Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 4/2014

01-12-2014

The Trauma Related Shame Inventory: Measuring Trauma-Related Shame Among Patients with PTSD

Auteurs: Tuva Øktedalen, Knut Arne Hagtvet, Asle Hoffart, Tomas Formo Langkaas, Mervin Smucker

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 4/2014

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This article proposes a new measurement instrument of trauma-related shame. The purpose of this study is to investigate the psychometric properties of the scores derived from the Trauma Related Shame Inventory (TRSI) by means of generalizability theory (G-theory). The psychometric analyses are based on a sample of 50 patients in treatment for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The results provided supporting construct validity evidence for the interpretation of TRSI as a homogeneous construct. The 24-item version of internal and external referenced shame yielded generalizability and dependability coefficients of .874 and .868, respectively. The distinction between shame and guilt was supported by a high generalizability coefficient of .812 for the difference scores between TRSI and guilt cognition scale. Further validity evidence was provided by a positive relationship between TRSI and a) self-judgment subscale in Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff Self and Identity 2:(3), 223–250, 2003) and b) Beck Depression Inventory (Beck Steer and Brown 1996a) when controlled for guilt. The results of the present study provided promising support for using the 24-item version of TRSI in both clinical research and practice.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Andrews, B., Qian, M., & Valentine, J. (2002). Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: the experience of shame scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 29–42.PubMedCrossRef Andrews, B., Qian, M., & Valentine, J. (2002). Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: the experience of shame scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 29–42.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Arntz, A., Tiesema, M., Kindt, M. (2007). Treatment of PTSD: a comparison of imaginal exposure with and without imagery rescripting. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychology, 38(4), 345–370. Arntz, A., Tiesema, M., Kindt, M. (2007). Treatment of PTSD: a comparison of imaginal exposure with and without imagery rescripting. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychology, 38(4), 345–370.
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.PubMedCrossRef Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996a). Manual for beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996a). Manual for beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. (1996b). Comparison of beck depression inventories IA and II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 588–597.PubMedCrossRef Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. (1996b). Comparison of beck depression inventories IA and II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 588–597.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Beck, J. G., McNiff, J., Clapp, J. D., Olsen, S. A., Avery, M. L., & Hagewood, J. H. (2011). Exploring negative emotion in women experiencing intimate partner violence: shame, guilt, and PTSD. Behavioral Therapy, 42, 740–750.CrossRef Beck, J. G., McNiff, J., Clapp, J. D., Olsen, S. A., Avery, M. L., & Hagewood, J. H. (2011). Exploring negative emotion in women experiencing intimate partner violence: shame, guilt, and PTSD. Behavioral Therapy, 42, 740–750.CrossRef
go back to reference Benson, J., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1996). The interplay among design, data analysis and theory in the measurement of coping. In S. Norman, Endler, & Z. Moshe (Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (Vol. 5, pp. 83–106). New York: Wiley. Benson, J., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1996). The interplay among design, data analysis and theory in the measurement of coping. In S. Norman, Endler, & Z. Moshe (Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (Vol. 5, pp. 83–106). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Blatt, S. J., D’Afflitti, J., & Quinlan, D. (1976). Experiences of depression in young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 65, 383–389.CrossRef Blatt, S. J., D’Afflitti, J., & Quinlan, D. (1976). Experiences of depression in young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 65, 383–389.CrossRef
go back to reference Blum, A. (2008). Shame and guilt, misconceptions and controversies: a critical review of the literature. Traumatology, 14, 91–102.CrossRef Blum, A. (2008). Shame and guilt, misconceptions and controversies: a critical review of the literature. Traumatology, 14, 91–102.CrossRef
go back to reference Brennan, R. L. (1983). Elements of generalizability theory. Iowa City: American College Testing. Brennan, R. L. (1983). Elements of generalizability theory. Iowa City: American College Testing.
