Top

Gepubliceerd in:

06-07-2023 | Empirical Research

Kept in the Closet: Structural Stigma and the Timing of Sexual Minority Developmental Milestones Across 28 European Countries

Auteurs: E. K. Layland, R. Bränström, G. R. Murchison, J. E. Pachankis

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 10/2023

Abstract

Structural stigma’s role in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people’s attainment of identity development milestones remains unknown. In a sample of 111,498 LGB people (ages 15 to 65+) living across 28 European countries, associations were investigated between structural stigma measured using an objective index of discriminatory country-level laws and policies affecting LGB people and the timing and pacing of LGB self-awareness, coming out, and closet duration, and subgroup differences in these associations. On average, self-awareness occurred at age 14.8 years old (SD = 5.1), coming out occurred at 18.5 years old (SD = 5.7), and the closet was 3.9 years long (SD = 4.9); thereby highlighting adolescence as a key period for sexual identity development and disclosure. Greater structural stigma was associated with higher odds of never coming out, later age of coming out, and longer closet duration. Gender identity, transgender identity, and sexual identity moderated associations between structural stigma and these developmental milestones. Reducing structural stigma can plausibly promote sexual identity development among LGB populations, especially during adolescence when identity related milestones are often attained.

vorige artikel Perceived Parental Support and Psychological Control, DNA Methylation, and Loneliness: Longitudinal Associations Across Early Adolescence

volgende artikel The Longitudinal Features of Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Chinese College Students: A Network Perspective

Andersen, R., & Fetner, T. (2008). Economic inequality and intolerance: Attitudes toward homosexuality in 35 democracies. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 942–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.xCrossRef

Abrams, J. A., Tabaac, A., Jung, S., & Else-Quest, N. M. (2020). Considerations for employing intersectionality in qualitative health research. Social Science & Medicine, 258, 113138 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113138CrossRef

Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01CrossRef

Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Gender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 347–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.347CrossRefPubMed

Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57(1), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.xCrossRef

Bishop, M. D., Fish, J. N., Hammack, P. L., & Russell, S. T. (2020). Sexual identity development milestones in three generations of sexual minority people: A national probability sample. Developmental Psychology, 56, 2177–2193. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001105CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bochicchio, L., Carmichael, A. J., Veldhuis, C., & Stefancic, A. (2023). What we lose when we “Don’t Say Gay”: Generational shifts in sexual identity and gender. Social Work, swad006. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swad006

Bränström, R., Fellman, D., & Pachankis, J. (2023). Structural stigma and sexual minority victimization across 28 countries: The moderating role of gender, gender nonconformity, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(3–4), 3563–3585. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221108087CrossRefPubMed

Bränström, R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2021). Country-level structural stigma, identity concealment, and day-to-day discrimination as determinants of transgender people’s life satisfaction. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56, 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02036-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bränström, R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2023). Structural stigma and 7-year improvement in life satisfaction among diverse groups of sexual minority individuals: A repeated cross-sectional study across 28 countries. Social Problems, spad029. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spad029

Bränström, R., Stormbom, I., Bergendal, M., & Pachankis, J. E. (2022). Transgender‐based disparities in suicidality: A population‐based study of key predictions from four theoretical models. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 52(3), 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12830CrossRefPubMed

Brooks, V. (1981). Minority stress in lesbian women. Lexington Books

Brown, B. B., & Larson, J. (2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. In Lerner, R. M., & Steinberg, L. (Eds.) Handbook of adolescent psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development, Vol. 2 (3rd ed., pp. 74–103). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002004

Calzo, J. P., Antonucci, T. C., Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2011). Retrospective recall of sexual orientation identity development among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1658–1673. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025508CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Carone, N., Rothblum, E. D., Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N. K., & Herman, J. L. (2021). Demographics and health outcomes in a U.S. probability sample of transgender parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 35(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000776CrossRefPubMed

