Top

Mindfulness

Gepubliceerd in:

03-10-2020 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16

Auteurs: Holly T. Rogers, Alice G. Shires, Bruno A. Cayoun

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 1/2021

Abstract

Objectives

Equanimity is a non-reactive attitude that is increasingly recognized as a central component of mindfulness practice and a key mechanism of mindfulness-based interventions that is currently lacking means of measurement. The present study aimed to develop a self-report measure of equanimity, explore its underlying factor structure, validity and reliability.

Methods

An initial pool of 42 items was selected from existing mindfulness questionnaires and measures of related constructs, and subsequently reviewed by researchers and selected based on majority agreement on their construct validity. The Qualtrics online platform was used to administer these items and other questionnaires used to assess validity and collect demographic information in 223 adults from the general community (66.8% females and 33.2% males, age range = 18–75). Questionnaires were then re-administered to assess test-retest reliability.

Results

In agreement with past research, exploratory factor analysis revealed two underlying factors, Experiential Acceptance and Non-reactivity. A final 16-item measure showed good internal consistency (⍺ = .88), test-retest reliability (n = 73; r = .87, p < .001) over 2–6 weeks and convergent and divergent validity, illustrated by significant correlations in the expected direction with the Nonattachment Scale, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Distress Tolerance Scale.

Conclusions

Based on this initial study, the Equanimity Scale-16 appears to be a valid and reliable self-report measure to assess trait equanimity, and may be further explored in future studies as a tool to assess progress during mindfulness-based interventions, and to assist in the investigation of their underlying mechanisms.

vorige artikel The Impact of App-Delivered Mindfulness Meditation on Functional Connectivity and Self-Reported Mindfulness Among Health Profession Trainees

volgende artikel The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176.CrossRef

Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015.CrossRef

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029.CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504.CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Walsh, E., & Lykins, E. L. B. (2009). Assessment of mindfulness. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 153–168). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_10.

Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. J. M. (2013a). The assessment of mindfulness with self-report measures: existing scales and open issues. Mindfulness, 4(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12671-012-0110-9.CrossRef

Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013b). Measuring mindfulness: first steps towards the development of a comprehensive mindfulness scale. Mindfulness, 4, 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0102-9.CrossRef

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077.CrossRef

Bodhi, B. (2000). A comprehensive manual of Abhidhamma: the philosophical psychology of Buddhism. Pariyatti Publishing.

Bodhi, B. (2005). In the Buddha’s words: an anthology of discourses from the Pali Canon. Wisdom Publications.

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.CrossRefPubMed

Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298.CrossRef

Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: the development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal of Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 5–23.

Bϋssing, A., Ostermann, T., & Matthiessen, P. F. (2007). Distinct expressions of vital spirituality: the ASP questionnaire as an explorative research tool. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(2), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9068-z.CrossRef

Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance. Assessment, 15(2), 204–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107311467.CrossRefPubMed

Cayoun, B. A. (2011). Mindfulness-integrated CBT: Principles and practice. Wiley.

Cayoun, B. A., Francis, S. E., Kasselis, N., & Skilbeck, C. (2012). The Mindfulness-based Self Efficacy Scale-revised. Retrieved from https://mindfulness.net.au/mindfulness-based-self-efficacy-scale.html.

Cayoun, B. A., Francis, S. E., & Shires, A. G. (2019). The clinical handbook of Mindfulness-integrated Cognitive Behavior Therapy: a step-by-step guide for therapists. Wiley.

Cayoun, B. A., Simmons, A., & Shires, A. (2020). Immediate and lasting chronic pain reduction following a brief self-implemented mindfulness-based interoceptive exposure task: a pilot study. Mindfulness, 11, 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0823-x.CrossRef

Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466508X314891.CrossRefPubMed

Comfrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Desbordes, G., Gard, T., Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Kerr, C., Lazar, S. W., Olendzki, A., & Vago, D. R. (2015). Moving beyond mindfulness: defining equanimity as an outcome measure in meditation and contemplative research. Mindfulness, 6(2), 356–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0269-8.CrossRef

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larson, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.CrossRefPubMed

Dyer, A., & Cayoun, B. (2012). Multidimensional Mindfulness Inventory. Unpublished manuscript available from the authors.

Eberth, J., Sedlmeier, P., & Schafer, T. (2019). PROMISE: a model of insight and equanimity as the key effects of mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2389. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02389.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Farb, N., Daubenmier, J., Price, C. J., Gard, T., Kerr, C., Dunn, B. D., Klein, A. C., Paulus, M. P., & Mehling, W. E. (2015). Interoception, contemplative practice, and health. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00763.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: the development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8.CrossRef

Fischer, D. G., & Fick, C. (1993). Measuring social desirability: short forms of the Marlow Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(2), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164493053002011.CrossRef

Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Initial psychometric properties of the Experiences Questionnaire: validation of a self-report measure of decentering. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003.CrossRefPubMed

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: a simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10th). Pearson.

Grabovac, A. D., Lau, M. A., & Willett, B. R. (2011). Mechanisms of mindfulness: a Buddhist psychological model. Mindfulness, 2(3), 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0054-5.CrossRef

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.CrossRef

Grossman, P. (2011). Defining mindfulness by how poorly I think I pay attention during everyday awareness and other intractable problems for psychology’s (re)invention of mindfulness: comment on Brown et al. (2011). Psychological Assessment, 23(4), 1034–1040. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022713.CrossRefPubMed

Grossman, P., & van Dam, N. T. (2011). Mindfulness, by any other name…: trials and tribulations of sati in western psychology and science. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564841.CrossRef

Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006.CrossRefPubMed

Hadash, Y., Segev, N., Tanay, G., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2016). The decoupling model of equanimity: theory, measurement, and test in a mindfulness intervention. Mindfulness, 7(5), 1214–1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0564-2.CrossRef

Hart, W. (1987). The art of living: Vipassana meditation as taught by S. N. Goenka. Harper & Row.

Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: a functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152–1168. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: an experiential approach to behavior change. Guilford Press.

Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671.CrossRefPubMed

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delacorte Press.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hyperion.

Kohn, P. M., O’brien-Wood, C., Pickering, D. I., & Decicco, T. L. (2003). The Personal Functioning Inventory: a reliable and valid measure of adaptiveness in coping. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 35(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087193.CrossRef

Kraus, S., & Sears, S. (2009). Measuring the immeasurables: development and initial validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) scale based on Buddhist teachings on loving kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity. Social Indicators Research, 92(1), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9300-1.CrossRef

Kuyken, W., Hayes, R., Barrett, B., Byng, R., Dalgleish, T., Kessler, D., Lewis, G., Watkins, E., Brejcha, C., Cardy, J., Causley, A., Cowderoy, S., Evans, A., Gradinger, F., Kaur, S., Lanham, P., Morant, N., Richards, J., Shah, P., et al. (2015). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 386(9988), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62222-4.CrossRefPubMed

Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445–1467. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20326.CrossRefPubMed

Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness training: monitor and acceptance theory (MAT). Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011.CrossRefPubMed

Lindsay, E., Young, S., Smyth, J., Brown, K., & Creswell, D. (2018). Acceptance lowers stress reactivity: dismantling mindfulness training in a randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 87, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.015.CrossRefPubMed

Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation, University of New South Wales.

Lundman, B., Strandberg, G., Eisemann, M., Gustafson, Y., & Brulin, C. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Resilience Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 21(2), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14716712.2007.00461.x.CrossRefPubMed

Mack, J. W., Nilsson, M., Balboni, T., Friedlander, R. J., Block, S. D., Trice, E., & Prigerson, H. G. (2008). Peace, equanimity, and acceptance in the cancer experience (PEACE): validation of a scale to assess acceptance and struggle with terminal illness. Cancer, 112(11), 2509–2517. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23476.CrossRefPubMed

Mehling, W., Price, C., Daubenmier, J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E., & Stewart, A. (2012). The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). PLoS One, 7(11), e0208034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048230.CrossRef

Monteiro, L., & Musten, F. (2013). Mindfulness starts here: an eight-week guide to skillful living. Friesen Press.

Nunnally, J. O. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.

Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164.CrossRef

Pirson, M. A., & Langer, E. (2015). Developing the Langer Mindfulness Scale. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015(1), 11308. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2015.11308abstract.CrossRef

Quaglia, J. T., Brown, K. W., Lindsay, E. K., Creswell, J. D., & Goodman, R. J. (2015). From conceptualization to operationalization of mindfulness. In K. W. Brown, D. J. Creswell, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness: theory, research, and practice (pp. 151–170). The Guilford Press.

Sahdra, B. K., Shaver, P. R., & Brown, K. W. (2010). A scale to measure nonattachment: a Buddhist complement to western research on attachment and adaptive functioning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890903425960.CrossRefPubMed

Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. Guilford Press.

Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237.CrossRefPubMed

Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., Dunn, T., Singh, N., & Griffiths, M. (2014). Meditation awareness training (MAT) for work-related well-being and job performance: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12, 806–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9513-2.CrossRef

Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005). The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3.CrossRef

Singh, N., Lancioni, G., Winton, A., Karazsia, B., Myers, R., Latham, L., & Singh, J. (2014). Mindfulness-Based Positive Behavior Support (MBPBS) for mothers of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: effects on adolescents’ behavior and parental stress. Mindfulness, 5, 646–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0321-3.CrossRef

Soubelet, A., & Salthouse, T. A. (2011). Influence of social desirability on age differences in self-reports of mood and personality. Journal of Personality, 79, 741–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00700.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Strahan, R., & Gerbasi, K. C. (1972). Short, homogeneous version of the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(2), 191–193.CrossRef

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.) Pearson.

Tanay, G., & Bernstein, A. (2013). State Mindfulness Scale (SMS): development and initial validation. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1286–1299. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034044.CrossRefPubMed

Teasdale, J. D., & Chaskalson, M. (2011). How does mindfulness transform suffering? II: the transformation of dukkha. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564826.CrossRef

Wagnild, G., & Young, H. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–178.PubMed

Weber, J. (2017). Mindfulness is not enough: why equanimity holds the key to compassion. Mindfulness & Compassion, 2(2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mincom.2017.09.004.CrossRef

Weber, J., & Lowe, M. (2018). Development and validation of the Equanimity Barriers Scale [EBS]. Current Psychology, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9969-5.

Williams, J. M. G., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2011). Mindfulness: diverse perspectives on its meaning, origins, and multiple applications at the intersection of science and dharma. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564811.CrossRef

Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99(3), 432–442. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432.CrossRef

Titel: Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16
Auteurs: Holly T. Rogers
Alice G. Shires
Bruno A. Cayoun
Publicatiedatum: 03-10-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 1/2021
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01503-6

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2021

Four Element Meditation

Mindfulness as a Moderator in the Relation Among Core Belief Disruption, Rumination, Posttraumatic Symptoms, and Growth

Emotion Socialization and Young Adult Internalizing Symptoms: the Roles of Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation

The Sound of Silence

The Impact of Mindfulness-Based Programmes on Self-Compassion in Nonclinical Populations: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The (non)Protective Role of Self-Compassion in Internalizing Symptoms: Two Empirical Studies in Adolescents Demonstrating Unwanted Effects of Using the Self-Compassion Scale Total Score