go back to reference Brennan, R. L. (1992a). Generalizability theory. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 11, 225–232.CrossRef Brennan, R. L. (1992a). Generalizability theory. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 11, 225–232.CrossRef
go back to reference Brennan, R. L. (1992b). Elements of generalizability theory. Iowa City: ACT. Brennan, R. L. (1992b). Elements of generalizability theory. Iowa City: ACT.
go back to reference Brennan, R. L. (1994). Variance Components in Generalizability Theory. In R. R. Cecil (Ed.), Cognititive assessment – a multidisciplinary perspective (pp. 175–206). New York: Plenum Press. Brennan, R. L. (1994). Variance Components in Generalizability Theory. In R. R. Cecil (Ed.), Cognititive assessment – a multidisciplinary perspective (pp. 175–206). New York: Plenum Press.
go back to reference Brennan, R. L. (1999). Manual for mGENOVA. Iowa testing programs occasional papers number 47. Brennan, R. L. (1999). Manual for mGENOVA. Iowa testing programs occasional papers number 47.
go back to reference Brennan, R. L. (2001a). Manual for urGENOVA. Iowa City: Iowa Testing Programs, University of Iowa. Brennan, R. L. (2001a). Manual for urGENOVA. Iowa City: Iowa Testing Programs, University of Iowa.
go back to reference Brennan, R. L. (2003). Coefficients and Indices in Generalizability Theory. Center for Advanced Studies in Measurement and Assessment, CASMA Research Report, 1, 1–44. Brennan, R. L. (2003). Coefficients and Indices in Generalizability Theory. Center for Advanced Studies in Measurement and Assessment, CASMA Research Report, 1, 1–44.
go back to reference Brennan, R. L. (2010). Generalizability theory and classical test theory. Applied Measurement in Education, 24, 1–21.CrossRef Brennan, R. L. (2010). Generalizability theory and classical test theory. Applied Measurement in Education, 24, 1–21.CrossRef
go back to reference Brennan, R. L., Gao, X., & Colton, D. A. (1995). Generalizability analyses of work keys listening and writing tests. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(2), 157–176.CrossRef Brennan, R. L., Gao, X., & Colton, D. A. (1995). Generalizability analyses of work keys listening and writing tests. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(2), 157–176.CrossRef
go back to reference Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670–686.PubMedCrossRef Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670–686.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cook, D. R. (1988). Measuring shame: the internalized shame scale. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 4, 197–215.CrossRef Cook, D. R. (1988). Measuring shame: the internalized shame scale. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 4, 197–215.CrossRef
go back to reference Cook, D. R. (1989). Internalized Shame Scale (ISS). Stout: University of Wisconsin. Cook, D. R. (1989). Internalized Shame Scale (ISS). Stout: University of Wisconsin.
go back to reference Cook, D. R. (1991). Shame, attachment and addictions: implications for family therapists. Contemporary Family Therapy, 13, 405–419.CrossRef Cook, D. R. (1991). Shame, attachment and addictions: implications for family therapists. Contemporary Family Therapy, 13, 405–419.CrossRef
go back to reference Cook, D. R. (1993). The internalized shame scale manual. Channel Press, Menomonie, WI (Available from author; Rt. 7, Box 270a, Menomonie, WI 54751, U.S.A.). Cook, D. R. (1993). The internalized shame scale manual. Channel Press, Menomonie, WI (Available from author; Rt. 7, Box 270a, Menomonie, WI 54751, U.S.A.).
go back to reference Cronbach, L. J., & Shavelson, R. J. (2004). My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 391–418.CrossRef Cronbach, L. J., & Shavelson, R. J. (2004). My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 391–418.CrossRef
go back to reference Cronbach, L. J., Gleser, G. C., Nanda, H., & Rajaratnam, N. (1972). The dependability of behavioral measurements: Theory of generalizability for scores and profiles. New York: Wiley. Cronbach, L. J., Gleser, G. C., Nanda, H., & Rajaratnam, N. (1972). The dependability of behavioral measurements: Theory of generalizability for scores and profiles. New York: Wiley.
