Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine 3/2023

18-11-2022

The role of childhood unpredictability in adult health

Auteurs: Jon K. Maner, Connor R. Hasty, Jose L. Martinez, Katherine B. Ehrlich, Mary A. Gerend

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine | Uitgave 3/2023

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This research differentiated childhood unpredictability (i.e., perceptions of uncertainty or instability due to turbulent environmental changes) from other related constructs to identify its role in adult health. Study 1 (N = 441) showed that, beyond other childhood adversity variables (poverty and adverse childhood experiences or ACEs) and demographic characteristics, perceptions of unpredictability were associated with greater functional disability and worse health-related quality of life (assessed via the CDC’s HRQOL Healthy Days measure and the RAND SF-36). Study 2 (N = 564) replicated those findings in a more racially diverse sample and showed that associations with childhood unpredictability held while also controlling for the Big 5 personality traits. Findings suggest that effects of unpredictability were especially pronounced among Hispanic (in Study 1), and Black/African American and low-income participants (in Study 2). Experiencing childhood environments that are perceived to be uncertain, unstable, or uncontrollable may put children on a path toward poor health outcomes in adulthood. Findings advance theories of child adversity and health and identify childhood unpredictability as a potentially valuable target for intervention.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M. A., Folkman, S., & Syme, S. L. (1993). Socioeconomic inequalities in health: No easy solution. JAMA, 269, 3140–3145.PubMedCrossRef Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M. A., Folkman, S., & Syme, S. L. (1993). Socioeconomic inequalities in health: No easy solution. JAMA, 269, 3140–3145.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baldwin, J. R., Reuben, A., Newbury, J. B., & Danese, A. (2019). Agreement between prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76, 584–593.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Baldwin, J. R., Reuben, A., Newbury, J. B., & Danese, A. (2019). Agreement between prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76, 584–593.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Baram, T. Z., Davis, E. P., Obenaus, A., Sandman, C. A., Small, S. L., Solodkin, A., & Stern, H. (2012). Fragmentation and unpredictability of early-life experience in mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(9), 907–915.PubMedCrossRef Baram, T. Z., Davis, E. P., Obenaus, A., Sandman, C. A., Small, S. L., Solodkin, A., & Stern, H. (2012). Fragmentation and unpredictability of early-life experience in mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(9), 907–915.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Barile, J. P., Horner-Johnson, W., Krahn, G., Zack, M., Miranda, D., et al. (2016). Measurement characteristics for two health-related quality of life measures in older adults: The SF-36 and the CDC Healthy Days items. Disability & Health Journal, 9, 567–574.CrossRef Barile, J. P., Horner-Johnson, W., Krahn, G., Zack, M., Miranda, D., et al. (2016). Measurement characteristics for two health-related quality of life measures in older adults: The SF-36 and the CDC Healthy Days items. Disability & Health Journal, 9, 567–574.CrossRef
go back to reference Belsky, J., Schlomer, G. L., & Ellis, B. J. (2012). Beyond cumulative risk: Distinguishing harshness and unpredictability as determinants of parenting and early life history strategy. Developmental Psychology, 48, 662–673.PubMedCrossRef Belsky, J., Schlomer, G. L., & Ellis, B. J. (2012). Beyond cumulative risk: Distinguishing harshness and unpredictability as determinants of parenting and early life history strategy. Developmental Psychology, 48, 662–673.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271–301.PubMedCrossRef Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271–301.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371–399.PubMedCrossRef Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371–399.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Brumbach, B. H., Figueredo, A. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2009). Effects of harsh and unpredictable environments in adolescence on development of life history strategies: A longitudinal test of an evolutionary model. Human Nature, 20, 25–51.PubMedCrossRef Brumbach, B. H., Figueredo, A. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2009). Effects of harsh and unpredictable environments in adolescence on development of life history strategies: A longitudinal test of an evolutionary model. Human Nature, 20, 25–51.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cabeza De Baca, T. C., Wahl, R. A., Barnett, M. A., Figueredo, A. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2016). Adversity, adaptive calibration, and health: The case of disadvantaged families. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 2, 93–115.CrossRef Cabeza De Baca, T. C., Wahl, R. A., Barnett, M. A., Figueredo, A. J., & Ellis, B. J. (2016). Adversity, adaptive calibration, and health: The case of disadvantaged families. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 2, 93–115.CrossRef
