Top

Gepubliceerd in:

23-02-2023 | Original Paper

Self-Acceptance Mediates the Relationship between Perceived Parenting Behaviors and Fears of Compassion

Auteurs: Jingyun Wang, Mingchun Guo, Jamin Day, James N. Kirby

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 3/2023

Abstract

Based on Beck’s cognitive model, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-acceptance in the relationships between parenting behaviors and fears of compassion from others/for self. A set of questionnaires were completed by 684 undergraduate students from a university in Fujian Province in China, and Structural Equation Modelling was employed to analyze the data. The results showed that parental care was positively associated with self-approval and self-evaluation, whereas parental overprotection was negatively related to self-approval and self-evaluation. Furthermore, self-approval contributed to fear of compassion from others and for self subsequently, and self-evaluation only contributed to fear of compassion for self subsequently. These findings support the mediating role of self-acceptance in the relationship between parental care/overprotection and fears of compassion from others/for self. In addition, the study found that self-approval, rather than self-evaluation, played a mediating role between parental care/overprotection and fear of compassion from others.

vorige artikel Associations Between Parenting Behavior and Positive and Negative Affect in Elementary Age Children

volgende artikel Maternal and Paternal Psychological Distress and Child Behavior in Japan

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Achterhof, R., Schneider, M., Kirtley, O. J., Wampers, M., Decoster, J., Derom, C., De Hert, M., Guloksuz, S., Jacobs, N., Menne-Lothmann, C., Rutten, B. F., Thiery, E., van Os, J., van Winkel, R., Wichers, M., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2022). Be(com)ing social: daily-life social interactions and parental bonding. Developmental Psychology, 58(4), 792–805. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001315.CrossRefPubMed

Ashar, Y. K., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Halifax, J., Dimidjian, S., & Wager, T. D. (2021). Effects of compassion training on brain responses to suffering others. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16(10), 1036–1047. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab052.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Batool, S. S. (2020). Academic achievement: Interplay of positive parenting, self‐esteem, and academic procrastination. Australian Journal of Psychology, 72(2), 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12280.CrossRef

Beck, A. T. & & Young, J. E. (1985). Depression. In: In D. H. Barlow (Ed.) Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. (pp. 206–244). New York: Guilford Press

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.CrossRefPubMed

Bögels, S. M., & Van Melick, M. (2004). The relationship between child-report, parent self-report, and partner report of perceived parental rearing behaviors and anxiety in children and parents. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(8), 1583–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.014.CrossRef

Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: sadness and depression. New York: Basic.

Boykin, D. M., Himmerich, S. J., Pinciotti, C. M., Miller, L. M., Miron, L. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2018). Barriers to self-compassion for female survivors of childhood maltreatment: The roles of fear of self-compassion and psychological in flexibility. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.003.CrossRef

Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Browne, W. J., & Draper, D. (2006). A comparison of Bayesian and likelihood-based methods for fitting multilevel models. Bayesian Analysis, 1(3), 473–514. https://doi.org/10.1214/06-BA117.CrossRef

Bruce, A. E., Cole, D. A., Dallaire, D. H., Jacquez, F. M., Pineda, A. Q., & Lagrange, B. (2006). Relations of parenting and negative life events to cognitive diatheses for depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(3), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9019-x.CrossRefPubMed

Cai, H., Zou, X., Feng, Y., Liu, Y., & Jing, Y. (2018). Increasing need for uniqueness in contemporary China: Empirical evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(554), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00554.CrossRef

Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2001). Unconditional self-acceptance and psychological health. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 19(3), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011189416600.CrossRef

Clarke, K., Cooper, P., & Creswell, C. (2013). The Parental Overprotection Scale: Associations with child and parental anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 618–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cong, Z., & Gao, W. (1999). The development of self-acceptance questionnaire and the test of its reliability and validity. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science, 8(1), 20–22.

Craig, C., Hiskey, S., & Spector, A. (2020). Compassion focused therapy: A systematic review of its effectiveness and acceptability in clinical populations. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 20(4), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1746184.CrossRefPubMed

Dentale, F., Petrocchi, N., Vecchione, M., Biagioli, C., Gennaro, A., & Violani, C. (2017). Factorial structure and construct validity of an Italian version of the Fears of Compassion Scales: A study on non-clinical subjects. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(4), 735–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12136.CrossRef

Di Bello, M., Carnevali, L., Petrocchi, N., Thayer, J. F., Gilbert, P., & Ottaviani, C. (2020). The compassionate vagus: A meta-analysis on the connection between compassion and heart rate variability. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 116, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016.CrossRef

Ergang, B. C., Molle, R. D., Reis, R. S., Rodrigues, D. M., Mucellini, A. B., Toazza, R., Cunha, A. C., de, A., Silveira, P. P., Manfro, G. G., & Machado, T. D. (2019). Perceived maternal care is associated with emotional eating in young adults. Physiology and Behavior, 201, 91–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.022.CrossRefPubMed

