummond, M. J. N. (2017). During play, the break, and the drive home: The meaning of parental verbal behavior in youth sport. Leisure Studies, 36(5), 645–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1250804.CrossRef

Ferris, L. T., Williams, J. S., & Shen, C.-L. (2007). The effect of acute exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cognitive function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(4), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802f04c7.CrossRef

Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Examining adolescent sport dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 645–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.003.CrossRef

Ganiban, J. M., Ulbricht, J., Saudino, K. J., Reiss, D., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2011). Understanding child-based effects on parenting: Temperament as a moderator of genetic and environmental contributions to parenting. Developmental Psychology, 47(3), 676–692. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021812.CrossRefPubMed

Harrington, M. (2006). Sport and leisure as contexts for fathering in Australian families. Leisure Studies, 25(2), 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500503265.CrossRef

Harwood, C., & Knight, C. (2009). Stress in youth sport: A developmental investigation of tennis parents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(4), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.01.005.CrossRef

Harwood, C. G., Knight, C. J., Thrower, S. N., & Berrow, S. R. (2019). Advancing the study of parental involvement to optimise the psychosocial development and experiences of young athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.01.007.CrossRef

Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Black, D. E., Mandigo, J. L., & Fox, K. R. (2009). Youth sport parenting styles and practices. Jourrnal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(1), 37 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.1.37.CrossRef

Holt, N. L. (2008). Positive youth development through sport. Routledge.

IBM Corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0. IBM Corp

Kay, T. (2007). Fathering through sport. World Leisure Journal, 49(2), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2007.9674487.CrossRef

Klebanov, P., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. (1994). Does neighbourhood and family poverty affect mothers’ parenting, mental health, and social support? Journal of Marriage and Family, 56(2), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.2307/353111.CrossRef

Knight, C. J., & Holt, N. L. (2014). Parenting in youth tennis: Understanding and enhancing children’s experiences. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.010.CrossRef

Knight, C. J., Berrow, S. R., & Harwood, C. G. (2017). Parenting in sport. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.011.CrossRefPubMed

Knight, C. J., Dorsch, T. E., Osai, K. V., Haderlie, K. L., & Sellars, P. A. (2016). Influences on parental involvement in youth sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(2), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000053.CrossRef

Kotchick, B. A., & Forehand, R. (2002). Putting parenting in perspective: A discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11, 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016863921662.CrossRef

Kovács, K., Földi, R. F., Géczi, G., & Gyömbér, N. (2022). Parental stressors in sports influenced by attributes of parents and their children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8015 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138015.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Krishnakumar, A., & Buehler, C. (2000). Interparental conflict and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Family Relations, 49, 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00025.x.CrossRef

Kwon, S., Janz, K. F., Letuchy, E. M., Burns, T. L., & Levy, S. M. (2016). Parental characteristic patterns associated with maintaining healthy physical activity behavior during childhood and adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1), 58 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0383-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Larsson, H., Viding, E., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Plomin, R. (2008). Relationships between parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior over time: A bidirectional effects model ina longitudinal genetically informative design. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9151-2.CrossRefPubMed

Lauer, L., Gould, D., Roman, N., & Pierce, M. (2010). Parental behaviors that affect junior tennis player development. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.06.008.CrossRef

Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722.CrossRef

Lovejoy, C. M., Graczyk, P. A., O’Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7.CrossRefPubMed

McKee, L., Roland, E. & Coffelt, N. et al. (2007). Harsh discipline and child problem behaviors: The roles of positive parenting and gender. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9070-6.CrossRef

McMahon, J. A., & Penney, D. (2015). Sporting parents on the pool deck: Living out a sporting culture. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health, 7(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2014.901985.CrossRef

Mejia, A., Calam, R., & Sanders, M. R. (2015). A pilot randomized controlled trial of a brief parenting intervention in low-resource settings in Panama [journal article]. Prevention Science, 16(5), 707–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0551-1.CrossRefPubMed

Morawska, A., Sanders, M. R., Haslam, D., Filus, A., & Fletcher, R. (2014). Child adjustment and parent efficacy scale: Development and initial validation of a parent report measure. Australian Psychologist, 49(4), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12057.CrossRef

Murray, K. W., Haynie, D. L., Howard, D. E., Cheng, T. L., & Simons-Morton, B. (2013). Adolescent reports of aggression as predictors of perceived parenting behaviors and expectations. Family Relations, 62(4), 637–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12025.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

National Rugby League. (2021) What we do: Multicultural. https://www.nrl.com/community/inclusion/what-we-do/multicultural/.