go back to reference Chen, E., Matthews, K. A., & Boyce, W. T. (2002). Socioeconomic differences in children’s health: How and why do these relationships change with age? Psych Bulletin, 128, 295–329.CrossRef Chen, E., Matthews, K. A., & Boyce, W. T. (2002). Socioeconomic differences in children’s health: How and why do these relationships change with age? Psych Bulletin, 128, 295–329.CrossRef
go back to reference Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2013). Socioeconomic status and health: Mediating and moderating factors. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 723–749.PubMedCrossRef Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2013). Socioeconomic status and health: Mediating and moderating factors. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 723–749.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Del Giudice, M. (2009). Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 1–21.PubMedCrossRef Del Giudice, M. (2009). Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 1–21.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011). The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1562–1592.CrossRef Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011). The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1562–1592.CrossRef
go back to reference Doom, J. R., Vanzomeren-Dohm, A. A., & Simpson, J. A. (2016). Early unpredictability predicts increased adolescent externalizing behaviors and substance use: A life history perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 1505–1516.PubMedCrossRef Doom, J. R., Vanzomeren-Dohm, A. A., & Simpson, J. A. (2016). Early unpredictability predicts increased adolescent externalizing behaviors and substance use: A life history perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 1505–1516.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Croft, J. B., Edwards, V. J., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: Exposure to childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1627–1640.CrossRef Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Croft, J. B., Edwards, V. J., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: Exposure to childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1627–1640.CrossRef
go back to reference Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: Evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900. Preventive Medicine, 37, 268–277.PubMedCrossRef Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: Evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900. Preventive Medicine, 37, 268–277.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ehrlich, K. B. (2020). How does the social world shape health across the lifespan? Insights and new directions. American Psychologist, 75, 1231–1241.PubMedCrossRef Ehrlich, K. B. (2020). How does the social world shape health across the lifespan? Insights and new directions. American Psychologist, 75, 1231–1241.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ehrlich, K. B., Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2016). Childhood adversity and adult physical health. Developmental Psychopathology, 22, 1–42. Ehrlich, K. B., Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2016). Childhood adversity and adult physical health. Developmental Psychopathology, 22, 1–42.
go back to reference Elliott, T. E., Renier, C. M., & Palcher, J. A. (2003). Chronic pain, depression, and quality of life: Correlations and predictive value of the SF-36. Pain Medicine, 4, 331–339.PubMedCrossRef Elliott, T. E., Renier, C. M., & Palcher, J. A. (2003). Chronic pain, depression, and quality of life: Correlations and predictive value of the SF-36. Pain Medicine, 4, 331–339.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ellis, B. J., & Del Giudice, M. (2019). Developmental adaptation to stress: An evolutionary perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 111–139.PubMedCrossRef Ellis, B. J., & Del Giudice, M. (2019). Developmental adaptation to stress: An evolutionary perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 111–139.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V., Hawley, P. H., et al. (2012). The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: Implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology, 48, 598–627.PubMedCrossRef Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V., Hawley, P. H., et al. (2012). The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: Implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology, 48, 598–627.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies. Human Nature, 20, 204–268.PubMedCrossRef Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk: The impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies. Human Nature, 20, 204–268.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–328.PubMedCrossRef Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–328.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2020). The strengths of people in poverty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29, 16–21.CrossRef Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2020). The strengths of people in poverty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29, 16–21.CrossRef
