Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 3/2016

10-03-2016

Procrastination and Depression from a Cognitive Perspective: An Exploration of the Associations Among Procrastinatory Automatic Thoughts, Rumination, and Mindfulness

Auteurs: Alison L. Flett, Mohsen Haghbin, Timothy A. Pychyl

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy | Uitgave 3/2016

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Extensive research indicates that procrastination is associated with many maladaptive outcomes including diminished performance and greater psychological distress, but the specific factors and mechanisms associated with the vulnerability of procrastinators still need to be identified. The current study examined the associations among procrastination, ruminative brooding, mindfulness, and self-compassion. Procrastination was measured in terms of academic procrastination as well as a cognitive measure of procrastination examining the frequency of procrastination-related automatic thoughts. In addition to the main focus on the vulnerability of procrastinators, the question of whether students with multiple vulnerabilities would be particularly at risk for depression was also assessed. A sample of 214 undergraduate students completed measures of academic procrastination, procrastination-related automatic thoughts, rumination, mindfulness, self-compassion, and depression. Correlational analyses showed that both procrastination measures were associated with ruminative brooding as well as reduced mindfulness and self-compassion. Moderator-effect tests yielded no significant interactions. Overall, our findings highlight the relevance of cognitive factors in explaining procrastination and depression. Elevated levels on measures tapping cognitive risk factors (ruminative brooding and procrastination-related automatic thoughts) or a low level of protective, self-relevant cognitive factors associated with resilience (mindfulness and self-compassion) were related to a high level of procrastination and depression. These results imply that procrastinators might be vulnerable to depression due to the joint presence of these cognitive risk and resilience factors.
Literatuur
go back to reference Alexander, E. S., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). Academic procrastination and the role of hope as a coping strategy. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1301–1310.CrossRef Alexander, E. S., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). Academic procrastination and the role of hope as a coping strategy. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1301–1310.CrossRef
go back to reference Alleva, J., Roelofs, J., Voncken, M., Meevissen, Y., & Alberts, H. (2014). On the relation between mindfulness and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a possible mediator. Mindfulness, 5, 72–79.CrossRef Alleva, J., Roelofs, J., Voncken, M., Meevissen, Y., & Alberts, H. (2014). On the relation between mindfulness and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a possible mediator. Mindfulness, 5, 72–79.CrossRef
go back to reference Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.CrossRefPubMed Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 26, 359–371.CrossRef Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 26, 359–371.CrossRef
go back to reference Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: The role of mindfulness in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.CrossRefPubMed Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: The role of mindfulness in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cantor, N. (1990). From thought to behavior: “Having” and “doing” in the study of personality and cognition. American Psychologist, 45, 735–750.CrossRef Cantor, N. (1990). From thought to behavior: “Having” and “doing” in the study of personality and cognition. American Psychologist, 45, 735–750.CrossRef
go back to reference Cohen, J. R., & Ferrari, J. R. (2010). Take some time to think this over: The relation between rumination, indecision, and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 68–73.CrossRef Cohen, J. R., & Ferrari, J. R. (2010). Take some time to think this over: The relation between rumination, indecision, and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 68–73.CrossRef
go back to reference Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 111–131.CrossRefPubMed Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 111–131.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cribbs, G., Moulds, M., & Carter, S. (2006). Rumination and experiential avoidance in depression. Behaviour Change, 23, 168–176. Cribbs, G., Moulds, M., & Carter, S. (2006). Rumination and experiential avoidance in depression. Behaviour Change, 23, 168–176.
go back to reference Dryden, W. (2000). Overcoming procrastination. London: Sheldon Press. Dryden, W. (2000). Overcoming procrastination. London: Sheldon Press.
go back to reference Dryden, W., Neenan, M., & Yankura, J. (1999). Counselling individuals: A rational emotive behavioural handbook (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers. Dryden, W., Neenan, M., & Yankura, J. (1999). Counselling individuals: A rational emotive behavioural handbook (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
go back to reference Dryden, W., & Sabelus, S. (2012). The perceived credibility of two rational emotive behavior therapy rationales for the treatment of academic procrastination. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 30, 1–24.CrossRef Dryden, W., & Sabelus, S. (2012). The perceived credibility of two rational emotive behavior therapy rationales for the treatment of academic procrastination. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 30, 1–24.CrossRef
go back to reference Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J., & Speer, N. (2013). Mental health in American colleges and universities: Variation across student subgroups and across campuses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 60–67.CrossRefPubMed Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J., & Speer, N. (2013). Mental health in American colleges and universities: Variation across student subgroups and across campuses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 60–67.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance. New York, NY: Plenum Press.CrossRef Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance. New York, NY: Plenum Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Procrastination, negative self-evaluation, and stress in depression and anxiety: A review and preliminary model. In J. R. Ferrari & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 137–167). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRef Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Procrastination, negative self-evaluation, and stress in depression and anxiety: A review and preliminary model. In J. R. Ferrari & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 137–167). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Flett, G. L., Stainton, M., Hewitt, P. L., Sherry, S. B., & Lay, C. (2012). Procrastination automatic thoughts as a personality construct: An analysis of the Procrastinatory Cognitions Inventory. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30, 223–236.CrossRef Flett, G. L., Stainton, M., Hewitt, P. L., Sherry, S. B., & Lay, C. (2012). Procrastination automatic thoughts as a personality construct: An analysis of the Procrastinatory Cognitions Inventory. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30, 223–236.CrossRef
