Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

17-08-2019 | Empirical Research

Parental Demandingness and Executive Functioning in Predicting Anxiety among Children in a Longitudinal Community Study

Auteurs: Barbara Chuen Yee Lo, Sin Kan Chan, Ting Kin Ng, Anna Wai Man Choi

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 1/2020

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Theoretical models and empirical studies of anxiety have predominately focused on the main effects of various predictors such as executive functioning deficits on anxiety. This study examined the moderating role of parental demandingness in the relationship between executive functioning deficits and anxiety in children. Ninety children (46.67% female) aged from 9 to 14 years completed several executive functioning tasks and a measure of anxiety. Parental demandingness was rated based on an observation of parent-child interactions. The children completed the anxiety measure again at one-year follow-up. The results showed that parental demandingness significantly moderated the prospective relationship between executive functioning deficits and anxiety, such that the association between executive functioning deficits and anxiety in children was weaker when parental demandingness was lower. These findings suggest that low parental demandingness may serve as a protective factor that buffers the detrimental effects of executive functioning deficits on anxiety.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
go back to reference Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 71–82.PubMed Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 71–82.PubMed
go back to reference Banich, M. T. (2009). Executive function: the search for an integrated account. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 89–94. Banich, M. T. (2009). Executive function: the search for an integrated account. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 89–94.
go back to reference Bathelt, J., Holmes, J., Astle, D. E., Gathercole, S., Astle, D., Manly, T., & Kievit, R. (2018). Data-driven subtyping of executive function-related behavioral problems in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 252–262. Bathelt, J., Holmes, J., Astle, D. E., Gathercole, S., Astle, D., Manly, T., & Kievit, R. (2018). Data-driven subtyping of executive function-related behavioral problems in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 252–262.
go back to reference Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95.
go back to reference Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81, 1641–1660.PubMedPubMedCentral Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81, 1641–1660.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Birk, J. L., Opitz, P. C., & Urry, H. L. (2017). Distractibility as a precursor to anxiety: preexisting attentional control deficits predict subsequent autonomic arousal during anxiety. Biological Psychology, 122, 59–68.PubMed Birk, J. L., Opitz, P. C., & Urry, H. L. (2017). Distractibility as a precursor to anxiety: preexisting attentional control deficits predict subsequent autonomic arousal during anxiety. Biological Psychology, 122, 59–68.PubMed
go back to reference Cartwright‐Hatton, S., Ewing, D., Dash, S., Hughes, Z., Thompson, E. J., Hazell, C. M., & Startup, H. (2018). Preventing family transmission of anxiety: feasibility RCT of a brief intervention for parents. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 351–366. Cartwright‐Hatton, S., Ewing, D., Dash, S., Hughes, Z., Thompson, E. J., Hazell, C. M., & Startup, H. (2018). Preventing family transmission of anxiety: feasibility RCT of a brief intervention for parents. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 351–366.
go back to reference Chang, Y. K., Tsai, C. L., Hung, T. M., So, E. C., Chen, F. T., & Etnier, J. L. (2011). Effects of acute exercise on executive function: a study with a Tower of London Task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 847–865.PubMed Chang, Y. K., Tsai, C. L., Hung, T. M., So, E. C., Chen, F. T., & Etnier, J. L. (2011). Effects of acute exercise on executive function: a study with a Tower of London Task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33, 847–865.PubMed
go back to reference Culbertson, W., & Zillmer, E. A. (2005). TOL DX 2nd edition-Tower of London. Multi-Health Systems: Chicago, IL. Culbertson, W., & Zillmer, E. A. (2005). TOL DX 2nd edition-Tower of London. Multi-Health Systems: Chicago, IL.
go back to reference De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. (2010). Understanding vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: a reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(1), 50–70. De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. (2010). Understanding vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: a reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(1), 50–70.