go back to reference Frankenhuis, W. E., Panchanathan, K., & Nettle, D. (2016). Cognition in harsh and unpredictable environments. Current Opinion in Psychology, 7, 76–80.CrossRef Frankenhuis, W. E., Panchanathan, K., & Nettle, D. (2016). Cognition in harsh and unpredictable environments. Current Opinion in Psychology, 7, 76–80.CrossRef
go back to reference Gee, D. G., & Cohodes, E. M. (2021). Influences of caregiving on development: A sensitive period for biological embedding of predictability and safety cues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(5), 376–383.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gee, D. G., & Cohodes, E. M. (2021). Influences of caregiving on development: A sensitive period for biological embedding of predictability and safety cues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(5), 376–383.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the big five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504–528.CrossRef Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the big five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504–528.CrossRef
go back to reference Hartman, S., Sung, S., Simpson, J. A., Schlomer, G. L., & Belsky, J. (2018). Decomposing environmental unpredictability in forecasting adolescent and young adult development: A two-sample study. Developmental and Psychopathology, 30, 1321–1332.CrossRef Hartman, S., Sung, S., Simpson, J. A., Schlomer, G. L., & Belsky, J. (2018). Decomposing environmental unpredictability in forecasting adolescent and young adult development: A two-sample study. Developmental and Psychopathology, 30, 1321–1332.CrossRef
go back to reference John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big-five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 102–138). Guilford Press. John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big-five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 102–138). Guilford Press.
go back to reference Kelly, J. B., & Emery, R. E. (2003). Children’s adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52, 352–362.CrossRef Kelly, J. B., & Emery, R. E. (2003). Children’s adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52, 352–362.CrossRef
go back to reference Liu, S., & Fisher, P. A. (2022). Early experience unpredictability in child development as a model for understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: A translational neuroscience perspective. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 54, 101091.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liu, S., & Fisher, P. A. (2022). Early experience unpredictability in child development as a model for understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: A translational neuroscience perspective. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 54, 101091.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Maner, J. K., Dittmann, A., Meltzer, A. L., & McNulty, J. K. (2017). Implications of life history strategies for obesity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 8517–8522.CrossRef Maner, J. K., Dittmann, A., Meltzer, A. L., & McNulty, J. K. (2017). Implications of life history strategies for obesity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 8517–8522.CrossRef
go back to reference Maranges, H., Hasty, C., Maner, J. K., & Conway, P. (2021). The behavioral ecology of moral dilemmas: Childhood unpredictability, but not harshness, predicts less deontological and utilitarian responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120, 1696–1719.PubMedCrossRef Maranges, H., Hasty, C., Maner, J. K., & Conway, P. (2021). The behavioral ecology of moral dilemmas: Childhood unpredictability, but not harshness, predicts less deontological and utilitarian responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120, 1696–1719.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Maranges, H. M., Hasty, C. R., Martinez, J. L., & Maner, J. K. (2022). Adaptive calibration in early development. Brief measures of perceived harshness and unpredictability. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 8(3), 313–343.CrossRef Maranges, H. M., Hasty, C. R., Martinez, J. L., & Maner, J. K. (2022). Adaptive calibration in early development. Brief measures of perceived harshness and unpredictability. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 8(3), 313–343.CrossRef
go back to reference Martinez, J. L., Hasty, C., Morabito, D., Maranges, H. M., Schmidt, N. B., & Maner, J. K. (2022). Perceptions of childhood unpredictability, delay discounting, risk-taking, and adult externalizing behaviors: A life history approach. Development & Psychopathology, 34, 705–717.CrossRef Martinez, J. L., Hasty, C., Morabito, D., Maranges, H. M., Schmidt, N. B., & Maner, J. K. (2022). Perceptions of childhood unpredictability, delay discounting, risk-taking, and adult externalizing behaviors: A life history approach. Development & Psychopathology, 34, 705–717.CrossRef
go back to reference McDade, T. W. (2003). Life history theory and the immune system: Steps toward a human ecological immunity. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 122, 100–125.CrossRef McDade, T. W. (2003). Life history theory and the immune system: Steps toward a human ecological immunity. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 122, 100–125.CrossRef
