01-12-2011 | Original Paper | Uitgave 12/2011 Open Access

The Swedish Version of the Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale: Revised (RAADS-R). A Validation Study of a Rating Scale for Adults
- Tijdschrift:
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > Uitgave 12/2011
Methods
Participants
Subject group
|
N
|
Male: Female
|
Mean age (SD), min–max
|
---|---|---|---|
ASD
|
75
|
36:35
|
31 (9), 26–62
|
Comparison cases
|
197
|
80:116
|
34 (13), 19–75
|
Total sample
|
272
|
120:152
|
33 (12), 19–75
|
Measures
Procedure
Results
Internal Consistency and Test–Retest Reliability
Correlation with the Autism-Spectrum Quotient
AQ total and subscales
|
RAADS-R total and subscales
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RAADS-R total score
|
Social interaction
|
Language
|
Circumscribed interests
|
Sensory motor
|
|
AQ total score
|
0.84***
|
0.75***
|
0.63***
|
0.79***
|
0.60***
|
Social skill
|
0.79***
|
0.73***
|
0.65***
|
0.65***
|
0.56***
|
Communication
|
0.82***
|
0.79***
|
0.52***
|
0.72***
|
0.62***
|
Attention switching
|
0.68***
|
0.62***
|
0.53***
|
0.71***
|
0.44**
|
Attention to detail
|
0.30
|
0.12
|
0.22
|
0.40*
|
0.41*
|
Imagination
|
0.55***
|
0.54***
|
0.47**
|
0.52***
|
0.27
|
Distribution of Scores
Domain (no of items)
|
ASD
|
Comparison cases
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median
|
Min
|
Max
|
Median
|
Min
|
Max
|
|
Total RAADS-R (80)
|
114
|
34
|
198
|
28
|
0
|
175
|
Social interaction (39)
|
59
|
20
|
105
|
15
|
0
|
90
|
Language (7)
|
9
|
0
|
19
|
3
|
0
|
13
|
Circumscribed interests (14)
|
23
|
3
|
40
|
4.5
|
0
|
33
|
Sensory motor (20)
|
30
|
3
|
54
|
5.6
|
0
|
50
|
Group and Sex Differences
Domain
|
Comparison cases
M (SD)
|
ASD
M (SD)
|
Diagnosis
|
Sex
|
Group × Sex
|
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males
|
Females
|
Tot
|
Males
|
Females
|
Tot
|
F
|
p
|
η
2
|
F
|
p
|
η
2
|
F
|
p
|
η
2
|
|
Total score
|
37.2 (32.1)
|
31.4 (23.9)
|
33.8 (27.6)
|
110.5 (36.5)
|
127.2 (39.8)
|
118.7 (38.8)
|
391.61
|
0.000
|
0.598
|
1.61
|
0.206
|
0.006
|
7.00
|
0.009
|
0.026
|
Social interaction
|
20.1 (17.8)
|
15.5 (13.5)
|
17.4 (15.6)
|
56.7 (18.7)
|
58.2 (20.9)
|
57.4 (19.7)
|
291.11
|
0.000
|
0.525
|
0.43
|
0.515
|
0.002
|
1.73
|
0.189
|
0.007
|
Language
|
3.4 (2.9)
|
2.6 (2.3)
|
2.9 (2.6)
|
7.7 (4.2)
|
9.7 (5.1)
|
8.7 (4.8)
|
159.08
|
0.000
|
0.377
|
1.52
|
0.219
|
0.006
|
10.13
|
0.002
|
0.037
|
Circumscribed interests
|
6.5 (6.4)
|
5.9 (5.9)
|
6.1 (6.1)
|
22.5 (9.8)
|
24.9 (8.2)
|
23.7 (9.1)
|
320.75
|
0.000
|
0.549
|
0.84
|
0.360
|
0.003
|
2.29
|
0.132
|
0.009
|
Sensory motor
|
7.6 (9.3)
|
7.6 (7.2)
|
7.6 (8.1)
|
24.3 (11.5)
|
34.3 (10.1)
|
29.2 (12.3)
|
298.57
|
0.000
|
0.532
|
15.98
|
0.000
|
0.057
|
15.97
|
0.000
|
0.057
|
Ability to Differentiate Between ASD and Comparison Subjects
Cut-off
|
Sensitivity
|
Specificity
|
---|---|---|
50
|
0.960
|
0.817
|
51
|
0.960
|
0.827
|
53
|
0.960
|
0.838
|
54
|
0.960
|
0.848
|
55
|
0.960
|
0.853
|
56
|
0.947
|
0.863
|
57
|
0.947
|
0.868
|
58
|
0.947
|
0.873
|
59
|
0.947
|
0.878
|
60
|
0.933
|
0.883
|
61
|
0.920
|
0.883
|
62
|
0.907
|
0.883
|
63
|
0.907
|
0.888
|
64
|
0.907
|
0.904
|
65
|
0.907
|
0.909
|
66
|
0.907
|
0.914
|
69
|
0.907
|
0.919
|
71
|
0.907
|
0.924
|
72
|
0.907
|
0.929
|
73
|
0.893
|
0.929
|
73
|
0.880
|
0.929
|
74
|
0.867
|
0.929
|
75
|
0.867
|
0.934
|
76
|
0.867
|
0.939
|
78
|
0.840
|
0.939
|
80
|
0.827
|
0.939
|
81
|
0.813
|
0.939
|
82
|
0.813
|
0.949
|
83
|
0.800
|
0.949
|
84
|
0.800