Cass, V. C. (1984). Homosexual identity formation: Testing a theoretical model. The Journal of Sex Research, 20(2), 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498409551214CrossRef

Chang, C. J., Kellerman, J. K., Fehling, K. B., Feinstein, B. A., & Selby, E. A. (2021). The roles of discrimination and social support in the associations between outness and mental health outcomes among sexual minorities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 91, 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000562CrossRefPubMed

Collins, P. H. (2015). Intersectionality’s definitional dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142CrossRef

Combahee River Collective. (1978). A black feminist statement. In Z. Einstein (Ed.), Capitalist patriarchy and the case for socialist feminism (pp. 210–218). Monthly Review Press

Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039CrossRef

Darakchi, S. (2023). “Coming Out To Yourself”: Reflections on early-years sexual identity formation among different generations of Bulgarian non-heterosexual males. Sexuality & Culture, 27(3), 951–971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-10049-9CrossRef

D’Augelli, A. R., Hershberger, S. L., & Pilkington, N. W. (1998). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: Disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(3), 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080345CrossRefPubMed

D’Augelli, A. R., & GRossman, A. H. (2001). Disclosure of sexual orientation, victimization, and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(10), 1008–1027. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626001016010003CrossRef

Dirkes, J., Hughes, T., Ramirez-Valles, J., Johnson, T., & Bostwick, W. (2016). Sexual identity development: Relationship with lifetime suicidal ideation in sexual minority women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(23–24), 3545–3556. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13313CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Doyle, D. M., & Barreto, M. (2022). Toward a more relational model of sexual minority identity concealment. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02491-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dyar, C., Feinstein, B. A., & London, B. (2015). Mediators of differences between lesbians and bisexual women in sexual identity and minority stress. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000090CrossRef

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2020). A long way to go for LGBTI equality: Technical report. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

Everett, B. G., Limburg, A., McKetta, S., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2022). State-level regulations regarding the protection of sexual minorities and birth outcomes: Results from a population-based cohort study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 84(6), 658. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000001092CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ferlatte, O., Salway Hottes, T., Trussler, T., & Marchand, R. (2017). Disclosure of sexual orientation by gay and bisexual men in government-administered probability surveys. LGBT Health 4(1), 68–71

Fish, J. N., & Pasley, K. (2015). Sexual (minority) trajectories, mental health, and alcohol use: A longitudinal study of youth as they transition to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 1508–1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0280-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Flores, A. R. (2019). Social acceptance of LGBT people in 174 countries, 1981 to 2107 (pp. 1–50). Williams Institute

Gamarel, K. E., Jadwin-Cakmak, L., King, W. M., Lacombe-Duncan, A., Trammell, R., Reyes, L. A., Burks, C., Rivera, B., Arnold, E., & Harper, G. W. (2020). Stigma experienced by transgender women of color in their dating and romantic relationships: Implications for gender-based violence prevention programs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9–10), NP8161–NP8189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520976186CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Garcia, J., Vargas, N., Clark, J. L., Magaña Álvarez, M., Nelons, D. A., & Parker, R. G. (2020). Social isolation and connectedness as determinants of well-being: Global evidence mapping focused on LGBTQ youth. Global Public Health, 15(4), 497–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2019.1682028CrossRefPubMed

Gates, G. J. (2011). How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/how-many-people-lgbt/

Goldbach, J. T., & Gibbs, J. J. (2017). A developmentally informed adaptation of minority stress for sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 55(1), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.007CrossRefPubMed

Gordon, A. R., Krieger, N., Okechukwu, C. A., Haneuse, S., Samnaliev, M., Charlton, B. M., & Austin, S. B. (2017). Decrements in health-related quality of life associated with gender nonconformity among US adolescents and young adults. Quality of Life Research, 26, 2129–2138CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hall, W. J., Dawes, H. C., & Plocek, N. (2021). Sexual orientation identity development milestones among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.753954