go back to reference DePrince, A. P., Zurbriggen, E., Chu, A. T., & Smart, L. (2010). Development of the Trauma Appraisal Questionnaire. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 19, 275–299. DePrince, A. P., Zurbriggen, E., Chu, A. T., & Smart, L. (2010). Development of the Trauma Appraisal Questionnaire. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 19, 275–299.
go back to reference Donders, J. (1997). Using a short form of the WISC-III: sinful or Smart? Child Neuropsychology, 7, 99–103.CrossRef Donders, J. (1997). Using a short form of the WISC-III: sinful or Smart? Child Neuropsychology, 7, 99–103.CrossRef
go back to reference Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavioral Research Therapy, 38, 319–345.CrossRef Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavioral Research Therapy, 38, 319–345.CrossRef
go back to reference Feldt, L. S., Brennan, R. L. (1989). Reliability. In R. L. Linn (Ed.), Educational Measurement (3rd ed) (pp. 105–146). Feldt, L. S., Brennan, R. L. (1989). Reliability. In R. L. Linn (Ed.), Educational Measurement (3rd ed) (pp. 105–146).
go back to reference Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459–474.CrossRef Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459–474.CrossRef
go back to reference Gilbert, P. (1997). The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy. British Journal of Medicational Pscychology, 70, 113–147.CrossRef Gilbert, P. (1997). The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy. British Journal of Medicational Pscychology, 70, 113–147.CrossRef
go back to reference Gilbert, P. (2000). The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression: the Role of the evaluation of social rank. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 174–189. Gilbert, P. (2000). The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression: the Role of the evaluation of social rank. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 174–189.
go back to reference Gilbert, P., & Andrews, B. (1998). Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 99–125). New York: Oxford University Press. Gilbert, P., & Andrews, B. (1998). Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 99–125). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Gilbert, P., & Miles, J. N. V. (2000). Sensitivity to putdown: its relationship to perceptions of shame, social anxiety, depression, anger and self–other blame. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 757–774.CrossRef Gilbert, P., & Miles, J. N. V. (2000). Sensitivity to putdown: its relationship to perceptions of shame, social anxiety, depression, anger and self–other blame. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 757–774.CrossRef
go back to reference Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353–379.CrossRef Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353–379.CrossRef
go back to reference Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. C. (1997). Working with the emotions in psychotherapy. New York: Guilford. Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. C. (1997). Working with the emotions in psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.
go back to reference Grunert, B. K., Smucker, M. R., Weis, J., & Rusch, M. D. (2003). When prolonged exposure fails: adding an imagery-based cognitive restructuring component in the treatment of industrial accident victims suffering from PTSD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10(4), 333–346.CrossRef Grunert, B. K., Smucker, M. R., Weis, J., & Rusch, M. D. (2003). When prolonged exposure fails: adding an imagery-based cognitive restructuring component in the treatment of industrial accident victims suffering from PTSD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10(4), 333–346.CrossRef
go back to reference Grunert, B. K., Weis, J. M., Smucker, M. R., & Christianson, H. F. (2007). Imagery rescripting and reprocessing therapy after failed prolonged imaginal exposure for post-traumatic stress disorder following industrial injury. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 317–328.PubMedCrossRef Grunert, B. K., Weis, J. M., Smucker, M. R., & Christianson, H. F. (2007). Imagery rescripting and reprocessing therapy after failed prolonged imaginal exposure for post-traumatic stress disorder following industrial injury. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 317–328.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Harman, R., & Lee, D. (2010). The role of shame and self-critical thinking in the development and maintenance of current threat in post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17, 13–24.PubMed Harman, R., & Lee, D. (2010). The role of shame and self-critical thinking in the development and maintenance of current threat in post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17, 13–24.PubMed