Fahs, S. C., Ulberg, R., Dahl, H. J., & Høglend, P. A. (2022). Parental bonding and relationships with friends and siblings in adolescents with depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116530.CrossRef

Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 56–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540119.CrossRef

Forster, K., & Kanske, P. (2021). Exploiting the plasticity of compassion to improve psychotherapy. Behavior Sciences, 39, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.01.010.CrossRef

Geurtzen, N., Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Tak, Y. R., & van Zundert, R. M. P. (2015). Association between mindful parenting and adolescents’ internalizing problems: non-judgmental acceptance of parenting as core element. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(4), 1117–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9920-9.CrossRef

Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy: Distinctive features. London: Routledge. 10.1521/ijct.2010.3.2.95.CrossRef

Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043.CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P. (2015). The evolution and social dynamics of compassion. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(6), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12176.CrossRef

Gilbert, P. (2019). Explorations into the nature and function of compassion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28(1), 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.002.CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511.CrossRef

Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507.CrossRef

Glaser, D. (2002). Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): A conceptual framework. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(6-7), 697–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00342-3.CrossRef

Guo, M., Morawska, A., & Sanders, M. R. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of group triple P with Chinese parents in Mainland China. Behavior Modification, 40(6), 825–851. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445516644221.CrossRefPubMed

Guo, M., Wang, J., Day, J., & Kirby, J. N. (2021). Validation of the fears of compassion scale in a chinese cultural context. Mindfulness, 12(3), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01534-z.CrossRef

Hu, L., Bentler, P. M., & Kano, Y. (1992). Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.351.CrossRefPubMed

Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, G. T., McGonigal, K., Rosenberg, E. L., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E., Cullen, M., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2013). Enhancing compassion: A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1113–1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9373-z.CrossRef

Jiang, J., Xu, Y., Jiang, B., Yu, S., & Zheng, F. (2009). The reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the parental bonding instrument. Journal of Psychological Science, 32(1), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.2009.01.045.CrossRef

Joeng, J. R., Turner, S. L., Kim, E. Y., Choi, S. A., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, J. K. (2017). Insecure attachment and emotional distress: Fear of self-compassion and self-compassion as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.048.CrossRef

Johnstone, J. M., Carter, J. D., Luty, S. E., Mulder, R. T., Frampton, C. M., & Joyce, P. R. (2013). Maternal care and paternal protection influence response to psychotherapy treatment for adult depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149(1–3), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.030.CrossRefPubMed

Kelly, A. C., Carter, J. C., Zuroff, D. C., & Borairi, S. (2013). Self-compassion and fear of self-compassion interact to predict response to eating disorders treatment: A preliminary investigation. Psychotherapy Research, 23(3), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.717310.CrossRefPubMed

Kelly, A. C., & Dupasquier, J. (2016). Social safeness mediates the relationship between recalled parental warmth and the capacity for self-compassion and receiving compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.017.CrossRef

Khalid, A., Qadir, F., Chan, S. W. Y., & Schwannauer, M. (2018). Parental bonding and adolescents’ depressive and anxious symptoms in Pakistan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.050.CrossRefPubMed

Kim, J. J., Parker, S. L., Doty, J. R., Cunnington, R., Gilbert, P., & Kirby, J. N. (2020). Neurophysiological and behavioural markers of compassion. Scientific Reports, 10(6789), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63846-3.CrossRef

Kirby, J. N. (2017). Compassion interventions: The programmes, the evidence, and implications for research and practice. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(3), 432–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12104.CrossRef

Kirby, J. N., Day, J., & Sagar, V. (2019). The ‘Flow’ of compassion: A meta-analysis of the fears of compassion scales and psychological functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.03.001.CrossRefPubMed

Kirby, J. N., Sampson, H., Day, J., Hayes, A., & Gilbert, P. (2019). Human evolution and culture in relationship to shame in the parenting role: Implications for psychology and psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 92(2), 238–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12223.CrossRefPubMed

Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Kuyumcu, B., & Rohner, R. P. (2018). The relation between remembered parental acceptance in childhood and self-acceptance among young Turkish adults. International Journal of Psychology, 53(2), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12277.CrossRefPubMed

Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Gu, M., Synchaisuksawat, P., & Wong, W. W. K. (2020). The relationship between parent-child triangulation and early adolescent depression in Hong Kong: The mediating roles of self-acceptance, positive relations and personal growth. Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 104676 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104676.CrossRef

Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902.CrossRef

Ma, S., & Wang, J. (2015). Parenting factors and social Anxiety: Mediating role of self -acceptance. China Journal of Health Psychology, 23(6), 899–902.

Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of Golden Rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgenralizing Hu and Bentler’s(1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320–341.CrossRef

Matos, M., Duarte, J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017). The Origins of fears of compassion: shame and lack of safeness memories, fears of compassion and psychopathology. The Journal of Psychology, 151(8), 804–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2017.1393380.CrossRefPubMed

Merritt, O. A., & Purdon, C. L. (2020). Scared of compassion: Fear of compassion in anxiety, mood, and non‐clinical groups. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(3), 354–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12250.CrossRefPubMed

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus user’s guide. 7th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. 2015.

