Methods
Search Strategy
Databases Searched
Screening
Data Extraction
Quality Appraisal
Authors | Target of intervention | Intervention type | Number of studies included | Design | Total number of participants | Age range of participants; mean age in years [Subgroup] | Review design | GRADE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD | ||||||||
Arnold et al. (2015) | ADHD | Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions | 51 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | NR | 6–18 + ; NR [6–12; NR] | Systematic review | Moderate |
Bjornstad & Montgomery (2005) | ADHD | Family therapy | 2 | Randomized controlled trials | NR | NR; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Brooks & Bannigan (2021) | ADHD | Play-based occupational therapies | 9 | Non-randomized trials | 100 | 5–16; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Coates et al. (2015) | ADHD | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 11 | Mixed randomized controlled trials & non-randomized controlled trials | 603 | 2.75–12; NR [3–5] | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Corcoran & Dattalo (2006) | ADHD | Psychosocial interventions | 16 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | NR | 0–18; NR | Meta-analysis | Low |
Cornell et al. (2018) | ADHD | Play-based occupational therapies | 7 | Mixed non-randomized controlled trials, single-group cohort studies, single subject design | 142 | 5–11; 7.6 | Systematic review | Moderate |
Fabiano et al. (2009) | ADHD | Behavioral interventions | 174 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies, case studies | 2087 | 7.1–8.9; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Fox et al. (2020) | ADHD | Social skills interventions (Peers) | 15 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies, case studies | 600 | 5–16; NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Gaastra et al. (2016) | ADHD | Behavioral interventions | 89 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies, case studies | 627 | 6–17; NR [6–11] | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Ghuman et al. (2008) | ADHD | Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions | 45 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies, case studies | 2465 | 0–12; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Groenman et al. (2022) | ADHD | Behavioral treatments | 25 | Randomized controlled trials | 2885 | 2–17.5;8.78 | Meta-analysis | High |
Harrison et al. (2019) | ADHD | Psychosocial interventions (School-based) | 27 | Single-case studies | 49 | NR; NR [K-5grade] | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Low |
Hodgson et al. (2014) | ADHD | Psychosocial interventions | 14 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 625 | 5.1–10.5; 8.6 | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Hornstra et al. (2023) | ADHD | Behavioral interventions (parent and teacher training) | 32 | Randomized controlled trials | 2594 | 2–18; NR | Meta-analysis | High |
Iznardo et al. (2020) | ADHD | Behavioral interventions | 7 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 272 | 3–18; 7.9 | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Krisanaprakornkit et al. (2010) | ADHD | Meditation therapies | 4 | Randomized controlled trials | 83 | 6–13; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Lee et al. (2012) | ADHD | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 40 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 2357 | 3.34–14.68; NR | Meta-analysis | Low/Moderate |
McGoey et al. (2002) | ADHD | Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions | 26 | Non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 820 | 3–5.9; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Mulqueen et al. (2015) | ADHD | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 8 | Randomized controlled trials | 399 | 3–5.36; NR | Meta-analysis | High |
Murray et al. (2018) | ADHD | The incredible years | 11 | Randomized controlled trials | 1352 | 3–8; NR | Systematic review | High |
Pauli-Pott et al. (2021) | ADHD and externalizing symptoms | Cognitive interventions | 35 | Randomized controlled trials | 3068 | 3,0–6,11; NR | Meta-analysis | High |
Pyle & Fabiano (2017) | ADHD | School based behavioral intervention (daily report cards) | 14 | Single-case studies | 40 | 4–14; NR | Meta-analysis | Very low |
Reid et al. (2005) | ADHD | Self-regulation interventions | 16 | Single-group cohort studies, Single-case studies | 51 | 6–15; NR [< 12] | Meta-analysis | Low |
Riise et al. (2021) | Externalizing disorders and ADHD | Cognitive behavioral interventions | 51 | Mixed Randomized controlled trials, Single-group cohort studies | 5295 | 2–17; 8.2 | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate/High |
