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04-06-2019 | Empirical Research

Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Adolescent Health Risk Problems: The Role of School Engagement

Auteurs: Celia J. Fulco, Megan Bears Augustyn, Kimberly L. Henry

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 1/2020

Abstract

Maternal depressive symptoms disrupt positive youth development, though the pervasiveness of this disruption is understudied. Additionally, it remains unknown whether prosocial factors such as adolescent school engagement may buffer against this risk factor. Using multigenerational, longitudinal data spanning ten years from an ethnically diverse sample of mother-child dyads (66% Black, 17% Hispanic, and 17% White), this study examines the effect of maternal depressive symptoms in late childhood (ages 8–13) on the development and progression of offspring depressive symptoms, substance use, and delinquent behavior during adolescence (ages 14–17). Further, the study examines whether school engagement moderates the ill effects of maternal depressive symptoms. Mother-son (n = 212) and mother-daughter (n = 215) dyads are compared to assess for similarities and differences between male and female offspring. The results indicate that offspring of mothers with greater maternal depressive symptoms are more likely to display higher levels of depressive symptoms, substance use, and delinquency throughout adolescence, although important nuances emerge across outcome and child sex. Additionally, while school engagement itself is associated with reduced depressive symptoms, substance use and delinquency among adolescents, it is not profound enough to offset the risk posed by maternal depressive symptoms. The findings of this study reinforce the pervasive, negative, intergenerational impact of maternal depressive symptoms and has implications for prevention and intervention efforts for adolescent health risk problems.

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Unfortunately, limited sample sizes across race/ethnicity preclude the ability to examine if race/ethnicity moderates the proposed relationships.

Only 476 mother-child dyads met the criteria for having a G3 complete at least one interview between the ages of 14 and 17 (63 were not yet 14 years of age at the last data collection). Nine mother-child dyads were removed from the sample because there was no information on maternal depressive symptoms between the ages of eight and 13, and an additional 27 mother-child dyads were removed because there was not at least three years of information on maternal depressive symptoms. The remaining 13 mother-child dyads were removed as a result of listwise deletion.

One item from the original scale (“I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family and friends”) was not administered in this sample due to confusion reported by subjects in a pretest.

Individual growth curves of maternal depressive symptoms were created and the intercept and slope of the growth curves (a linear slope best represented maternal growth curves) were used as predictors of each adolescent behavior. Given that only the intercept (i.e., level) was a significant predictor of adolescent behavior and not the slope (i.e., growth) of maternal depressive symptoms, we opted to present the results for the average of maternal depressive symptoms in late childhood for ease in interpretation. The effects of the intercept of maternal depressive symptoms and the average level of maternal depressive symptoms are the same in direction and significance.

Due to differences in the CES-D (Radloff, 1977), the CES-D Adolescent (Radloff, 1977), and the principal investigators preferences, the reference period and response options for depressive symptoms vary between maternal measures of depressive symptoms and child measures of depressive symptoms.

Given that maternal age at birth of G3 was highly correlated with G3’s year of birth, both covariates were not included in the models simultaneously. Nonetheless, all models were estimated with each covariate, respectively - maternal age at G3 birth and G3 birth year—and the results were the same in direction and significance.

For simplicity, we did not allow slopes to vary across individuals.

Tests for significant difference in means were calculated using the following formula: \(t = \frac{{\left( { {x_1} } \right. - {\left. {x_2} \right)} }}{{\sqrt {\frac{{s_1^2}}{{n_1}} + \frac{{s_2^2}}{{n_2}}} }}\)

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Titel: Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Adolescent Health Risk Problems: The Role of School Engagement
Auteurs: Celia J. Fulco
Megan Bears Augustyn
Kimberly L. Henry
Publicatiedatum: 04-06-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 1/2020
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01046-7

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