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21-12-2023 | Research

The effects of emotion on retrospective duration memory using virtual reality

Auteurs: Omran K. Safi, Yiran Shi, Christopher R. Madan, Tyler Lin, Daniela J. Palombo

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 3/2024

Abstract

Our memories for temporal duration may be colored by the emotions we experience during an event. While emotion generally enhances some aspects of memory, temporal duration has been shown to be particularly susceptible to emotion-induced distortions. However, prior work has faced difficulty when studying this phenomenon, having to make some trade-offs on ecological validity or experimental control. Here, we sought to bridge this gap by studying the effects of emotion on temporal duration memory using virtual reality. In the present study, a final sample of 69 participants experienced a series of negative-emotional and neutral worlds within virtual reality. Following this, participants provided ratings of emotionality (arousal, valence, pleasantness) and retrospective duration estimates (i.e., remembered time). We hypothesized that negative events would be recalled as having a greater duration than neutral events (H1). We additionally hypothesized that negative, but not neutral, events would be recalled as being longer than the true duration (H2). The results supported H1 while failing to provide evidence in support of H2. Together, the results bolster the importance of emotion, especially negative emotion, in shaping how we remember the temporal unfolding of the past.

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Note that other definitions of emotion also focus on discrete states (e.g., anger, fear, happiness) or the extent to which approach/avoidance behaviors are activated (see Todd et al., 2020, for discussion).

Some studies exist which use prospective designs (i.e., where tracking time is a task demand) and these will be considered further in the discussion.

Note that this effect was observed for a relative and verbal estimation task but not a less conventional “standard” estimation task. See Bisson et al., 2008 for details of this task.

To achieve a normed set, some items were dropped and replaced in phase 1 and further norming was conducted in Phase 2 to select the final set of 80 items.

Indeed, prior work suggests that emotional stimuli are rated as more complex, even when several low-level image characteristics are well matched (see Madan et al., 2018).

At the time of this report, we have only analyzed (1) the data reported in this paper and (2) the object ratings of the CS items, which are intended for a separate manuscript; thus those data are not reported here. None of the questionnaire data have been analyzed. The cued recall and source memory data have not been analyzed.

Time spent in each micro-event (“actual duration”) was calculated as the time it took the participant to ‘walk’ to the circle (which was variable across participants) plus the 10 s they had to look at the objects (i.e., a fixed time across participants).

It is important to note that both Mather and Sutherland (2011) and the broader literature emphasize a trade off in memory under some conditions, wherein only certain content is enhanced by emotion (e.g., the item eliciting emotion versus the background context). Albeit speculative, we postulate that the boost for emotional content per se may be important for driving the longer duration estimates. Such a hypothesis will be tested in later studies.

The negative and neutral environments were designed to be well matched in terms of the complexity of the worlds with respect to the “richness” of the environments (number of objects placed in the backgrounds, varied use of colors, etc.).

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Titel: The effects of emotion on retrospective duration memory using virtual reality
Auteurs: Omran K. Safi
Yiran Shi
Christopher R. Madan
Tyler Lin
Daniela J. Palombo
Publicatiedatum: 21-12-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 3/2024
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-023-01909-6

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