Rimestad et al. (2019) | ADHD | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 16 | Randomized controlled trials | 1003 | 2.5–6; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Storebo et al. (2019) | ADHD: (Social skills) | Social skills interventions | 25 | Randomized controlled trials | 2690 | 5–17; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Tan-McNeill et al. (2021) | ASD, ADHD (and other neurodevelopmental disorders) | Parenting interventions (Digital) | 11 (for ASD and ADHD) | Randomized controlled trials, Single-group cohort studies, Single case studies | 209 (ASD group), 313 (ADHD group) | 1.7–16; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Türk et al. (2023) | ADHD | Psychological Interventions (and pharmacological) | 16 | Meta-analyses (14 meta-analyses included only RCTs, and two also included non-randomized trials) | 18,224 | 4.3–10.5 | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Vacher et al. (2020) | ADHD | Psychosocial interventions | 12 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 1287 | 5–17; NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Van der Oord et al. (2008) | ADHD | Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions | 26 | Randomized controlled trials | 1482 | 6–12; NR | Meta-analysis | High |
Vekety et al. (2021) | ADHD | Mindfulness | 21 | Mixed Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized trials | 1792 | 3–12; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Vetter (2018) | ASD or ADHD | Parent–Child interaction therapy | 18 | Mixed non-Randomized controlled trials, single-group cohort studies | 93 | 2–12; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Wilkes-Gillan et al. (2021) | ADHD | Behavioral interventions | 15 (incl. 4 follow-up) | Randomized controlled trial, Non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies, single case studies | 106 | 5–16; NR | Systematic review | Low/Moderate |
Willis et al. (2019) | ADHD (Social skills) | Social skills interventions | 16 | Mixed Randomized controlled trials & single-group cohort studies | NR | 5–16; NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Zwi et al. (2011) | ADHD | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 5 | Randomized controlled trials | 284 | 4–13; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Anxiety | ||||||||
Ale et al. (2015) | Anxiety (+ OCD) | Cognitive behavioral interventions | 43 | Randomized controlled trials | 2791 | 5–18; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Bennet et al. (2013) | Anxiety | Cognitive behavioral interventions | 16 | Randomized controlled trials | 1171 | 6–19, NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Caldwell et al. (2019) | Anxiety or depression | Psychosocial interventions (School-based) | 109 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 56,620 | NR; NR [Primary School) | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Comer et al. (2019) | Anxiety | Psychosocial interventions | 30 | Mixed Randomized controlled trials, Non-randomized trials, Single -group cohort studies | 2228 | NR; < 7.9 years | Systematic review | Moderate |
Fisak et al. (2011) | Anxiety | Psychosocial interventions | 35 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies, Case studies | 7735 | < 18; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Grist et al. (2019) | Anxiety and depression | Psychosocial interventions (Digital) | 34 | Randomized controlled trials | 3113 | 6–18; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Howes Vallis et al. (2020) | Anxiety | Cognitive behavioral interventions | 43 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 2656 | 3–8; 5.45 | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Krebs et al. (2018) | Anxiety | Cognitive bias modification | 26 | Randomized controlled trials | 1786 | 6–18; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
McGuire et al. (2015) | OCD | Pharmacological and cognitive behavioral interventions | 20 | Randomized controlled trials | 1296 | 5.8–15.0; NR | Meta-analysis | High |
Odgers et al. (2020) | Anxiety | Mindfulness | 20 | Randomized controlled trials | 1582 | < 18; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Ostergaard (2018) | Selective mutism | Pharmacological and cognitive behavioral interventions | 15 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 134 | 5–14; 5.98 | Systematic review | Low |
Phillips & Mychailyszyn (2021) | Anxiety | Parent–Child interaction therapy | 15 | Randomized controlled trials, Single-group cohort studies | 370 | 2–9.75; NR | Meta-analysis | Low |
Reynolds et al. (2012) | Anxiety | Psychosocial interventions | 55 | Randomized controlled trials | 4258 | 2–19; NR [< 14; NR] | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Steains et al. (2021) | Selective mutism | Psychosocial intervention (Combination behavioral and systems treatments) | 5 | Randomized controlled trials | 233 | 3–18; 7.0 | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Viswanathan et al. (2022) | Anxiety | Cognitive behavioral interventions | 29 (3 studies in ages 3–7) | Randomized controlled trials | 2805 | 4.1–17.4; NR [3–7; NR] | Systematic review | Moderate |
Werner-Seidler et al. (2017) | Anxiety and depression | Psychosocial interventions (School-based) | 81 | Randomized controlled trials | 31,794 | 5–19; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Werner-Seidler et al. (2021) | Anxiety and depression | Psychosocial interventions (School-based) | 130 | Randomized controlled trials | 45,924 | 5–19; NR [< 10; NR] | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Yin et al. (2021) | Anxiety | Cognitive behavioral interventions (Parent) | 6 | Randomized controlled trials | 407 | 2.7–14; 8 | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