Hammack, P. L. (2005). An integrative paradigm. Human Development, 48(5), 267–290. https://doi.org/10.1159/000086872CrossRef

Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2016). Structural stigma: Research evidence and implications for psychological science. American Psychologist, 71, 742–751. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000068CrossRefPubMed

Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Lattanner, M. R., McKetta, S., & Pachankis, J. E. (n.d.). Structural stigma and LGBT global health [Unpublished manuscript]

Hereth, J., Pardee, D. J., & Reisner, S. L. (2020). Gender identity and sexual orientation development among young adult transgender men sexually active with cisgender men: ‘I had completely ignored my sexuality … that’s for a different time to figure out.’. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 22(Sup1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1636290CrossRef

Hostetler, A. J., & Herdt, G. H. (1998). Culture, sexual lifeways, and developmental subjectivities: Rethinking sexual taxonomies on JSTOR. 249–290

ILGA Europe. (2019). Rainbow Europe Map and Index 2019. ILGA Europe. https://www.ilga-europe.org/report/rainbow-europe-2019/

Katz-Wise, S. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2017). Facilitative environments related to sexual orientation development and sexual fluidity in sexual minority young adults across different gender identities. Journal of Bisexuality, 17(2), 141–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2016.1259138CrossRef

Katz-Wise, S. L., Reisner, S. L., Hughto, J. W., & St. Amand, C. (2016). Differences in sexual orientation diversity and sexual fluidity in attractions among gender minority adults in Massachusetts. Journal of Sex Research, 53(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.1003028CrossRefPubMed

Katz-Wise, S. L., Rosario, M., Calzo, J. P., Scherer, E. A., Sarda, V., & Austin, S. B. (2017). Associations of timing of sexual orientation developmental milestones and other sexual minority stressors with internalizing mental health symptoms among sexual minority young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1441–1452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-0964-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kowalska, A. (2011). Polish queer lesbianism: Sexual identity without a lesbian community. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 15(3), 324–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2010.530152CrossRefPubMed

Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13CrossRef

Lattanner, M. R., Ford, J., Bo, N., Tu, W., Pachankis, J. E., Dodge, B., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2021). A contextual approach to the psychological study of identity concealment: Examining direct, interactive, and indirect effects of structural stigma on concealment motivation across proximal and distal geographic levels. Psychological Science, 32(10), 1684–1696. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211018624CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents’ differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 267–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.267CrossRef

Maliepaard, E. (2018). Disclosing bisexuality or coming out? Two different realities for bisexual people in the Netherlands. Journal of Bisexuality, 18(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2018.1452816CrossRef

Marhánková, J. H. (2021). Voices from silence? Reflections on ‘Coming out’ in socialist Czechoslovakia. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(13), 2214–2233. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020.1804252CrossRefPubMed

Martos, A. J., Nezhad, S., & Meyer, I. H. (2015). Variations in sexual identity milestones among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-014-0167-4CrossRefPubMed

McLean, K. (2007). Hiding in the closet?: Bisexuals, coming out and the disclosure imperative. Journal of Sociology, 43(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783307076893CrossRef

Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Murchison, G. R., Eiduson, R., Agénor, M., & Gordon, A. R. (2022). Tradeoffs, constraints, and strategies in transgender and nonbinary young adults’ romantic relationships: The identity needs in relationships framework. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 026540752211421. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221142183

Nagoshi, J. L., Nagoshi, C. T., & Pillai, V. K. (2023). Transgender theory revisited: Current applications to transgender issues. Current Opinion in Psychology, 49, 101546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101546CrossRefPubMed

Pachankis, J. E., & Bränström, R. (2018). Hidden from happiness: Structural stigma, sexual orientation concealment, and life satisfaction across 28 countries. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(5), 403–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000299CrossRefPubMed

