Top

Mindfulness

Gepubliceerd in:

05-06-2021 | ORIGINAL PAPER

The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version

Auteurs: Shuting Yu, Marcus A. Rodriguez, Yuqin Deng, Luchuan Xiao, Xinghua Liu

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 8/2021

Abstract

Objectives

Mindfulness training has become popular among the Chinese public in recent years. However, most mindfulness related research in China has focused almost exclusively on the effects of interventions on trait, but not state mindfulness. More research and valid measures on state mindfulness are needed in this area in China. Accordingly, the present study aims to validate and assess the internal consistency and construct validity of the Chinese version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) in a non-clinical sample.

Methods

The current study employed an international team of scholars to translate the TMS into Chinese language. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity analysis, and test–retest reliability were examined in study (sample 1 n = 220, sample 2 n = 59). Comparisons between correlation coefficients of the experienced (n = 65) and inexperienced subjects (n = 155) were explored.

Results

The Chinese TMS (Ch-TMS) demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with confirmatory factor analysis providing support for the established two-factor model. Both subscales demonstrated significant correlations in the expected directions in relation to the FFMQ-observing, FFMQ-non-reacting, SSAS-internal state awareness, and SSAS-awareness of surroundings.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the Ch-TMS has acceptable psychometric properties and is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing state mindfulness in a Chinese cultural context.

vorige artikel Examining the Relationship Between Trait Rumination and Mindfulness Across Development and Risk Status

volgende artikel How Self-Compassion Moderates the Links Between Fitspiration Use and Body Concerns in Young Women

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/, https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504.

Barrick, M., Mount, M., & Judge, T. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: what do we know and where do we go next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00160.

Bieling, P. J., Hawley, L. L., Bloch, R. T., Corcoran, K. M., Levitan, R. D., Young, L. T., Macqueen, G. M., & Segal, Z. V. (2012). Treatment-specific changes in decentering following mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus antidepressant medication or placebo for prevention of depressive relapse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(3), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027483.

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077.

Bollen, K. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley Interscience.

Brady, S., O’Connor, N., Burgermeister, D., & Hanson, P. (2012). The impact of mindfulness meditation in promoting a culture of safety on an acute psychiatric unit. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 48, 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2011.00315.x.CrossRefPubMed

Bravo, A., Pearson, M., Wilson, A., & Witkiewitz, K. (2017). When traits match states: Examining the associations between self-report trait and state mindfulness following a state mindfulness induction. Mindfulness, 9(4), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0763-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor-analysis in the development and evaluation of personality-scales. Journal of Personality, 54(1), 106–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00391.x.CrossRef

Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298.CrossRef

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen., & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models, (136–162). Sage.

Chen, J. (2018). Nature lowers materialism: The medittion effect of mindfulness and self-awareness, M.A. Thesis. Wuhan: Wuhan University. https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201802&filename=1018196578.nh.

Costa, P., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory. Psychological Assessment Resources Differences, 35, 1285–1292.

Deng, Y. Q., Liu, X. H., Rodriguez, M. A., & Xia, C. Y. (2011). The five facet mindfulness questionnaire: psychometric properties of the Chinese version. Mindfulness, 2(2), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0050-9.CrossRef

Friese, M., & Hofmann, W. (2016). State mindfulness, self-regulation, and emotional experience in everyday life. Motivation Science, 2(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000027.

Frostadottir, A., & Dorjee, D. (2019). Effects of mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and compassion focused therapy (CFT) on symptom change, mindfulness, self-compassion, and rumination in clients with depression, anxiety, and stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01099.

Giluk, T. L. (2009). Mindfulness, big five personality, and affect: a meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 805–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.026.CrossRef

Govern, J. M., & Marsch, L. A. (2001). Development and validation of the situational self-awareness scale. Consciousness and Cognition, 10(3), 366–378. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.2001.0506.CrossRefPubMed

Hanley, A., Garland, E., Canto, A., Warner, A., Hanley, R., Dehili, V., & Proctor, A. (2015). Dispositional mindfulness and bias in self-theories. Mindfulness, 6(2), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0245-3.CrossRef

Hatcher, R., Hatcher, S., Berlin, M., Okla, K., & Richards, J. (1990). Psychological mindedness and abstract reasoning in late childhood and adolescence: An exploration using new instruments. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19(4), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537075.CrossRefPubMed

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Huang, L., Yang, T. Z., & Ji, Z. M. (2003). Applicability of the positive and negative affect scale in Chinese. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 17(1), 54–56. http://www.cmhj.cn/WKD/WebPublication/paperDigest.aspx?paperID=2679605e-bcbc-45a6-a013-ea1585a12d57#.