ASD | ||||||||
Aldabas (2019) | ASD: (Inappropriate social behavior) | Social stories | 22 | Case series | 56 | 3–15; 8 | Systematic review and meta analysis | Very low |
Camargo et al. (2014) | ASD: (Social skills) | Behavioral-based intervention | 30 | Mixed single-case designs, single-group cohort studies | 55 | 3–21;5 | Systematic review | Very low |
Camargo et al. (2016) | ASD: (Social skills) | Behavioral interventions | 19 | Single case studies | 55 | 2–18 +; NR | Meta-analysis | Very low |
Gunning et al. (2019) | ASD (Social skills) | Social skills interventions | 57 | Single case studies | 152 | 0–6; NR | Systematic review | Very low |
Kokina & Kern (2010) | ASD: (Social skills, inappropriate behavior) | Social Stories | 18 | Single case studies | 47 | 3–15; NR | Meta-analysis | Very low |
Reichow et al. (2013) | ASD (Social skills) | Social skills interventions | 5 | Randomized controlled trials | 178 | 6–21;NR[8–11; NR] | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Slaughter et al. (2020) | ASD (Anxiety) | Psychosocial interventions | 15 | Meta-analyses, Systematic reviews, Evidence-based Guides, Websites | Not reported | < 18 years; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Tan-MacNeill et al. (2021) | ASD, ADHD (and other neurodevelopmental disorders) | Parenting interventions (Digital) | 11 (for ASD and ADHD) | Mixed Randomised controlled trials, single group cohort studies, single case studies | 209 (ASD group), 313 (ADHD group) | 1.7–16; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Tarver et al. (2019) | ASD (Externalizing and Internalizing) | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 9 | Randomized controlled trials | 466 | 2–14; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Vetter (2018) | ASD or ADHD | Parent–Child interaction therapy | 18 | Mixed non-Randomized controlled trials, single-group cohort studies | 93 | 2–12; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Wahmann et al. (2022) | ASD (Social skills) | Social Stories | 12 | Single-case studies | 30 | 2:6–10:3; 5:3 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | Very low |
Wang et al. (2011) | ASD: (Social skills) | Social skills interventions (Peer-mediated) | 14 | Single case studies | 43 | 4–15; 6.49 | Meta-analysis | Very low |
Wang et al. (2013) | ASD: (Social skills) | Social skills interventions (Peer-mediated) | 115 | Single case studies | 343 | 0.75–32; 6.51 | Meta-analysis | Low |
Wang & Spillane (2009) | ASD: (Social skills) | Social skills interventions | 38 | Single case designs, non-controlled trials | 147 | 2–17; NR | Meta-analysis | Very low |
Weitlauf et al. (2017) | ASD (Sensory Challenges) | Sensory-based interventions | 24 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 1010 | 4.54–9.42; NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Whalon et al. (2015) | ASD: (Social skills) | Social skills interventions (Peer-mediated) | 37 | Single case studies | 105 | 3–12; 6.38 | Systematic review and Meta analysis | Very low |
Wright et al. (2016) | ASD (social skills) | Social Stories | 99 | Single-case studies, between-group designs, other | NR | NR;NR | Systematic review | Very low |
Depression | ||||||||
Benarous et al. (2017) | Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder or severe mood dysregulation | Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions | 15 | Mixed Randomized controlled trials, Single-group cohort studies, Case studies | 203 | 5–18; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Caldwell et al. (2019) | Depression or anxiety | Psychosocial interventions (School-based) | 109 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 56,620 | NR; NR [Primary School) | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Cuijpers et al. (2023) | Depression | Psychosocial interventions | 40 | Randomized controlled trials | 3779 | 4.3–17.5; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Forti-Buratti et al. (2016) | Depression | Psychosocial interventions | 7 | Randomized controlled trials | 219 | 0–12; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Low |
Michael & Crowley (2002) | Depression | Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions | 38 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies, Case studies | 1499 | 5–19; NR | Meta-analysis | High |
Werner-Seidler et al. (2017) | Depression and anxiety | Psychosocial interventions (School-based) | 81 | Randomized controlled trials | 31,794 | 5–19; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Werner-Seidler et al. (2021) | Anxiety and depression | Psychosocial interventions (School-based) | 130 | Randomized controlled trials | 45,924 | 5–19; NR [< 10; NR] | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Externalizing | ||||||||
Bakker et al. (2017) | Conduct disorder | Psychosocial interventions | 17 | Randomized controlled trials | 1999 | 2.8–16.8; 7.5 | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Barlow & Stewart-Brown (2000) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions (Group) | 16 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 1792 | 0–14; NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Battagliese et al. (2015) | Externalizing disorders | Cognitive behavioral interventions | 21 | Randomized controlled trials | 1960 | NR, 7 | Meta-analysis | High |
