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28-07-2015 | Empirical Research

The Role of Immigrant Concentration Within and Beyond Residential Neighborhoods in Adolescent Alcohol Use

Auteurs: Aubrey L. Jackson, Christopher R. Browning, Lauren J. Krivo, Mei-Po Kwan, Heather M. Washington

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 1/2016

Abstract

Neighborhoods are salient contexts for youth that shape adolescent development partly through informal social controls on their behavior. This research examines how immigrant concentration within and beyond the residential neighborhood influences adolescent alcohol use. Residential neighborhood immigrant concentration may lead to a cohesive, enclave-like community that protects against adolescent alcohol use. But heterogeneity in the immigrant concentrations characterizing the places residents visit as they engage in routine activities outside of the neighborhood where they live may weaken the social control benefits of the social ties and shared cultural orientations present in enclave communities. This study investigates whether the protective influence of residential neighborhood immigrant concentration on adolescent alcohol consumption diminishes when youth live in communities where residents collectively are exposed to areas with more diverse immigrant concentrations. This study tests this contention by analyzing survey and geographic routine activity space data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, and the 2000 census. The sample includes 793 adolescents (48.7 % female, 16.5 % foreign-born Latino, 42.5 % US-born Latino, 11.0 % black, 30 % white/other) between the ages of 12 and 17 who live in 65 neighborhoods in Los Angeles County. Immigrant concentration among these neighborhoods derives primarily from Latin America. The results from multilevel models show that immigrant concentration protects against adolescent alcohol use only when there is low neighborhood-level diversity of exposures to immigrant concentration among the contexts residents visit outside of their residential neighborhood. This research highlights the importance of considering the effects of aggregate exposures to non-home contexts on adolescent wellbeing.

vorige artikel The Relationship Between Immigrant School Composition, Classmate Support and Involvement in Physical Fighting and Bullying among Adolescent Immigrants and Non-immigrants in 11 Countries

volgende artikel Up in Smoke: Neighborhood Contexts of Marijuana Use from Adolescence Through Young Adulthood

A household whose activity space beyond the residential neighborhood is characterized by low immigrant concentration compared to that of other neighborhood households may be less oriented toward the cultural norms associated with immigrant enclaves. Conversely, a non-home activity space characterized by relatively high immigrant concentration may reinforce the cultural norms of immigrant enclaves.

L.A. FANS location and other sensitive data are restricted-use and can be accessed and reported only in accordance with the confidentiality agreement made with RAND. Under this agreement, we are prohibited from reporting information on specific geographic locations, individual cases, and cross-tabulations identifying fewer than 10 % of sampled cases.

Although L.A. FANS conducted a wave 2 in 2006–2008, we use wave 1 data because they were collected more proximately to our neighborhood-level measures capturing structural characteristics (e.g., immigrant concentration), which are based on 2000 census data. Neighborhood conditions in the past two years likely are better predictors of alcohol use than those six to eight years prior to the 2006–2008 data.

Although the percentage of the population who is foreign-born and Latino or who is foreign-born and Mexican are available at the tract-level of aggregation, the Census does not publish these figures at the block-group level, which we use to construct the household and neighborhood non-home exposure measures. Thus, we use the overall percentage foreign-born in our measure of immigrant concentration. Nonetheless, in our analytic sample of tracts (N = 65), the correlation of the overall percentage foreign-born with the percentage of Latinos who are foreign-born is .75, and with the percentage Mexicans who are foreign born is .54.

Three-level models of individuals nested within households nested within neighborhoods produce equivalent results.

In additional models (results not shown but available upon request), we find that neither the number of days in the past 30 that the primary caregiver drank (mean = 1.72, standard deviation = 4.66) nor whether the primary caregiver binge drank (i.e., had five or more drinks on at least two occasions) in the past 30 days (mean = .05, standard deviation = .21) is associated with the adolescent alcohol use. Moreover, the other findings persist despite the inclusion of either variable. Alcohol use among peers is another factor that potentially influences adolescent alcohol use (Brenner et al. 2011), but we are unable to test this effect because L.A. FANS did not ask about peer drinking. We also separately tested for cross-level interactions between residential neighborhood immigrant concentration and each of the level-one non-home exposure measures—household non-home geographic exposures and relative household non-home immigrant concentration—as well as for the interaction between residential neighborhood immigrant concentration and aggregate overlap of geographic exposures. None of these interaction terms reaches statistical significance (results not shown but available upon request). This suggests that the negative influence of residential neighborhood immigrant concentration on adolescent alcohol use is not modified by geographic or immigrant concentration exposures at the household level, or by overlap in geographic exposures at the neighborhood level.

Differences between the two measures could not be assessed because households’ non-home scores are based on the distribution of immigrant concentration scores measured at the 2000 block group level, and the residential neighborhood variable is based on immigrant concentration measured using 2000 census data crosswalked to 1990 tract boundaries. To our knowledge, no crosswalk procedure exists for block groups.

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Titel: The Role of Immigrant Concentration Within and Beyond Residential Neighborhoods in Adolescent Alcohol Use
Auteurs: Aubrey L. Jackson
Christopher R. Browning
Lauren J. Krivo
Mei-Po Kwan
Heather M. Washington
Publicatiedatum: 28-07-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 1/2016
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0333-x

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