|
0.954
|
85
|
0.787
|
0.954
|
87
|
0.787
|
0.959
|
89
|
0.787
|
0.964
|
90
|
0.773
|
0.964
|
91
|
0.773
|
0.970
|
93
|
0.760
|
0.970
|
97
|
0.747
|
0.970
|
100
|
0.733
|
0.970
|
Discussion
Internal Consistency and Test Re-test Reliability
Diagnostic Validity
Concurrent Validity
Sex Differences
Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research
Conclusion
Open Access
Appendix
Social interaction
|
|
---|---|
1.* I am a sympathetic person
|
20. I like to copy the way certain people speak and act. It helps me appear more normal
|
6.* I can “put myself in other people’s shoes”
|
21. It can be very intimidating for me to talk to more than one person at the same time
|
8. I only like to talk to people who share my special interests
|
22. I have to “act normal” to please others and make them like me
|
11. I miss my friends or family when we are apart for a long time
|
23.* Meeting new people is usually easy for me
|
14. I’d rather go out to eat in a restaurant by myself than with someone I know
|
26.* I like having a conversation with several people, for instance around a dinner table, at school or at work
|
17. Others consider me odd or different
|
31. I have never wanted or needed to have what other people call an “intimate relationship”
|
18.* I understand when friends need to be comforted
|
43.* I like to talk things over with my friends
|
25. It is difficult for me to understand how other people are feeling when we are talking
|
47.* I feel very comfortable with dating or being in social situations with others
|
37.* I am an understanding type of person
|
48.* I try to be as helpful as I can when other people tell me their personal problems
|
38. I do not connect with characters in movies and cannot feel what they feel
|
53.* I am considered a compassionate type of person
|
3. I am often surprised when others tell me I have been rude
|
54. I get along with other people by following a set of specific rules that help me look normal
|
5. I often don’t know how to act in social situations
|
55. It is very difficult for me to work and function in groups
|
12. Sometimes I offend others by saying what I am thinking, even if I don’t mean to
|
60. When talking to someone, I have a hard time telling when it is my turn to talk or to listen
|
28. It is very difficult for me to understand when someone is embarrassed or jealous
|
61. I am considered a loner by those who know me best
|
39. I cannot tell when someone is flirting with me
|
64. How to make friends and socialize is a mystery to me
|
44. I cannot tell if someone is interested or bored with what I am saying
|
68.* I can tell when someone says one thing but means something else
|
45. It can be very hard to read someone’s face, hand and body movements when they are talking
|
69. I like to be by myself as much as I can
|
76. It is difficult to figure out what other people expect of me
|
72.* I enjoy spending time eating and talking with my family and friends
|
79. I am often told that I ask embarrassing questions
|
77.* I like to have close friends
|
80. I tend to point out other peoples mistakes
|
Language
|
|
---|---|
2. I often use words and phrases from movies and television in conversations
|
35. The phrase “I’ve got you under my skin” makes me very uncomfortable
|
7. I have a hard time figuring out what some phrases mean, like “you are the apple of my eye”
|
58.* I can chat and make small talk with people
|
15. I cannot imagine what it would be like to be someone else