Baumel et al. (2016) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions (Digital) | 7 | Randomized controlled trials | 718 | 2–18, NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Baumel et al. (2017) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions (Digital) | 14 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 2427 | 2–15; NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Burkey et al. (2018) | Behavioral problems | Psychosocial interventions | 26 | Randomized controlled trials | 4441 | 0–18, NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Cai et al. (2022) | Externalizing disorders | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 20 | Mixed Randomized controlled trials, Non-randomized trials | 3983 | 5.9–11.8 years | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Comer et al. (2013) | Externalizing symptoms | Psychosocial interventions | 36 | Randomized controlled trials | 3042 | 2–7.7, 4.7 | Meta-analysis | High |
Connor et al. (2006) | Behavioral problems | Pharmacological and psychosocial interventions | 180 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies, Meta-analyses | NR | 0–18, NR | Systematic review | High |
de Graaf et al. (2008) | Externalizing symptoms | Triple P | 15 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 2513 | 2–12, NR | Meta-analysis | High |
Dedousis-Wallace et al. (2021) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 21 | Randomized controlled trials | NR | 3–14, NR | Systematic review | High |
Dretzke et al. (2005) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions | 37 | Randomized controlled trials | 2581 | 0–18; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Dretzke et al. (2009) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions | 57 | Randomized controlled trials | NR | 0–12; NR | Systematic review | High |
Florean et al. (2020) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions (Digital) | 15 | Randomized controlled trials | 1668 | 2–18, NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Forster et al. (2012) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 8 | NR | 932 | NR, NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Fossum et al. (2008) | Behavioral problems | Psychosocial interventions | 65 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 4971 | NR, NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Fossum et al. (2016) | Behavioral problems | Psychosocial interventions | 56 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 2589 | 2–17; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Furlong et al. (2012) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 13 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 1078 | 3–12; 5.3 | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Gardner et al. (2019a) | Behavioral problems | The incredible years | 13 | Randomized controlled trials | 1696 | 2–10; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Gardner et al. (2019b) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions | 169 | Randomized controlled trials | 15,074 | 2–10; 5.3 | Meta-analysis | Low/Moderate |
Lane et al. (2023) | Conduct problems | Psychosocial interventions | 13 | Randomized controlled trials | 858 | 2–12; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Leijten et al. (2013) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 75 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 4277 | 0–12; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Leijten et al. (2016) | Externalizing | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 129 | Randomized controlled trials | 13,091 | 0–16; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Leijten et al. (2018) | Externalizing | Parenting interventions | 197 | Randomized controlled trials | 15,768 | 1–11; 4.93, 5.54 | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Leijten et al. (2020) | Behavioral problems | The incredible years | 13 | Randomized controlled trials | 1696 | 2–10; 5.26 | Meta-analysis (IPDMA) | High |
Losel & Beelmann (2003) | Behavioral problems | Social skills interventions | 84 | Randomized controlled trials | 16,723 | 4–18; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Maughan et al. (2005) | Externalizing | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 79 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies, Case studies | 2570 | 3–16; NR | Meta-analysis | High |
Menting et al. (2013) | Behavioral problems | The incredible years | 50 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 4745 | 3–9.2-NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Mingebach et al. (2018) | Externalizing | Parenting interventions | 26 | Meta-analyses | NR | 0–18; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Nogueira et al. (2022) | Behavioral problems | Triple P | 11 | Randomized controlled trials | 885 | 2–12 (5.2) | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Nye et al. (2019) | Externalizing | Incredible years | 9 | Randomized controlled trials | 5759 | 3–8; NR | Systematic review | High |
