Top

Gepubliceerd in:

14-05-2021 | ORIGINAL PAPER

The Effects of Mindfulness on Athlete Burnout, Subjective Well-being, and Flourishing Among Elite Athletes: A Test of Multiple Mediators

Auteurs: Chun-Qing Zhang, Xin Li, Pak-Kwong Chung, Zhijian Huang, Danran Bu, Dandan Wang, Yang Guo, Xiang Wang, Gangyan Si

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 8/2021

Abstract

Objectives

The current study aimed to examine the mediation effects of experiential acceptance, cognitive defusion, decentering, and nonattachment on the paths from mindfulness to athlete burnout, subjective well-being, and flourishing among elite athletes.

Methods

Chinese elite athletes (n = 515; 225 females) were recruited from three provincial sports centers representing 22 sports. The athletes completed self-reported measures of mindfulness, experiential acceptance, cognitive defusion, decentering, and nonattachment, athlete burnout, subjective well-being, and flourishing. Path analyses were conducted to test the mediation effects from mindfulness to athlete burnout, subjective well-being, and flourishing.

Results

Path analyses revealed that the effect from mindfulness to athlete burnout was mediated by experiential acceptance, cognitive defusion, and nonattachment, but not decentering. The effect from mindfulness to subjective well-being was mediated by decentering, cognitive defusion, and nonattachment, but not experiential acceptance. The effect from mindfulness to flourishing was mediated by decentering and nonattachment, but not experiential acceptance and cognitive defusion.

Conclusion

Findings from this study provided empirical support for the changing mechanisms regarding how mindfulness leads to adaptive and maladaptive outcomes, which can inform future mindfulness-based interventions for elite athletes.

vorige artikel The Buddha’s Pre-awakening Practices and Their Mindful Transformation

volgende artikel The Art of Introducing Mindfulness into Medical and Allied Health Curricula

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Aiken, L. R. (2000). Psychological testing and assessment. (10th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.

Ashfield, A., McKenna, J., & Backhouse, S. (2012). The athlete’s experience of flourishing. Qualitative Methods in Psychology Bulletin, 14, 4–13.

Birrer, D., Diment, G., & Schmid, O. (2019). Helping athletes defuse and accept: thoughts and emotions are not the enemies. In K. Henriksen, J. Hansen, & C. Hvid Larsen (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance in sport: How to help athletes perform and thrive under pressure (pp. 59–71). Routledge.

Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., & Morgan, G. (2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: Theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness, 3, 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0109-2.CrossRef

Blackledge, J. T. (2007). Disrupting verbal processes: Cognitive defusion in acceptance and commitment therapy and other mindfulness-based psychotherapies. The Psychological Record, 57(4), 555–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395595.CrossRef

Block-Lerner, J., Wulfert, E., & Moses, E. (2009). ACT in context: An exploration of experiential acceptance. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(4), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.04.005.CrossRef

Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., ... & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007.

Bühlmayer, L., Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., Faude, O., & Donath, L. (2017). Effects of mindfulness practice on performance-relevant parameters and performance outcomes in sports: A meta-analytical review. Sports Medicine, 47(11), 2309–2321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0752-9.CrossRefPubMed

Cathcart, S., McGregor, M., & Groundwater, E. (2014). Mindfulness and flow in elite athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 8(2), 119–141. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0018.CrossRef

Chang, W. H., Chang, J. H., & Chen, L. H. (2018). Mindfulness enhances change in athletes’ well-being: the mediating role of basic psychological needs fulfillment. Mindfulness, 9(3), 815–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0821-z.CrossRef

Chio, F. H., Lai, M. H., & Mak, W. W. (2018). Development of the Nonattachment Scale-Short Form (NAS-SF) using Item Response Theory. Mindfulness, 9, 1299–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0874-z.CrossRef

Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Deconstructing mindfulness and constructing mental health: Understanding mindfulness and its mechanisms of action. Mindfulness, 1, 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0033-2.CrossRef

Ferguson, L., Epp, G. B., Wuttunee, K., Dunn, M., McHugh, T. L., & Humbert, M. L. (2019). ‘It’s more than just performing well in your sport. It’s also about being healthy physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually’: Indigenous women athletes’ meanings and experiences of flourishing in sport. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1458332.CrossRef

Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2014). Exploring self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being in young women athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0096.CrossRefPubMed

Fletcher, L., & Hayes, S. C. (2005). Relational frame theory, acceptance and commitment therapy, and a functional analytic definition of mindfulness. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 23(4), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-005-0017-7.CrossRef

Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. F. (2005). Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. American Psychologist, 60(7), 678–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.7.678.CrossRef

Gardner, F., & Moore, Z. (2007). The psychology of enhancing human performance: The Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) approach. Springer.CrossRef

Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2004). A mindfulness-acceptance-commitment-based approach to athletic performance enhancement: Theoretical considerations. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 707–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80016-9.CrossRef

Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2020). Mindfulness in sport contexts. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology. (pp. 738–750). Wiley.CrossRef

Gillanders, D. T., Bolderston, H., Bond, F. W., Dempster, M., Flaxman, P. E., Campbell, L., Kerr, S., Tansey, S., Noel, P., Ferenbach, C., Masley, S., Roach, L., Lloyd, J., May, L., Clarke, S., & Remington, B. (2014). The development and initial validation of the cognitive fusion questionnaire. Behavior Therapy, 45(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.001.CrossRefPubMed

Grabovac, A. D., Lau, M. A., & Willett, B. R. (2011). Mechanisms of mindfulness: A Buddhist psychological model. Mindfulness, 2, 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0054-5.CrossRef

Gustafsson, H., Kenttä, G., & Hassmén, P. (2011). Athlete burnout: An integrated model and future research directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2010.541927.CrossRef

Gustafsson, H., Lundkvist, E., Podlog, L., & Lundqvist, C. (2016). Conceptual confusion and potential advances in athlete burnout research. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(3), 784–791. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516665900.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. Guilford Press.

Hayes-Skelton, S. A., Calloway, A., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2015). Decentering as a potential common mechanism across two therapies for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(2), 395–404. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038305.CrossRefPubMed

Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Josefsson, T., Ivarsson, A., Gustafsson, H., Stenling, A., Lindwall, M., Tornberg, R., & Böröy, J. (2019). Effects of mindfulness-acceptance-commitment (MAC) on sport-specific dispositional mindfulness, emotion regulation, and self-rated athletic performance in a multiple-sport population: an RCT study. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1518–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01098-7.CrossRef

Josefsson, T., Ivarsson, A., Lindwall, M., Gustafsson, H., Stenling, A., Böröy, J., Mattsson, E., Carnebratt, J., Sevholt, S., & Falkevik, E. (2017). Mindfulness mechanisms in sports: mediating effects of rumination and emotion regulation on sport-specific coping. Mindfulness, 8, 1354–1363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0711-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Keyes, C. L. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197.CrossRefPubMed

Li, C., Zhu, Y., Zhang, M., Gustafsson, H., & Chen, T. (2019). Mindfulness and athlete burnout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030449.CrossRefPubMedCentral

Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011.CrossRefPubMed

Lundkvist, E., Gustafsson, H., Davis, P. A., Holmström, S., Lemyre, N., & Ivarsson, A. (2018). The temporal relations across burnout dimensions in athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28(3), 1215–1226. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13000.CrossRef

Machell, K. A., Goodman, F. R., & Kashdan, T. B. (2015). Experiential avoidance and well-being: A daily diary analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 29(2), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.911143.CrossRefPubMed

Maxwell, S. E., Cole, D. A., & Mitchell, M. A. (2011). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation: Partial and complete mediation under an autoregressive model. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(5), 816–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.606716.CrossRefPubMed

Moore, Z. E. (2009). Theoretical and empirical developments of the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) approach to performance enhancement. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(4), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.3.4.291.CrossRef

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.CrossRef

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452.CrossRefPubMed

Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23(4), 281–306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281.CrossRefPubMed

Reardon, C. L., Hainline, B., Aron, C. M., Baron, D., Baum, A. L., Bindra A., Budgett, R., Campriani, N., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Currie, A., Derevensky, J. L., Glick, I. D., Gorczynski, P., Gouttebarge, V., Grandner, M. A., Han, D. H., McDuff, D., Mountjoy, M., Polat, A., Purcell, R., Putukian, M., Rice, S., Sills, A., … & Engebretsen, L. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 667-699. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100715.