go back to reference McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 2093–2101.PubMedCrossRef McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 2093–2101.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016). Beyond cumulative risk: A dimensional approach to childhood adversity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25, 239–245.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016). Beyond cumulative risk: A dimensional approach to childhood adversity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25, 239–245.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Mielenz, T., Jackson, E., Currey, S., DeVellis, R., & Callahan, L. F. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention health-related quality of life (CDC HRQOL) items in adults with arthritis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mielenz, T., Jackson, E., Currey, S., DeVellis, R., & Callahan, L. F. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention health-related quality of life (CDC HRQOL) items in adults with arthritis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Miller, G. E., Brody, G. H., Yu, T., & Chen, E. (2014). A family-oriented psychosocial intervention reduces inflammation in low-SES African American youth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 11287–11292.CrossRef Miller, G. E., Brody, G. H., Yu, T., & Chen, E. (2014). A family-oriented psychosocial intervention reduces inflammation in low-SES African American youth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 11287–11292.CrossRef
go back to reference Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic disease of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 959–997.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic disease of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 959–997.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Mittal, C., & Griskevicius, V. (2014). Sense of control under uncertainty depends on people’s childhood environment: A life history theory approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 621–637.PubMedCrossRef Mittal, C., & Griskevicius, V. (2014). Sense of control under uncertainty depends on people’s childhood environment: A life history theory approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 621–637.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Parshall, M. B., Mapel, D. W., Rice, L., Williams, A., & O’Reilly, J. (2008). Predictive validity of short-form health survey [36 items] scales for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Heart & Lung, 37, 356–365.CrossRef Parshall, M. B., Mapel, D. W., Rice, L., Williams, A., & O’Reilly, J. (2008). Predictive validity of short-form health survey [36 items] scales for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Heart & Lung, 37, 356–365.CrossRef
go back to reference Pepper, G. V., & Nettle, D. (2017). The behavioural constellation of deprivation: Causes and consequences. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 40, e314.CrossRef Pepper, G. V., & Nettle, D. (2017). The behavioural constellation of deprivation: Causes and consequences. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 40, e314.CrossRef
go back to reference Schoorlemmer, R., Peeters, G., van Schoor, N., & Lips, P. (2009). Relationships between cortisol level, mortality, and chronic disease in older persons. Clinical Endocrinology, 71, 779–786.PubMedCrossRef Schoorlemmer, R., Peeters, G., van Schoor, N., & Lips, P. (2009). Relationships between cortisol level, mortality, and chronic disease in older persons. Clinical Endocrinology, 71, 779–786.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schreier, H. M., & Chen, E. (2010). Longitudinal relationships between family routines and biological profiles among youth with asthma. Health Psychology, 29, 82–90.PubMedCrossRef Schreier, H. M., & Chen, E. (2010). Longitudinal relationships between family routines and biological profiles among youth with asthma. Health Psychology, 29, 82–90.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48, 674–686.PubMedCrossRef Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Kuo, S. I., Sung, S., & Collins, W. A. (2012). Evolution, stress, and sensitive periods: The influence of unpredictability in early versus late childhood on sex and risky behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48, 674–686.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zakreski, E., & Pruessner, J. C. (2019). Effects of childhood trauma on the cortisol and testosterone stress response are mediated by life history strategy. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 100, S21–S22.CrossRef Zakreski, E., & Pruessner, J. C. (2019). Effects of childhood trauma on the cortisol and testosterone stress response are mediated by life history strategy. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 100, S21–S22.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
The role of childhood unpredictability in adult health
Auteurs
Jon K. Maner
Connor R. Hasty
Jose L. Martinez
Katherine B. Ehrlich
Mary A. Gerend
Publicatiedatum
18-11-2022
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Behavioral Medicine / Uitgave 3/2023
Print ISSN: 0160-7715
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3521
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00373-8

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2023

Journal of Behavioral Medicine 3/2023 Naar de uitgave