Parker et al. (2021a) | Behavioral problems | Child-centered play therapy | 23 | NR (between-group studies; could be Randomized controlled trials and/or non-randomized trials) | 908 | 3–11 (median = 6) | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Riise et al. (2021) | Externalizing disorders and ADHD | Cognitive behavioral interventions | 51 | Mixed Randomized controlled trials, Single-group cohort studies | 5295 | 2–17; 8.2 | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate/High |
Smith et al. (2021) | Mental health symptoms (inattention, conduct problems, reading problems, peer relations) | Psychosocial interventions | 7 | Randomized controlled trials | 4009 | 6–7; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Solomon et al. (2017) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions | 15 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 1400 | NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Stoltz et al. (2012) | Externalizing | Psychosocial interventions (School-based) | 24 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 1894 | NR; 7.85, 8.03 | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Tarver et al. (2014) | Externalizing | Parenting interventions (Self-guided) | 11 | Randomized controlled trials | NR | 2–12 years; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Thongseiratch et al. (2020) | Behavioral problems | Parenting interventions (Digital) | 12 | Randomized controlled trials | 2025 | 2–12; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Tse (2006) | Behavioral problems | Psychosocial interventions | 5 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 149 | 2.5–6; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Tully and Hunt (2016) | Externalizing | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 8 | Randomized controlled trials | 836 | 2–12; NR | Systematic review | High |
Uretsky & Hoffman (2017) | Externalizing | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 7 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 2830 | 4–18; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Veenman et al. (2018) | Externalizing | Behavioral interventions | 19 | Randomized controlled trials | 18,094 | NR; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Ward et al. (2016) | Externalizing | Parent–Child interaction therapy | 12 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies | 372 | 2–5; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Ye et al. (2021) | Externalizing | Music interventions | 10 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 3465 | 6–16; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Internalizing | ||||||||
Sun et al. (2019) | Internalizing | Cognitive behavioral interventions | 76 | Randomized controlled trials | NR | < 18 years; NR [< = 6; 7–12] | Meta analysis | High |
Yap et al. (2016) | Internalizing | Parenting interventions | 42 | Randomized controlled trials | NR | 0–18; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Mental Health | ||||||||
Bauer et al. (2021) | Mental health symptoms | Psychosocial intervention (socio-emotional, mobilizing social support) | 13 | Mixed NR specifics (no restrictions on design) | NR | 3–9; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Bayer et al. (2009) | Mental health symptoms (externalizing, internalizing or both) | Psychosocial interventions | 59 | Randomized controlled trials | NR | 0–8, NR | Systematic review | High |
Benoit & Gabola (2021) | Mental health symptoms (social-emotional wellbeing) | Psychosocial intervention (positive psychology) | 3 | Mixed Non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 561 | 4–12; NR (majority 4–9) | Systematic review | Low |
Blewitt et al. (2021) | Mental health symptoms (social-emotional wellbeing) | Psychosocial intervention (school-based, emotional competency) | 19 | Randomized controlled trials, Non-randomized trials, single-subject designs | 1944 | 0–6; NR | Systematic review | Low/Moderate |
Bratton et al. (2005) | Internalizing and/or Externalizing | Play Therapy | 93 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 3248 | 6.7–7; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Buchanan-Pascall et al. (2018) | Internalizing or Externalizing | Parenting interventions (Group) | 23 | Randomized controlled trials | 2197 | 4–12; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Carr et al. (2017) | Mental health symptoms | Parents Plus | 17 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, single group cohort studies | 1562 | 2–17; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Low/moderate |
Dalgaard et al. (2022) | Broad child mental health (attachment) | Parenting interventions | 25 | Randomized controlled trials, Non-controlled trials | 1302 | 0.62–10.65; 5.15 | Systematic review | Moderate |
England-Mason et al. (2023) | Mental health symptoms (emotional competence) | Parenting interventions | 15 | Randomized controlled trials | NR | 2–6; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Everett et al. (2021) | Broad child mental health | Psychosocial interventions | 56 | Randomized controlled trials | NR | 1–18; NR [3–5 and 6–11; NR) | Systematic review | Moderate |