Sahdra, B. K., Shaver, P. R., & Brown, K. W. (2010). A scale to measure nonattachment: A Buddhist complement to Western research on attachment and adaptive functioning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890903425960.CrossRefPubMed

Shannon, S., Hanna, D., Leavey, G., Haughey, T., Neill, D., & Breslin, G. (2020). The association between mindfulness and mental health outcomes in athletes: Testing the mediating role of autonomy satisfaction as a core psychological need. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1717578.

Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237.CrossRefPubMed

Si, G., Lo, C.-H., & Zhang, C.-Q. (2016). Mindfulness training program for Chinese athletes and its effectiveness. In A. Baltzell (Ed.), Mindfulness and Performance. (pp. 235–267). Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Stander, F., Rothmann, S., & Botha, E. (2017). Pathways to flourishing of athletes: the role of team and individual strength use. South African Journal of Psychology, 47, 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246316649095.CrossRef

Taris, T. W., & Kompier, M. A. (2014). Cause and effect: Optimizing the designs of longitudinal studies in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 28(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2014.878494.CrossRef

Thienot, E., Jackson, B., Dimmock, J., Grove, J. R., Bernier, M., & Fournier, J. F. (2014). Development and preliminary validation of the mindfulness inventory for sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.003.CrossRef

Whitehead, R., Bates, G., Elphinstone, B., Yang, Y., & Murray, G. (2019). Nonattachment mediates the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being, subjective well-being, and depression, anxiety and stress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(7), 2141–2158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0041-9.CrossRef

Zhang, C.-Q., & Baltzell, A. (2019). Towards a contextual approach to athletic performance enhancement: Reflections, perspectives, and applications. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 10(4), 195–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2019.1643613.CrossRef

Zhang, L. W., & Liang, Z. P. (2002). Athletes’ life satisfaction: The contributions of individual self-esteem and collective self-esteem. Acta Psychologicha Sinica, 34, 160–167 (in Chinese).

Zhang, C.-Q., & Su, N. (2020). Mindfulness training. In D. Hackfort & R. J. Schinke (Eds.), The Routledge International Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology Volume 2: Applied and Practical Measures. (pp. 429–439). Routledge.

Zhang, C.-Q., Chung, P.-K., Si, G., & Liu, J. D. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II for Chinese college students and elite Chinese athletes. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(4), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175614538064.CrossRef

Zhang, C.-Q., Chung, P.-K., Si, G., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2016a). Measuring decentering as a unidimensional construct: The development and initial validation of the Decentering Scale for Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24, 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.02.006.CrossRef

Zhang, C. Q., Si, G., Chung, P. K., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2016b). Mindfulness and burnout in elite junior athletes: The mediating role of experiential avoidance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(4), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1162223.

Zhang, C.-Q., Chung, P. K., & Si, G. (2017). Assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: The development and initial validation of the athlete mindfulness questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 6(3), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.09.010.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: The Effects of Mindfulness on Athlete Burnout, Subjective Well-being, and Flourishing Among Elite Athletes: A Test of Multiple Mediators
Auteurs: Chun-Qing Zhang
Xin Li
Pak-Kwong Chung
Zhijian Huang
Danran Bu
Dandan Wang
Yang Guo
Xiang Wang
Gangyan Si
Publicatiedatum: 14-05-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 8/2021
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01644-2

Andere artikelen Uitgave 8/2021

Reduced Anxiety Following Mindfulness and Adaptive Working Memory Training in Women with Breast Cancer

ORIGINAL PAPER

The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version

ORIGINAL PAPER

Exploring the Effects of Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting on Infant Social-Emotional Development

Open Access
ORIGINAL PAPER

How Self-Compassion Moderates the Links Between Fitspiration Use and Body Concerns in Young Women

ORIGINAL PAPER

Evidence Map of Mindfulness for Stages of Psychosis: State of the Literature and Implications for Future Research

REVIEW

Contemplative Training and Psychological Stress: an Analysis of First-person Accounts

Open Access
ORIGINAL PAPER