go back to reference Frewen, P. A., Evans, E. M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 758–774.CrossRef Frewen, P. A., Evans, E. M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 758–774.CrossRef
go back to reference Gordon, R. A. (2012). Applied statistics for the social and health sciences. New York, NY: Routledge. Gordon, R. A. (2012). Applied statistics for the social and health sciences. New York, NY: Routledge.
go back to reference Gustavson, D. E., Mikaye, A., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2014). Genetic relations among procrastination, impulsivity, and goal-management ability: Implications for the evolutionary origin of procrastination. Psychological Science, 25, 1178–1188.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gustavson, D. E., Mikaye, A., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2014). Genetic relations among procrastination, impulsivity, and goal-management ability: Implications for the evolutionary origin of procrastination. Psychological Science, 25, 1178–1188.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Harrington, N. (2005). It’s too difficult! Frustration intolerance beliefs and procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 873–883.CrossRef Harrington, N. (2005). It’s too difficult! Frustration intolerance beliefs and procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 873–883.CrossRef
go back to reference Harriott, J. S., Ferrari, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (1996). Distractibility, daydreaming, and self -critical cognitions as determinants of indecision. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 11, 337–344. Harriott, J. S., Ferrari, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (1996). Distractibility, daydreaming, and self -critical cognitions as determinants of indecision. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 11, 337–344.
go back to reference Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2014). Does mindfulness attenuate thoughts emphasizing negativity, but not positivity? Journal of Research in Personality, 53, 22–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2014). Does mindfulness attenuate thoughts emphasizing negativity, but not positivity? Journal of Research in Personality, 53, 22–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Klibert, J., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Luna, A., & Robichaux, M. (2011). Suicide proneness in college students: Relationships with gender, procrastination, and achievement motivation. Death Studies, 35, 625–645.CrossRefPubMed Klibert, J., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Luna, A., & Robichaux, M. (2011). Suicide proneness in college students: Relationships with gender, procrastination, and achievement motivation. Death Studies, 35, 625–645.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Krieger, T., Altenstein, D., Baettig, I., Doerig, N., & Holtforth, M. (2013). Self-compassion in depression: Associations with depressive symptoms, rumination, and avoidance in depressed outpatients. Behavior Therapy, 44, 501–513.CrossRefPubMed Krieger, T., Altenstein, D., Baettig, I., Doerig, N., & Holtforth, M. (2013). Self-compassion in depression: Associations with depressive symptoms, rumination, and avoidance in depressed outpatients. Behavior Therapy, 44, 501–513.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research in procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 479–495. Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research in procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 479–495.
go back to reference Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12, 23–44.CrossRefPubMed Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12, 23–44.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mele, A. (2012). Backsliding: Understanding weakness of will. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Mele, A. (2012). Backsliding: Understanding weakness of will. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Morina, N. (2011). Rumination and avoidance as predictors of prolonged grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress in female widowed survivors of war. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 921–927.CrossRefPubMed Morina, N. (2011). Rumination and avoidance as predictors of prolonged grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress in female widowed survivors of war. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 921–927.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Morrow, J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 519–527.CrossRefPubMed Morrow, J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 519–527.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Moulds, M. L., Kandris, E., Starr, S., & Wong, A. C. M. (2007). The relationship between rumination, avoidance, and depression in a non-clinical sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 251–267.CrossRefPubMed Moulds, M. L., Kandris, E., Starr, S., & Wong, A. C. M. (2007). The relationship between rumination, avoidance, and depression in a non-clinical sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 251–267.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.CrossRef Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.CrossRef
go back to reference Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y., & Dejitthirat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4, 263–287.CrossRef Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y., & Dejitthirat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4, 263–287.CrossRef
go back to reference Neff, K. D., & Pittman, M. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9, 225–240.CrossRef Neff, K. D., & Pittman, M. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9, 225–240.CrossRef
go back to reference Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 908–916.CrossRef Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 908–916.CrossRef
go back to reference Nguyen, B., Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Procrastination’s impact in the workplace and the workplace’s impact on procrastination. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21, 388–399.CrossRef Nguyen, B., Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Procrastination’s impact in the workplace and the workplace’s impact on procrastination. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21, 388–399.CrossRef
go back to reference Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.CrossRefPubMed Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92–104.CrossRefPubMed Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92–104.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Pychyl, T. A., & Flett, G. L. (2012). Procrastination and self-regulatory failure: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30, 203–212.CrossRef Pychyl, T. A., & Flett, G. L. (2012). Procrastination and self-regulatory failure: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30, 203–212.CrossRef
go back to reference Pychyl, T. A. & Rotblatt, A. (2007, July). Mindfulness meditation as an intervention for academic procrastination. Paper presented at the biennial conference Counseling the Procrastinator in Academic Settings, Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru. Pychyl, T. A. & Rotblatt, A. (2007, July). Mindfulness meditation as an intervention for academic procrastination. Paper presented at the biennial conference Counseling the Procrastinator in Academic Settings, Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru.