Jugovac et al. (2022) | Broad mental health problems (externalizing and internalizing behaviors) | Parenting interventions | 43 | Randomized controlled trials, Non-randomized trials | 5542 | 0–18;7.14 | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Law et al. (2012) | Broad child mental health (children with communication difficulties and related behavioral issues) | Behavioral intervention | 19 | Single case studies, single cohort studies, one non-controlled study | 148 | 3–13; NR | Systematic review | Very low |
Ledford et al. (2023) | Mental health symptoms (social skills problems) | Social skills intervention (play-based therapy) | 9 | Non-randomized trials, single case studies | 25 focal, 31 peer participants | 36–90 months (3–7.5 years); 56 months (4.67 years) | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Low |
McDonald & Drey (2018) | Mental health symptoms | Art therapy | 4 | Mixed randomized controlled trials & non-randomized trials | 205 | 7–13; NR | Systematic review | Low/Moderate |
Money et al. (2021) | Mental health symptoms | Child-centered play therapy | 6 | Randomized controlled trials, single group cohort studies | 362 | 4.1–10.34; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Moula (2020) | Generic child outcomes | Art therapy | 6 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 247 | 6–14; NR | Systematic review | Low |
Moula et al. (2020) | Generic child outcomes | Art therapy | 7 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single-group cohort studies | 358 | 6–13:NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Pester et al. (2019) | Mental health symptoms | Child-centered play therapy | 11 | Single case studies | 43 | 3–10; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Very low |
Pilling et al. (2020) | Mental health symptoms | Psychosocial interventions | 138 | Randomized controlled trials | 14,954 | 4–18; NR [4–12; NR] | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Sanchez et al. (2018) | Broad child mental health | School-based Psychosocial interventions | 43 | Randomized controlled trials | 49,941 | grades K-6; mean grade 2.86 | Meta-analysis | High |
Savaglio et al. (2023) | Mental health symptoms (with a focus on internalizing and/or externalizing symptoms) | Psychosocial interventions | 42 | Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies | 5964 | 1–9; 5.78 | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Schleider (2017) | Mental Health Disorders | Psychosocial interventions | 50 | Randomized controlled trials | 10,508 | < 19 years; NR [< 11; NR] | Meta-analysis | High |
Sheridan et al. (2019) | Mental health symptoms | Parenting interventions (behavioral based) | 117 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies | 37,769 | NR; NR | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Shucksmith et al. (2010) | Mental health symptoms | Parenting interventions | 59 | Randomized controlled trials | Not reported | 4–11; NR | Systematic review | Moderate/High |
Sprung et al. (2015) | Emotional understanding | Emotional competency training | 19 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, single group cohort studies | 1308 | 2.9–17.25; 7.2 | Meta-analysis | Moderate |
Sun et al. (2021) | Mental health symptoms (social emotional function and regulatory skills) | Mindfulness | 16 | Mixed Randomized controlled trials, non-controlled trials, single group cohort study | 3584 | 3–5.4; NR | Systematic review | Low/Moderate |
Zarakoviti et al. (2021) | Behavioral disorders with comorbid internalizing symptoms | Parenting interventions | 12 | Randomized controlled trials | 1334 | 2–10;5 | Systematic review | Moderate |
Trauma | ||||||||
Bastien et al. (2020) | PTSD | Psychosocial interventions | 27 | Randomized controlled trials | 1206 | 3–25; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Hambrick et al. (2016) | Mental health symptoms (incl trauma) | Psychosocial interventions (foster care) | 39 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies | NR | 0–12; NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Humble (2019) | Trauma | Child-centred play therapy | 7 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies | 186 | 0–16; 7.3 | Systematic review | Low |
Lindstrom Johnson et al. (2018) | Trauma | Parenting interventions | 21 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies | 1361 | 3–17; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
McGuire et al. (2021) | Trauma | Trauma-focused CBT | 11 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies, Meta-analyses | 2575 | 3–6; NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Parker et al. (2021b) | Trauma | Child-centred play therapy | 32 | Mixed randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials | 1207 | 3.5–11; NR | Systematic review | Moderate |
Purgato (2018) | Trauma | Psychosocial interventions | 11 | Randomized controlled trials | 3143 | 7–18; NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | High |
Rosner et al. (2010) | Bereavement and grief | Psychosocial interventions | 27 | Mixed randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, single group cohort studies | 1073 | 0–20, NR | Meta-analysis and systematic review | Moderate |
Authors | GRADE score | GRADE reasoning |
---|---|---|
ADHD | ||