go back to reference Holmes, E. A., Grey, N., & Young, K. A. D. (2005). Intrusive images and “hotspots” of trauma memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: an exploratory investigation of emotions and cognitive themes. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36(1), 3–17.PubMedCrossRef Holmes, E. A., Grey, N., & Young, K. A. D. (2005). Intrusive images and “hotspots” of trauma memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: an exploratory investigation of emotions and cognitive themes. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36(1), 3–17.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kane, M. T. (1982). A sampling model for validity. Applied Psychological Measurement, 6, 125–160.CrossRef Kane, M. T. (1982). A sampling model for validity. Applied Psychological Measurement, 6, 125–160.CrossRef
go back to reference Kane, M. T. (2001). Current concerns in validity theory. Journal of Educational Measurement, 38, 319–342.CrossRef Kane, M. T. (2001). Current concerns in validity theory. Journal of Educational Measurement, 38, 319–342.CrossRef
go back to reference Kubany, E. S., & Manke, F. P. (1995). Cognitive therapy for trauma-related guilt: conceptual bases and treatment outlines. Cognitive and Behavioural Practice, 2, 27–61. Kubany, E. S., & Manke, F. P. (1995). Cognitive therapy for trauma-related guilt: conceptual bases and treatment outlines. Cognitive and Behavioural Practice, 2, 27–61.
go back to reference Kubany, E. S., & Watson, S. B. (2003). Guilt: elaboration of a multidimensional model. Psychological Record, 53, 51–90. Kubany, E. S., & Watson, S. B. (2003). Guilt: elaboration of a multidimensional model. Psychological Record, 53, 51–90.
go back to reference Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Abueg, F. R., Manke, F. P., Brennan, J. M., & Stahura, C. (1996). Development and Validation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Psychological Assessment, 8, 428–444.CrossRef Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Abueg, F. R., Manke, F. P., Brennan, J. M., & Stahura, C. (1996). Development and Validation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Psychological Assessment, 8, 428–444.CrossRef
go back to reference Lee, D. A. (2005). The perfect nurturer: A model to develop a compassionate mind within the context of cognitive therapy. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 326–351). Hove, UK: Routledge. Lee, D. A. (2005). The perfect nurturer: A model to develop a compassionate mind within the context of cognitive therapy. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 326–351). Hove, UK: Routledge.
go back to reference Lee, D. A., Scragg, P., & Turner, S. (2001). The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: a clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 451–466.PubMedCrossRef Lee, D. A., Scragg, P., & Turner, S. (2001). The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: a clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 451–466.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Leskela, J., Dieperink, M., & Thuras, P. (2002). Shame and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 223–226.PubMedCrossRef Leskela, J., Dieperink, M., & Thuras, P. (2002). Shame and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 223–226.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalytic Review, 58, 419–438.PubMed Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalytic Review, 58, 419–438.PubMed
go back to reference Lewis, M. (1995). Shame–the exposed self. New York: The Free Press. Lewis, M. (1995). Shame–the exposed self. New York: The Free Press.
go back to reference Lindsay-Hartz, J. (1984). Contrasting experiences of shame and guilt. American Behavioral Scientist, 27, 689–704.CrossRef Lindsay-Hartz, J. (1984). Contrasting experiences of shame and guilt. American Behavioral Scientist, 27, 689–704.CrossRef
go back to reference Macdonald, J., & Morley, I. (2001). Shame and non-disclosure: a study of the emotional isolation of people referred to psychotherapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 1–21.CrossRef Macdonald, J., & Morley, I. (2001). Shame and non-disclosure: a study of the emotional isolation of people referred to psychotherapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 1–21.CrossRef
go back to reference Martens, W. (2005). A multicomponential model of shame. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 35, 399–415.CrossRef Martens, W. (2005). A multicomponential model of shame. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 35, 399–415.CrossRef
go back to reference Matos, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2010). Shame as a traumatic memory. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17, 299–312. Matos, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2010). Shame as a traumatic memory. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17, 299–312.