Ives-Deliperi, V. L., Solms, M., & Meintjes, E. M. (2011). The neural substrates of mindfulness: an fMRI investigation. Social Neuroscience, 6(3), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2010.513495.

Ju, M. Z., & Peng, Y. Q. (2012). Mindfulness: similarities and differences between buddhist and psychological perspectives. Knowledge Economy, 000(14), 47–47. https://doi.org/10.15880/j.cnki.zsjj.2012.14.029.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delacorte.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.CrossRef

Kiken, L. G., Garland, E. L., Bluth, K., Palsson, O. S., & Gaylord, S. A. (2015). From a state to a trait: trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.044.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Methuen.

Lau, M., Bishop, S., Segal, Z., Buis, T., Anderson, N., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto mindfulness scale: development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1445–1467. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20326.CrossRefPubMed

Lee, W. K., Cho, Y. R., & Kim, S. H. (2010). The study of reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Toronto mindfulness scale. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 49, 226–234. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2010.25.3.492.CrossRef

Liu, L. T. (2010). Self-reflection, self-rumination and depressive mood on recall of autobiographical memories, M.A. Thesis Taipei: National Chengchi University. http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51302.

Liu, X. F., Shao, Y. C., Wang, W., Liu, L. H., & Qi, J. L. (2006). Preliminary analysis of validity and reliability of revised “situational self-awareness scale”. Journal of The Fourth Military Medical University, 27(4), 297–300. http://yxzm.fmmu.edu.cn/oa/DArticle.aspx?type=view&id=200604003.

Liu, X. H., Xu, W., Wang, Y. Z., Williams, J., Geng, Y., Zhang, Q., & Liu, X. (2015). Can inner peace be improved by mindfulness training: a randomized controlled trial. Stress and Health, 31(3), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2551.CrossRefPubMed

Mahmood, L., Hopthrow, T., & Randsley de Moura, G. (2016). A moment of mindfulness: computer-mediated mindfulness practice increases state mindfulness. PLoS ONE, 11, e0153923. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153923.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nyklíček, I., & Denollet, J. (2009). Development and evaluation of the balanced index of psychological mindedness (BIPM). Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014418.CrossRefPubMed

O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200807.CrossRef

Perestelo-Perez, L., Barraca, J., Peñate, W., Rivero-Santana, A., & Alvarez-Perez, Y. (2017). Mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of depressive rumination: Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(3), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Petter, M., McGrath, P., Chambers, P. D. C., & Dick, B. (2014). The effects of mindful attention and state mindfulness on acute experimental pain among adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(5), 521–531. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373-386. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/, https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237.

Tanay, G., & Bernstein, A. (2013). State mindfulness scale (SMS): Development and initial validation. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1286–1299. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034044.CrossRefPubMed

Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2007). Everyday mindfulness and mindfulness meditation: Overlapping constructs or not? Personality and Individual Differences, 43(7), 1875–1885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.017.CrossRef

Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284.CrossRefPubMed

Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.288.

Wang, S. M., Zhang, Z. D., & Liu, X. H. (2016). Test with the inner peace state scale in college students. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 30(7), 543–547. http://zxws.cbpt.cnki.net/WKD/WebPublication/paperDigest.aspx?paperID=6f5f55af-57ea-42b4-b041-26d6837b3881.

Watson, D., Clark, L., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.CrossRefPubMed

Wen, Z., Hau, K.-T., & Marsh, H. (2004). Structural equation model testing: Cutoff criteria for goodness of fit indices and chi-square test. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 36, 186–194. http://journal.psych.ac.cn/acps/EN/Y2004/V36/I02/186.

Yao, R. S., & Liang, L. Y. (2010). Analysis of the application of simplified NEO-FFI to undergraduates. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(4), 457–459. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2010.04.024.CrossRef

Zhou, W. (2012). A psychometric study on psychological mindedness and it in relation to personality and coping, M.A. Thesis. Zhangzhou Normal University.

Titel: The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version
Auteurs: Shuting Yu
Marcus A. Rodriguez
Yuqin Deng
Luchuan Xiao
Xinghua Liu
Publicatiedatum: 05-06-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 8/2021
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01655-z

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 8/2021

Working with Silence in ALS Care: the Role of Mindfulness

Evidence Map of Mindfulness for Stages of Psychosis: State of the Literature and Implications for Future Research

The Effects of Mindfulness on Athlete Burnout, Subjective Well-being, and Flourishing Among Elite Athletes: A Test of Multiple Mediators

How Self-Compassion Moderates the Links Between Fitspiration Use and Body Concerns in Young Women

The Role of Religion for Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Implications for Dissemination and Implementation

A Meta-Analysis of the Relation Between Self-Compassion and Self-Efficacy