Arnold et al., (2015) | High | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization; Precision: large effect sizes observed across multiple combination studies (pharma/non-pharma). Consistent across studies. Intervention directly related to outcome/population of interest. Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly strong; Dose response: combination therapy gradient increases GRADE |
Brooks and Gannigan, (2021) | Low | Risk of bias: no RCTS, case reports and quasi-experimental studies were very low quality, lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: large effect sizes in some studies, but no high-quality evidence for occupation-based/-focused occupational therapy interventions for children and adolescents with mental health difficulties; Significant heterogeneity in quantitative data; Publication bias: not ascertained; Dose response: N/A |
Bjornstad and Montgomery (2005) | Moderate | Risk of bias: all RCTS, but small sample size reduces power of study; Precision: partially meaningful, small to medium effect sizes observed; Some heterogeneity across studies; Intervention directly related to outcome/population of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: low to moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Coates et al., (2015) | Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization/blinding, potential rating bias; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Corcoran and Dattalo (2006) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization (3/16); Precision: small effect sizes observed across studies; Consistent across studies; Behavioral therapies not found to be directly related to ADHD; Publication bias: large fail-safe N’s indicate low risk; Magnitude of effect: no or weak; Dose response: N/A |
Cornell et al., (2018) | Moderate | Risk of bias: lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: moderate to large effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: fairly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Fabiano et al., (2009) | High | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization; Precision: moderate to large effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies: Interventions directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: fairly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Fox et al., (2020) | Moderate | Risk of bias: reduced—only 1/14 studies used randomization/blinding, small samples reduce power of study; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome/population of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: moderate to strong; Dose response: N/A |
Gaastra et al., (2016) | Moderate | Risk of bias: lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: large effect sizes observed; heterogeneity across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: funnel plot showed significant asymmetry, suggests underreporting of smaller studies showing no or small beneficial effects; Magnitude of effect: Strong; Dose response: N/A |
Ghuman et al., (2008) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Inconsistencies across studies; Intervention not directly related to ADHD outcomes; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mild; Dose response: N/A |
Groenman et al., (2022) | High | Risk of bias: Low risk of bias given RCTs used; Precision: Small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Parenting interventions directly related to ADHD symptoms; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Small to medium; Dose response: N/A |
Harrison et al., (2019) | Moderate | Risk of bias: single-case design, lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: moderate to large effect sizes observed; Consistent across multiple combination studies; Intervention related to outcome/population of interest; Publication bias: Egger’s test was non-significant indicating low risk of publication bias; Magnitude of effect: fairly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Hodgson et al., (2014) | Moderate | Risk of bias: lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Inconsistencies across studies; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: fairly strong; Dose response: no dose effect; Findings regarding confounding effect (no dose and age) increases GRADE |
Hornstra et al., (2023) | High | Risk of bias: low risk of bias due to RCT designs; Precision: medium effect sizes, consistently across studies, range of CIs but mostly moderate CI on forest plot; Intervention directly related to outcome. Publication bias: Possible publication bias indicated through funnel plots, and egger’s test for behavioral problems and total ADHD symptoms. Effects adjusted for through trim-and-fill analyses; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: Higher dosage of “Shaping Knowledge” category, psychoeducation for parents led to smaller treatment effects on behavioral problems. Higher dosage of “negative consequences” associated with better treatment effects on behavioral problems |
Iznardo et al., (2020) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization; Precision: large effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome/population of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: fairly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Krisanaprakornkit et al., (2010) | Moderate | Risk of bias: all RCTS, but small sample size reduces power of study; Precision: no to small effect sizes observed; Inconsistent across studies; Interventions not directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: low; Dose response: N/A |