Pachankis, J. E., & Bränström, R. (2019). How many sexual minorities are hidden? Projecting the size of the global closet with implications for policy and public health. PLoS ONE, 14(6), e0218084. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218084CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pachankis, J. E., Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2015). The mental health of sexual minority adults in and out of the closet: A population-based study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 890–901. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000047CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pachankis, J. E., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2013). The social development of contingent self-worth in sexual minority young men: An empirical investigation of the “Best Little Boy in the World” hypothesis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(2), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2013.764304CrossRef

Pachankis, J. E., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Bränström, R., Schmidt, A. J., Berg, R. C., Jonas, K., Pitoňák, M., Baros, S., & Weatherburn, P. (2021). Structural stigma and sexual minority men’s depression and suicidality: A multilevel examination of mechanisms and mobility across 48 countries. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 130(7), 713–726. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000693CrossRefPubMed

Pachankis, J. E., & Jackson, S. D. (2022). A developmental model of the sexual minority closet: Structural sensitization, psychological adaptations, and post-closet growth. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02381-wCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pachankis, J. E., & Jackson, S. D. (2023). Future research directions on “The Closet” as Metaphor and Reality. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02636-0

Pachankis, J. E., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mirandola, M., Weatherburn, P., Berg, R. C., Marcus, U., & Schmidt, A. J. (2017). The geography of sexual orientation: Structural stigma and sexual attraction, behavior, and identity among men who have sex with men across 38 European countries. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 1491–1502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0819-yCrossRefPubMed

Perales, F., & Todd, A. (2018). Structural stigma and the health and wellbeing of Australian LGB populations: Exploiting geographic variation in the results of the 2017 same-sex marriage plebiscite. Social Science & Medicine, 208, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.015CrossRef

Polimeni, A.-M., Hardie, E., & Buzwell, S. (2000). Homophobia among Australian heterosexuals: The role of sex, gender role ideology, and gender role traints. Current Research in Social Psychology, 5(4), 47–62

Price, M. A., Hollinsaid, N. L., McKetta, S., Mellen, E. J., & Rakhilin, M. (2023). Structural transphobia is associated with psychological distress and suicidality in a large national sample of transgender adults. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02482-4

R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/

Raifman, J., Moscoe, E., Austin, S. B., & McConnell, M. (2017). Difference-in-differences analysis of the association between state same-sex marriage policies and adolescent suicide attempts. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(4), 350. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Reisner, S. L., Conron, K. J., Tardiff, L. A., Jarvi, S., Gordon, A. R., & Austin, S. B. (2014). Monitoring the health of transgender and other gender minority populations: Validity of natal sex and gender identity survey items in a US national cohort of young adults. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1–10CrossRef

Reyes, M. E. S., Bautista, N. B., Betos, G. R. A., Martin, K. I. S., Sapio, S. T. N., Pacquing, M. C. T., & Kliatchko, J. M. R. (2023). In/out of the closet: Perceived social support and outness among LGB youth. Sexuality & Culture, 27(1), 290–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-10013-7CrossRef

Roberts, L. M., & Christens, B. D. (2021). Pathways to well-being among LGBT adults: Sociopolitical involvement, family support, outness, and community connectedness with race/ethnicity as a moderator. American Journal of Community Psychology, 67(3–4), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12482CrossRefPubMed

Rucco, D., Anzani, A., Scandurra, C., Pennasilico, A., & Prunas, A. (2023). Structural stigma and bisexual + people: Effects of the rejection of the Zan Bill in Italy on minority stress and mental health. Journal of Bisexuality, 23(1), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2022.2119629CrossRef

Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2019). Sexual minority youth, social change, and health: A developmental collision. Research in Human Development, 16(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2018.1537772CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Santaemilia, J. (2009). ‘It’s unfair to be a second-class citizen because of love’: The legal, sexual and discursive struggles over ‘gay marriages’ in Spain. Proceedings of the 5th Biennial International Gender and Language Association Conference IGALA, 5