go back to reference Raes, F. (2010). Ruminating and worrying as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 757–761.CrossRef Raes, F. (2010). Ruminating and worrying as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 757–761.CrossRef
go back to reference Rozental, A., Forsell, E., Svensson, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2015). Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for procrastination: A randomized control trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 808–824.CrossRefPubMed Rozental, A., Forsell, E., Svensson, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2015). Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for procrastination: A randomized control trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 808–824.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Sirois, F. M. (2007). “I’ll look after my health, later”: A replication and extension of the procrastination-health model with community-dwelling adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 15–26.CrossRef Sirois, F. M. (2007). “I’ll look after my health, later”: A replication and extension of the procrastination-health model with community-dwelling adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 15–26.CrossRef
go back to reference Sirois, F. M. (2014a). Absorbed in the moment? An investigation of procrastination, absorption, and cognitive failures. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 30–34.CrossRef Sirois, F. M. (2014a). Absorbed in the moment? An investigation of procrastination, absorption, and cognitive failures. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 30–34.CrossRef
go back to reference Sirois, F. M. (2014b). Procrastination and stress: Exploring the role of self-compassion. Self and Identity, 13, 128–145.CrossRef Sirois, F. M. (2014b). Procrastination and stress: Exploring the role of self-compassion. Self and Identity, 13, 128–145.CrossRef
go back to reference Sirois, F. M. (2015). Is procrastination a vulnerability factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease? Testing an extension of the procrastination-health model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 578–589.CrossRefPubMed Sirois, F. M. (2015). Is procrastination a vulnerability factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease? Testing an extension of the procrastination-health model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 578–589.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003). “I’ll look after my health later”: An investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1167–1184.CrossRef Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003). “I’ll look after my health later”: An investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1167–1184.CrossRef
go back to reference Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. A. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Compass, 7, 115–127.CrossRef Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. A. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Compass, 7, 115–127.CrossRef
go back to reference Sirois, F. M., & Tosti, N. (2012). Lost in the moment? An investigation of procrastination, mindfulness, and well-being. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30, 237–248.CrossRef Sirois, F. M., & Tosti, N. (2012). Lost in the moment? An investigation of procrastination, mindfulness, and well-being. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30, 237–248.CrossRef
go back to reference Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503–509.CrossRef Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503–509.CrossRef
go back to reference Stainton, M., Lay, C. H., & Flett, G. L. (2000). Trait procrastinators and behavior/trait-specific cognitions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 297–312. Stainton, M., Lay, C. H., & Flett, G. L. (2000). Trait procrastinators and behavior/trait-specific cognitions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 297–312.
go back to reference Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 65–94.CrossRefPubMed Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 65–94.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Stroud, S. (2010). Is procrastination weakness of will? In C. Andreou & M. D. White (Eds.), The thief of time: philosophical essays on procrastination (pp. 51–67). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Stroud, S. (2010). Is procrastination weakness of will? In C. Andreou & M. D. White (Eds.), The thief of time: philosophical essays on procrastination (pp. 51–67). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247–259.CrossRef Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247–259.CrossRef
go back to reference Uzun Özer, B., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Reducing academic procrastination through a group treatment program: A pilot study. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31, 127–135.CrossRef Uzun Özer, B., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Reducing academic procrastination through a group treatment program: A pilot study. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31, 127–135.CrossRef
go back to reference Uzun Özer, B., O’Callaghan, J., Bokszczanin, A., Ederer, E., & Essau, C. (2014). Dynamic interplay of depression, perfectionism, and self-regulation on procrastination. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 42, 309–319.CrossRef Uzun Özer, B., O’Callaghan, J., Bokszczanin, A., Ederer, E., & Essau, C. (2014). Dynamic interplay of depression, perfectionism, and self-regulation on procrastination. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 42, 309–319.CrossRef
go back to reference Wilkinson, P. O., & Goodyer, I. M. (2008). The effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on mood-related ruminative response style in depressed adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2, 3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wilkinson, P. O., & Goodyer, I. M. (2008). The effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on mood-related ruminative response style in depressed adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2, 3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Wohl, M. J. A., Pychyl, T. A., & Bennett, S. H. (2010). I forgive myself, now I can study: How self-forgiveness for procrastinating can reduce future procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 803–808.CrossRef Wohl, M. J. A., Pychyl, T. A., & Bennett, S. H. (2010). I forgive myself, now I can study: How self-forgiveness for procrastinating can reduce future procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 803–808.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Procrastination and Depression from a Cognitive Perspective: An Exploration of the Associations Among Procrastinatory Automatic Thoughts, Rumination, and Mindfulness
Auteurs
Alison L. Flett
Mohsen Haghbin
Timothy A. Pychyl
Publicatiedatum
10-03-2016
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy / Uitgave 3/2016
Print ISSN: 0894-9085
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6563
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-016-0235-1

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2016

Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 3/2016 Naar de uitgave