|
66. The phrase “he wears his heart on his sleeve” does not make sense to me
|
27. I take things too literally, so I often miss what people are trying to say
|
Circumscribed interests
|
|
---|---|
9. I focus on details rather than the overall idea
|
50. Sometimes a thought or a subject gets stuck in my mind and I have to talk about it even if no one is interested
|
13. I only like to think and talk about a few things that interest me
|
52. I have never been interested in what most of the people I know consider interesting
|
24. I get highly confused when someone interrupts me when I am talking about something I am very interested in
|
56. When I am talking to someone, it is hard to change the subject. If the other person does so, I can get very upset and confused
|
30. I get extremely upset when the way I like to do things is suddenly changed
|
63. I like things to be exactly the same day after day and even small changes in my routines upset me
|
32. It is difficult for me to start and stop a conversation. I need to keep going until I am finished
|
70. I keep my thoughts stacked in my memory like they are on filing cards, and I pick up the ones I need by looking through the stack and finding the right one (or another unique way)
|
40. I can see in my mind in exact detail things that I am interested in
|
75. When I go somewhere, I have to follow a familiar route or I can get very confused and upset
|
41. I keep lists of things that interest me, even when they have no practical use (for example sports statistics, train schedules, calendar dates, historical facts and dates)
|
78. People tell me that I give too much detail
|
Sensory motor
|
|
---|---|
4. Sometimes I talk too loudly or too softly, and I am not aware of it
|
49. I have been told that I have an unusual voice (for example flat, monotone, childish or high-pitched)
|
10. I always notice how food feels in my mouth. This is more important to me than how it tastes
|
51. I do certain things with my hands over and over again (like flapping, twirling sticks or strings, waving things by my eyes)
|
16. I have been told that I am clumsy or uncoordinated
|
57. Sometimes I have to cover my ears to block out painful noises (like vacuum cleaners or people talking too much or too loudly)
|
19. I am very sensitive to the way my clothes feel when I touch them. How they feel is more important to me than how they look
|
59. Sometimes things that should feel painful are not (for instance when I hurt myself or burn my hand on a stove)
|
29. Some ordinary textures that do not bother others feel very offensive when they touch my skin
|
62.* I usually speak in a normal tone
|
33*. I speak with a normal rhythm
|
65. It calms me to spin around or to rock in a chair when I am feeling stressed
|
34. The same sound, color or texture can suddenly change from very sensitive to very dull
|
67. If I am in a place where there are many smells, textures to feel, noises or bright lights, I feel anxious or frightened
|
36. Sometimes the sound of a word or a high-pitched noise can be painful to my ears
|
71. The same sound sometimes seems very loud or very soft, even though I know it has not changed
|
42. When I feel overwhelmed by my senses, I have to isolate myself to shut them down
|
73. I can’t tolerate things I dislike (like smells, textures, sounds or colors)
|
46. The same thing (like clothes or temperatures) can feel very different to me at different times
|
74. I don’t like to be hugged or held
|