go back to reference Duchesne, S., Vitaro, F., Larose, S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008). Trajectories of anxiety during elementary-school years and the prediction of high school noncompletion. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 1134–1146. Duchesne, S., Vitaro, F., Larose, S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008). Trajectories of anxiety during elementary-school years and the prediction of high school noncompletion. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 1134–1146.
go back to reference Etnier, J. L., & Chang, Y. K. (2009). The effect of physical activity on executive function: A brief commentary on definitions, measurement issues, and the current state of the literature. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 469–483. Etnier, J. L., & Chang, Y. K. (2009). The effect of physical activity on executive function: A brief commentary on definitions, measurement issues, and the current state of the literature. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 469–483.
go back to reference Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., Ginn, N. C., Bhuiyan, N., & Boggs, S. R. (2013). Dyadic parent-child interaction coding system: comprehensive manual for research and training. 4th ed. Gainesville, FL: PCIT International. Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., Ginn, N. C., Bhuiyan, N., & Boggs, S. R. (2013). Dyadic parent-child interaction coding system: comprehensive manual for research and training. 4th ed. Gainesville, FL: PCIT International.
go back to reference Fitzgerald, K. D., Liu, Y., Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Hanna, G. L., Monk, C. S., & Taylor, S. F. (2013). Reduced error-related activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex across pediatric anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(11), 1183–1191. Fitzgerald, K. D., Liu, Y., Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Hanna, G. L., Monk, C. S., & Taylor, S. F. (2013). Reduced error-related activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex across pediatric anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(11), 1183–1191.
go back to reference Han, G., Helm, J., Iucha, C., Zahn-Waxler, C., Hastings, P. D., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2016). Are executive functioning deficits concurrently and predictively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45, 44–58. Han, G., Helm, J., Iucha, C., Zahn-Waxler, C., Hastings, P. D., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2016). Are executive functioning deficits concurrently and predictively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45, 44–58.
go back to reference Handelzalts, J. E., & Keinan, G. (2010). The effect of choice between test anxiety treatment options on treatment outcomes. Psychotherapy Research, 20(1), 100–112.PubMed Handelzalts, J. E., & Keinan, G. (2010). The effect of choice between test anxiety treatment options on treatment outcomes. Psychotherapy Research, 20(1), 100–112.PubMed
go back to reference Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford.
go back to reference Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test manual revised and expanded. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test manual revised and expanded. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
go back to reference Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2005). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for anxiety disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(2), 182–189.PubMed Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2005). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for anxiety disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(2), 182–189.PubMed
go back to reference Jabeen, F., Anis-ul-Haque, M., & Riaz, M. N. (2013). Parenting styles as predictors of emotion regulation among adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(1), 85. Jabeen, F., Anis-ul-Haque, M., & Riaz, M. N. (2013). Parenting styles as predictors of emotion regulation among adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(1), 85.
go back to reference Jongerden, L., & Bögels, S. M. (2015). Parenting, family functioning and anxiety-disordered children: comparisons to controls, changes after family versus child CBT. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(7), 2046–2059. Jongerden, L., & Bögels, S. M. (2015). Parenting, family functioning and anxiety-disordered children: comparisons to controls, changes after family versus child CBT. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(7), 2046–2059.
go back to reference Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U. M. A., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., & Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U. M. A., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., & Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988.