Naismith, I., Zarate Guerrero, S., & Feigenbaum, J. (2019). Abuse, invalidation, and lack of early warmth show distinct relationships with self-criticism, self-compassion, and fear of self-compassion in personality disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 26(3), 350–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2357.CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923.CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004.CrossRef

Neff, K. D., Pisitsungkagarn, K., & Hsieh, Y.-P. (2008). Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(3), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022108314544.CrossRef

Otani, K., Suzuki, A., Kamata, M., Matsumoto, Y., Shibuya, N., Sadahiro, R., & Enokido, M. (2012). Parental overprotection increases sociotropy with gender specificity in parents and recipients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 824–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.033.CrossRefPubMed

Pace, T. W. W., Negi, L. T., Dodson-Lavelle, B., Ozawa-de Silva, B., Reddy, S. D., Cole, S. P., Danese, A., Craighead, L. W., & Raison, C. L. (2013). Engagement with cognitively-based compassion training is associated with reduced salivary C-reactive protein from before to after training in foster care program adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(2), 294–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.019.CrossRefPubMed

Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06510-000.CrossRef

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.CrossRefPubMed

Richter, J., Richter, G., Eisemann, M., Seering, B., & Bartsch, M. (1995). Depression, perceived parental rearing and self-acceptance. European Psychiatry, 10(6), 290–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)80310-5.CrossRefPubMed

Sanders, M. R., Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Day, J. J. (2014). The triple P-positive parenting program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 337–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003.CrossRefPubMed

Schorr, M. T., Tietbohl-Santos, B., de Oliveira, L. M., Terra, L., de Borba Telles, L. E., & Hauck, S. (2020). Association between different types of childhood trauma and parental bonding with antisocial traits in adulthood: A systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 107, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104621.CrossRef

Semenchuk, B. N., Strachan, S. M., & Fortier, M. (2018). Self-compassion and the self-regulation of exercise: Reactions to recalled exercise setbacks. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0242.CrossRefPubMed

Statman, D. (1993). Self‐assessment, self‐esteem and self‐acceptance. Journal of Moral Education, 22(1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724930220106.CrossRef

Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4.CrossRefPubMed

Stein, J. A., Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M., & Bray, S. et al. (2022). Self-acceptance and nonreactive observing predict adolescent psychopathology over and above the big five. Current Psychology, 41, 7185–7199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01291-1.CrossRef

Tang, A. M., Deng, X. L., Du, X. X., & Wang, M. Z. (2018). Harsh parenting and adolescent depression: Mediation by negative self-cognition and moderation by peer acceptance. School Psychology International, 39(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034317709066.CrossRef

Thirlwall, K., Cooper, P., & Creswell, C. (2017). Guided parent-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety: Predictors of treatment response. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 45, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.11.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tracey, T. J. G. (2002). Personal globe inventory: Measurement of the spherical model of interests and competence beliefs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(1), 113–172. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1817.CrossRef

Videon, T. M. (2005). Parent-child relations and children’s psychological well-being do dads matter? Journal of Family Issues, 26(1), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X04270262.CrossRef

Weinstein, N., Ryan, W. S., DeHaan, C. R., Przybylski, A. K., Legate, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Parental autonomy support and discrepancies between implicit and explicit sexual identities: Dynamics of self-acceptance and defense. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 815–832. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026854.CrossRefPubMed

Westphal, M., Leahy, R. L., Pala, A. N., & Wupperman, P. (2016). Self-compassion and emotional invalidation mediate the effects of parental indifference on psychopathology. Psychiatry Research, 242, 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.040.CrossRefPubMed

Xu, J., Ni, S., Ran, M., & Zhang, C. (2017). The relationship between parenting styles and adolescents’ social anxiety in migrant families: A study in Guangdong, China. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00626.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Self-Acceptance Mediates the Relationship between Perceived Parenting Behaviors and Fears of Compassion
Auteurs: Jingyun Wang
Mingchun Guo
Jamin Day
James N. Kirby
Publicatiedatum: 23-02-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 3/2023
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02522-8

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2023

Emotion Regulation among Parents Raising a Child with Disability: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Model

Review

Perspectives of Autistic Emerging Adults, Parents, and Practitioners on the Transition to Adulthood

Original Paper

Parents’ Orientation to Emotion, Children’s Emotion Regulation and Internalizing Behavior: A Longitudinal Mediation Model

Original Paper

Associations between Family Functioning, Emotion Regulation, Social Support, and Self-injury among Emerging Adult University Students

Original Paper

The Interaction Between Adolescent Cyber Dating Abuse and Parenting on Mental Health Outcomes

Original Paper

Family Experiences with the Autism Developmental Evaluation Process: Perspectives of Immigrant and US-Born Mothers

Original Paper