go back to reference Messick. (1995). Standards of validity and the validity of standards in performance asessment. Educational Measurement Issues and Practice, 14, 5–8.CrossRef Messick. (1995). Standards of validity and the validity of standards in performance asessment. Educational Measurement Issues and Practice, 14, 5–8.CrossRef
go back to reference Nathanson, D. L. (1987). The many faces of shame. New York: The Guilford Press. Nathanson, D. L. (1987). The many faces of shame. New York: The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250.CrossRef Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250.CrossRef
go back to reference Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Selfconscious emotions and depression: rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1608–1619. Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Selfconscious emotions and depression: rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1608–1619.
go back to reference Platt, M., & Freyd, J. (2012). Trauma and negative underlying assumptions in feelings of shame: anexploratory study. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 4, 370–378.CrossRef Platt, M., & Freyd, J. (2012). Trauma and negative underlying assumptions in feelings of shame: anexploratory study. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 4, 370–378.CrossRef
go back to reference Power, M., & Dalgleish, T. (2008). Cognition and Emotion – From Order to Disorder, second edition. Psychology Press. Power, M., & Dalgleish, T. (2008). Cognition and Emotion – From Order to Disorder, second edition. Psychology Press.
go back to reference Resick, P. A, & Schnicke, M. K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 748–56. Resick, P. A, & Schnicke, M. K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 748–56.
go back to reference Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1993). Cognitive processing for rape victims. Newbury Park: Sage. Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1993). Cognitive processing for rape victims. Newbury Park: Sage.
go back to reference Resick, P. A., Galovski, T. E., O’Brien Uhlmansiek, M., Scher, C. D., Clum, G. A., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008). A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 243–258.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Resick, P. A., Galovski, T. E., O’Brien Uhlmansiek, M., Scher, C. D., Clum, G. A., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008). A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 243–258.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
go back to reference Santor, D. A., & Coyne, J. C. (1997). Shortening the CES–D to improve its ability to detect cases of depression. Psychological Assessment, 9, 233–243.CrossRef Santor, D. A., & Coyne, J. C. (1997). Shortening the CES–D to improve its ability to detect cases of depression. Psychological Assessment, 9, 233–243.CrossRef
go back to reference Semb, O., Strömsten, L. M., Sundbom, E., Fransson, P., & Henningsson, M. (2011). Distress after a single violent crime: how shame-proneness and event-related shame work together as risk factors for post-victimization symptoms. Psychological Reports, 09, 3–23.CrossRef Semb, O., Strömsten, L. M., Sundbom, E., Fransson, P., & Henningsson, M. (2011). Distress after a single violent crime: how shame-proneness and event-related shame work together as risk factors for post-victimization symptoms. Psychological Reports, 09, 3–23.CrossRef
go back to reference Shavelson, R. J., & Webb, N. M. (1991). Generalizability theory: A primer. Newbury Park: Sage. Shavelson, R. J., & Webb, N. M. (1991). Generalizability theory: A primer. Newbury Park: Sage.
go back to reference Shavelson, R. J., Webb, N. M., & Rowley, G. L. (1989). Generalizability theory. American Psychologist, 44(6), 922–932.CrossRef Shavelson, R. J., Webb, N. M., & Rowley, G. L. (1989). Generalizability theory. American Psychologist, 44(6), 922–932.CrossRef
go back to reference Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 2, 420–428.CrossRef Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 2, 420–428.CrossRef
go back to reference Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M., & Anderson, K. G. (2000). On the sins of short-form development. Psychological Assessment, 12, 102–111.PubMedCrossRef Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M., & Anderson, K. G. (2000). On the sins of short-form development. Psychological Assessment, 12, 102–111.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Smith, E. R., Duax, J. M., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2013). Perceived perpetration during traumatic events: clinical suggestions from experts in prolonged exposure therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 461–470.CrossRef Smith, E. R., Duax, J. M., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2013). Perceived perpetration during traumatic events: clinical suggestions from experts in prolonged exposure therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 461–470.CrossRef
go back to reference Smucker, M. R., Grunert, B. K., & Weis, J. (2003). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A New Algorithm Treatment Model. In R. L. Leahy (Ed.), Overcoming roadblocks in cognitive therapy practice (pp. 175–194). New York: Guilford Publications. Smucker, M. R., Grunert, B. K., & Weis, J. (2003). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A New Algorithm Treatment Model. In R. L. Leahy (Ed.), Overcoming roadblocks in cognitive therapy practice (pp. 175–194). New York: Guilford Publications.