go back to reference Kertz, S. J., Belden, A. C., Tillman, R., & Luby, J. (2016). Cognitive control deficits in shifting and inhibition in preschool age children are associated with increased depression and anxiety over 7.5 years of development. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(6), 1185–1196.PubMedPubMedCentral Kertz, S. J., Belden, A. C., Tillman, R., & Luby, J. (2016). Cognitive control deficits in shifting and inhibition in preschool age children are associated with increased depression and anxiety over 7.5 years of development. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(6), 1185–1196.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Last, C. G., Strauss, C. C., & Francis, G. (1987). Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(12), 726–730.PubMed Last, C. G., Strauss, C. C., & Francis, G. (1987). Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(12), 726–730.PubMed
go back to reference Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, M., Seeley, J. R., & Allen, N. B. (1998). Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 109–117.PubMed Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, M., Seeley, J. R., & Allen, N. B. (1998). Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 109–117.PubMed
go back to reference MacAllister, W. S., Maiman, M., Marsh, M., Whitman, L., Vasserman, M., Cohen, R. J., & Salinas, C. M. (2018). Sensitivity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (64-Card Version) versus the Tower of London (Drexel Version) for detecting executive dysfunction in children with epilepsy. Child Neuropsychology, 24(3), 354–369.PubMed MacAllister, W. S., Maiman, M., Marsh, M., Whitman, L., Vasserman, M., Cohen, R. J., & Salinas, C. M. (2018). Sensitivity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (64-Card Version) versus the Tower of London (Drexel Version) for detecting executive dysfunction in children with epilepsy. Child Neuropsychology, 24(3), 354–369.PubMed
go back to reference Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: socialization, personality, and social development (4th edn., Vol. 4, pp. 1–101). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: socialization, personality, and social development (4th edn., Vol. 4, pp. 1–101). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
go back to reference March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 554–565. March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 554–565.
go back to reference March, J. S., Sullivan, K., & Parker, J. (1999). Test-retest reliability of the multidimensional anxiety scale for children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 349–358.PubMed March, J. S., Sullivan, K., & Parker, J. (1999). Test-retest reliability of the multidimensional anxiety scale for children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 349–358.PubMed
go back to reference Masten, C. L., Juvonen, J., & Spatzier, A. (2009). Relative importance of parents and peers: differences in academic and social behaviors at three grade levels spanning late childhood and early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(6), 773–799. Masten, C. L., Juvonen, J., & Spatzier, A. (2009). Relative importance of parents and peers: differences in academic and social behaviors at three grade levels spanning late childhood and early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(6), 773–799.
go back to reference McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172.PubMed McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172.PubMed
go back to reference Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100.PubMed Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100.PubMed
go back to reference Opitz, P. C., Gross, J. J., & Urry, H. L. (2012). Selection, optimization, and compensation in the domain of emotion regulation: applications to adolescence, older age, and major depressive disorder. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(2), 142–155. Opitz, P. C., Gross, J. J., & Urry, H. L. (2012). Selection, optimization, and compensation in the domain of emotion regulation: applications to adolescence, older age, and major depressive disorder. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(2), 142–155.
go back to reference Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Marriage & Family Review, 53(7), 613–640. Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Marriage & Family Review, 53(7), 613–640.
go back to reference Puente, A. (1985). Wisconsin card sorting test. Test critiques, 4, 677–682. Puente, A. (1985). Wisconsin card sorting test. Test critiques, 4, 677–682.
go back to reference Putwain, D. W., Woods, K. A., & Symes, W. (2010). Personal and situational predictors of test anxiety of students in post-compulsory education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 137–160. Putwain, D. W., Woods, K. A., & Symes, W. (2010). Personal and situational predictors of test anxiety of students in post-compulsory education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 137–160.
go back to reference Rhodes, M. G. (2004). Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test: a meta-analytic review. Psychology and Aging, 19(3), 482–494.PubMed Rhodes, M. G. (2004). Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test: a meta-analytic review. Psychology and Aging, 19(3), 482–494.PubMed
go back to reference Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (2001). The parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). Handbook of Family Measurement Techniques, 3, 319–321. Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (2001). The parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). Handbook of Family Measurement Techniques, 3, 319–321.