Olsen, S. F., Yang, C., Hart, C. H., Robinson, C. C., Wu, P., Nelson, D. A., et al. (2002). Maternal psychological control and preschool children’s behavioral outcomes in China, Russia, and the United States, in B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents. American Psychological.

Omli, J., & Wiese-Bjornstal, D. M. (2011). Kids speak: Preferred parental behavior at youth sport events. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(4), 702–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2011.10599807.CrossRefPubMed

Pinderhughes, E. E., Nix, R., Foster, E. M., & Jones, D., The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2001). Parenting in context: Impact of neighbourhood poverty, residential stability, public services, social networks, and danger on parental behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 941–953. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00941.x.CrossRef

Pugliese, J., & Tinsley, B. (2007). Parental socialization of child and adolescent physical activity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.331.CrossRefPubMed

Ross, A. J., Mallett, C. J., & Parkes, J. (2015). The influence of parent sport behaviours on children’s development: Youth coach and administrator perspectives. International Journal of Sport Science and Coaching, 10(4), 605–621. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.4.CrossRef

Ryckman, R. M., Hammer, M., Kaczor, L. M., & Gold, J. A. (1990). Construction of a hypercompetitive attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3-4), 630–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1990.9674097.CrossRef

Sanders, M. R., & Mazzucchelli, T. G. (2013). The promotion of self-regulation through parenting interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0129-z.CrossRefPubMed

Sanders, M. R., Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Day, J. J. (2014). The triple P-positive parenting program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 337–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003.CrossRefPubMed

Sanders, M. R., & Turner, K. M. T. (2018). The Importance of parenting in influencing the lives of children. In, M. Sanders, A. Morawska, A. (Eds.), Handbook of parenting and child development across the lifespan. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_1.

Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Fagan, J. (2020). The evolution of fathering research in the 21st century: Persistent challenges, new directions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 175–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12645.CrossRef

Shen, B., Centeio, E., Garn, A., Martin, J., Kulik, N., Somers, C., & McCaughtry, N. (2018). Parental social support, perceived competence and enjoyment in school physical activity. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 7(3), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.003.CrossRefPubMed

Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005). The distress tolerance scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motivation and Emoton, 29, 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3.CrossRef

Snyder, E. E., & Purdy, D. A. (1982). Socialization into sport: Parent and child reverse and reciprocal effects. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 53(3), 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1982.10609352.CrossRef

Spencer, C. M., Topham, G. L., & King, E. L. (2020). Do online parenting programs create change?: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(3), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000605.CrossRefPubMed

Sutcliffe, J. D., Fernandez, D. K., Kelly, P. J., & Vella, S. A. (2021). The parental experience in youth sport: A systematic review and qualitative meta-study. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1998576.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.

Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkingson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 63 https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Turnnidge, J., Vierimaa, M., & Cote, J. (2012). An in-depth investigation of a model sport program for athletes with a physical disability. Journal of Psychology, 3(12), 1131–1141. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.312A167.CrossRef

Ullrich-French, S., & Smith, A. L. (2009). Social and motivational predictors of continued youth sport participation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.06.007.CrossRef

Weiss, M. R., & Hayashi, C. T. (1995). All in the family: Parent-child influences in competitive youth gymnastics. Pediatric Exercise Science, 7(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.7.1.36.CrossRef

Wuerth, S., Lee, M. J. & Alfermann, D. (2004). Parental involvement and athletes’ career in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 2–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00047-X.CrossRef

Titel: Understanding Parenting Behavior in Junior Rugby League in Australia
Auteurs: Clifford J. Mallett
Matthew R. Sanders
Cassandra K. Dittman
James N. Kirby
Steven B. Rynne
Publicatiedatum: 20-12-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 1/2024
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02744-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2024

‘Because of Cows’: Exploring Factors Influencing Child Marriage among Women in the Bawku West District, Ghana

The Association between Supportive Parenting and Chinese Adolescents’ Resolution in Peer Conflict: the Mediating Role of Function-Oriented Appraisal of Conflict

Adolescent General Efficacy Scale for Parents (AGES-p): Adaptation and Spanish Validation

Psychometric Properties of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale for a Sample of French-speaking Mothers

Psychometric Analysis of the Parental Attitudes Toward Psychological Services Inventory with a Diverse Community Sample

“Our Religion is on Us, Like How Our Parents Raised Us”: The Role of Islam and Spirituality in the Lives of Syrian Refugee Caregivers