Sattler, F. A., & Lemke, R. (2019). Testing the cross-cultural robustness of the minority stress model in gay and bisexual men. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(2), 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1400310CrossRefPubMed

Savin-Williams, R. C., & Diamond, L. M. (2000). Sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youths: Gender comparisons. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29(6), 607–627. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002058505138CrossRefPubMed

Scheer, J. R., Pachankis, J. E., & Bränström, R. (2022). Gender-based structural stigma and intimate partner violence across 28 countries: A population-based study of women across sexual orientation, immigration status, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(11–12), NP8941–NP896. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520976212CrossRefPubMed

Sharfman, A., & Cobb, P. (2022). Sexual orientation, UK: 2020. Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2020#sexual-orientation-data

Siraj, A. (2011). Isolated, invisible, and in the closet: The life story of a Scottish Muslim lesbian. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 15(1), 99–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2010.490503CrossRefPubMed

Sommantico, M., De Rosa, B., & Parrello, S. (2018). Internalized sexual stigma in Italian lesbians and gay men: The roles of outness, connectedness to the LGBT community, and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44(7), 641–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2018.1447056CrossRef

The World Bank. (2023). Data Bank: World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI

Torres, C. A., & Rodrigues, D. L. (2022). Heteronormative beliefs and internalized homonegativity in the coming out process of Portuguese and Turkish sexual minority men. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 19(2), 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00582-xCrossRef

Trinkner, R., & Reisig, M. D. (2021). Celebrating 50 years of legal socialization. Journal of Social Issues, 77(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12458CrossRef

Tyler, T. R., & Trinkner, R. (2017). Why children follow rules: Legal socialization and the development of legitimacy. Oxford University Press

Vaccaro, A., & Newman, B. M. (2017). A sense of belonging through the eyes of first-year LGBPQ students. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 54(2), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2016.1211533CrossRef

van der Star, A., Bränström, R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2021). Lifecourse-varying structural stigma, minority stress reactions and mental health among sexual minority male migrants. European Journal of Public Health, 31(4), 803–808. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab032CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

van der Star, A., Pachankis, J. E., & Bränström, R. (2021). Country-level structural stigma, school-based and adulthood victimization, and life satisfaction among sexual minority adults: A life course approach. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(1), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01340-9CrossRefPubMed

Vaughan, M. D., & Waehler, C. A. (2010). Coming out growth: Conceptualizing and measuring stress-related growth associated with coming out to others as a sexual minority | SpringerLink. Journal of Adult Development, 17, 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9084-9CrossRef

Watson, R. J., Wheldon, C. W., & Puhl, R. M. (2020). Evidence of diverse identities in a large national sample of sexual and gender minority adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(S2), 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12488CrossRefPubMed

Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Collins, W. A. (2008). Autonomy development during adolescence. In Adams, G. R., & Berzonsky, M. D. (Eds.) Blackwell handbook of adolescence (pp. 175–204). Blackwell Publishing

Titel: Kept in the Closet: Structural Stigma and the Timing of Sexual Minority Developmental Milestones Across 28 European Countries
Auteurs: E. K. Layland
R. Bränström
G. R. Murchison
J. E. Pachankis
Publicatiedatum: 06-07-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 10/2023
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01818-2

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2023

Sexting Among Australian Adolescents: Risk and Protective Factors

Open Access
Empirical Research

Developmental Changes in the Relation between Youth Disclosure and Parenting Behavior: A Cohort-sequential Analysis

Empirical Research

The Behavioral and Mental Health Benefits of Speaking the Heritage Language within Immigrant Families: The Moderating Role of Family Relations

Open Access
Empirical Research

Longitudinal Links Between Parental Failure Mindsets, Helicopter Parenting, and Fixed Mindset of Intelligence in Adolescents

Empirical Research

The Longitudinal Features of Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Chinese College Students: A Network Perspective

Empirical Research

The Association of Ethnic and American Identities with Psychological Well-Being among Latinx Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Bicultural Identity Integration

Empirical Research