go back to reference Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). STAI manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). STAI manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
go back to reference Steenkamp, M., Nash, W. P., Lebowitz, L., & Litz, B. T. (2013). How best to treat deployment-related guilt and shame: commentary on Smith, Duax, and Rauch (2013). Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 471–475.CrossRef Steenkamp, M., Nash, W. P., Lebowitz, L., & Litz, B. T. (2013). How best to treat deployment-related guilt and shame: commentary on Smith, Duax, and Rauch (2013). Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 471–475.CrossRef
go back to reference Stone, A. M. (1992). The role of shame in post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Orthopsychiathry, 62, 131–136.CrossRef Stone, A. M. (1992). The role of shame in post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Orthopsychiathry, 62, 131–136.CrossRef
go back to reference Street, A. E., & Arias, I. (2001). Psychological abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women. Examining the role of shame and guilt. Violence and Victims, 16, 65–78.PubMed Street, A. E., & Arias, I. (2001). Psychological abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women. Examining the role of shame and guilt. Violence and Victims, 16, 65–78.PubMed
go back to reference Tangney, J. P. (1991). Moral affect: the good, the bad and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 598–607.PubMedCrossRef Tangney, J. P. (1991). Moral affect: the good, the bad and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 598–607.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2003). Shame & Guilt. New York: The Guilford Press. Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2003). Shame & Guilt. New York: The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Tangney, J. P., Wagner, R., & Gramzov, R. (1989). The test of self-conscious affect. Fairfax: George Mason University. Tangney, J. P., Wagner, R., & Gramzov, R. (1989). The test of self-conscious affect. Fairfax: George Mason University.
go back to reference Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256–1269.PubMedCrossRef Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256–1269.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tomkins, S. (1987). Shame. In D. L. Nathanson (Ed.), The many faces of shame (pp. 133–161). New York: The Guilford Press. Tomkins, S. (1987). Shame. In D. L. Nathanson (Ed.), The many faces of shame (pp. 133–161). New York: The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Wicker, F. W., Payne, G. C., & Morgan, R. D. (1983). Participant description of shame and guilt. Motivation and Emotion, 7, 25–39.CrossRef Wicker, F. W., Payne, G. C., & Morgan, R. D. (1983). Participant description of shame and guilt. Motivation and Emotion, 7, 25–39.CrossRef
go back to reference Wilson, J. P., Drozdek, B., & Turkovic, S. (2006). Posttraumatic shame and guilt. Trauma Violence and Abuse, 7, 122–141.CrossRef Wilson, J. P., Drozdek, B., & Turkovic, S. (2006). Posttraumatic shame and guilt. Trauma Violence and Abuse, 7, 122–141.CrossRef
go back to reference Wong, M. R., & Cook, D. (1992). Shame and its contribution to PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 557–562.CrossRef Wong, M. R., & Cook, D. (1992). Shame and its contribution to PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 557–562.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
The Trauma Related Shame Inventory: Measuring Trauma-Related Shame Among Patients with PTSD
Auteurs
Tuva Øktedalen
Knut Arne Hagtvet
Asle Hoffart
Tomas Formo Langkaas
Mervin Smucker
Publicatiedatum
01-12-2014
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 4/2014
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9422-5

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2014

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 4/2014 Naar de uitgave