go back to reference Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 71–90.PubMed Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 71–90.PubMed
go back to reference Sharp, P. B., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2015). Transdiagnostic dimensions of anxiety: neural mechanisms, executive functions, and new directions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98(2), 365–377.PubMed Sharp, P. B., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2015). Transdiagnostic dimensions of anxiety: neural mechanisms, executive functions, and new directions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98(2), 365–377.PubMed
go back to reference Silverman, W. K., Greca, A. M., & Wasserstein, S. (1995). What do children worry about? Worries and their relation to anxiety. Child Development, 66(3), 671–686.PubMed Silverman, W. K., Greca, A. M., & Wasserstein, S. (1995). What do children worry about? Worries and their relation to anxiety. Child Development, 66(3), 671–686.PubMed
go back to reference Soysa, C. K., & Weiss, A. (2014). Mediating perceived parenting styles–test anxiety relationships: academic procrastination and maladaptive perfectionism. Learning and Individual Differences, 34, 77–85. Soysa, C. K., & Weiss, A. (2014). Mediating perceived parenting styles–test anxiety relationships: academic procrastination and maladaptive perfectionism. Learning and Individual Differences, 34, 77–85.
go back to reference Steward, K. A., Tan, A., Delgaty, L., Gonzales, M. M., & Bunner, M. (2017). Self-awareness of executive functioning deficits in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(4), 316–322.PubMed Steward, K. A., Tan, A., Delgaty, L., Gonzales, M. M., & Bunner, M. (2017). Self-awareness of executive functioning deficits in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(4), 316–322.PubMed
go back to reference Thaler, N. S., Kazemi, E., & Wood, J. J. (2010). Measuring anxiety in youth with learning disabilities: reliability and validity of the multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC). Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(5), 501–514. Thaler, N. S., Kazemi, E., & Wood, J. J. (2010). Measuring anxiety in youth with learning disabilities: reliability and validity of the multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC). Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(5), 501–514.
go back to reference Ursache, A., & Raver, C. C. (2014). Trait and state anxiety: relations to executive functioning in an at-risk sample. Cognition & Emotion, 28, 845–855. Ursache, A., & Raver, C. C. (2014). Trait and state anxiety: relations to executive functioning in an at-risk sample. Cognition & Emotion, 28, 845–855.
go back to reference Visu-Petra, L., Miclea, M., & Visu-Petra, G. (2013). Individual differences in anxiety and executive functioning: a multidimensional view. International Journal of Psychology, 48(4), 649–659.PubMed Visu-Petra, L., Miclea, M., & Visu-Petra, G. (2013). Individual differences in anxiety and executive functioning: a multidimensional view. International Journal of Psychology, 48(4), 649–659.PubMed
go back to reference Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., & Miles, J. N. (2003). Perceived parenting styles, depersonalisation, anxiety and coping behaviour in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(3), 521–532. Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., & Miles, J. N. (2003). Perceived parenting styles, depersonalisation, anxiety and coping behaviour in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(3), 521–532.
go back to reference Wong, D. F. K., Ng, T. K., Zhuang, X. Y., Wong, P. W. C., Leung, J. T. Y., Cheung, I. K. M., & Kendall P. C. (in press). Cognitive-behavior therapy with and without parental involvement for anxious Chinese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000585. Wong, D. F. K., Ng, T. K., Zhuang, X. Y., Wong, P. W. C., Leung, J. T. Y., Cheung, I. K. M., & Kendall P. C. (in press). Cognitive-behavior therapy with and without parental involvement for anxious Chinese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Psychology. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1037/​fam0000585.
go back to reference Wong, D. F. K., Zhuang, X. Y., & Ng, T. K. (2019). Is parental control beneficial or harmful to the development of young children in Hong Kong? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 831–838. Wong, D. F. K., Zhuang, X. Y., & Ng, T. K. (2019). Is parental control beneficial or harmful to the development of young children in Hong Kong? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 831–838.
go back to reference Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W. C., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 134–151.PubMed Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W. C., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 134–151.PubMed
go back to reference Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012). Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: Development and plasticity. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 354–360. Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012). Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: Development and plasticity. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 354–360.
Metagegevens
Titel
Parental Demandingness and Executive Functioning in Predicting Anxiety among Children in a Longitudinal Community Study
Auteurs
Barbara Chuen Yee Lo
Sin Kan Chan
Ting Kin Ng
Anna Wai Man Choi
Publicatiedatum
17-08-2019
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 1/2020
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01103-1