Lee et al., (2012) | Moderate | Risk of bias: lack of randomization; Precision: small to large effect sizes (28/40 signified meaningful precision); BPT was consistently and directly related to outcome—ADHD, however, was not consistent in different groups, moreover, BPT effects declined during follow-up; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: small to large; Dose response: N/A |
McGoey et al., (2002) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization, some methodological limitations, small sample sizes; Precision: mostly meaningful effect sizes observed across multiple combination studies (pharma/non-pharma/combined); Intervention related to outcome/population of interest, however relatively few studies examined treatment outcome for pre-school age children with ADHD; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mixed; Dose response: N/A |
Mulqueen et al., (2015) | High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: Egger’s test and funnel plot—significant amount of heterogeneity between trials but no evidence of publication bias; Magnitude of effect: strong; Dose response: N/A |
Murray et al., (2018) | High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed across studies; Consistent across studies (9/11 large ES); Intervention directly related to outcome of interested; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Pauli-Pott et al., (2021) | High | Risk of bias: low risk as all included studies were RCTs; Precision: moderate to large effect sizes, with significant heterogeneity. However, analyses heterogeneity explained by study quality, with higher quality studies having larger effect sizes (moderator analyses increase score). Intervention directly related to outcome. Magnitude of effect: moderate to large. Dose response: N/A |
Pyle and Fabiano (2017) | Very Low | Risk of bias: High risk of bias given single case study design; Precision: Varied effect sizes from small to large, general similar pattern of results across studies; Intervention directly related to outcome; Publication bias: fail-safe N suggested publication bias is unlikely to distort findings; Magnitude of effect: Unclear; Dose response: N/A |
Reid et al., (2005) | Moderate | Risk of bias: lack of randomization/blinding, small sample size reduces power of study; Precision: moderate to large effect sizes observed (19/27 calculated ES were moderate to large); Consistent across studies; Intervention directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: strong; Dose response: results from combined effect of SRI and medication increases the GRADE |
Rimestad et al., (2019) | High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies (9/16 moderate ES, 6/16 small ES); Intervention directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: Egger’s test was non-significant indicating low risk of publication bias; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Storebo et al., (2019) | High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: small to moderate effect sizes; Consistent across studies; Intervention directly related to outcome/population of interest; Publication bias: Egger’s test was non-significant and funnel plot was symmetrical, suggesting no publication bias; Magnitude of effect: Moderately strong; Dose response: N/A |
Tan-McNeill et al., (2021) | Low | Risk of bias: High risk of bias as minority of included studies were RCTs (7/15). Precision: ES not ascertained. Heterogeneity of studies identified. Interventions directly related to outcome. Magnitude of effect: unclear. Dose response: N/A |
Vacher et al., (2020) | Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization, small sample sizes reduce power; Precision: moderate; heterogeneity of outcome measures across studies; consistently related to ADHD outcomes; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: fairly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Van der Oord et al., (2008) | High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed across multiple combination studies (pharma/non-pharma/combined); Intervention directly related to outcome/population of interest; Publication bias: fail-safe N’s were substantial, low risk of bias; Magnitude of effect: mostly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Vekety et al., (2021) | Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: small to medium effect sizes observed; the overall effect was significant and moderate when the informants were teachers, but when parents or the children themselves rated their own behavior, the effects were non-significant; Publication bias: Egger’s regression test and funnel plot supported the absence of publication bias; Magnitude of effect: small to medium; Dose response: N/A |
Wilkes-Gillan et al., (2021) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization/blinding and confounding bias, but methodological quality mostly strong; Precision: findings from this review are preliminary in nature, medium to large effect sizes observed in two studies and one study reported large effect size, overall effect sizes not clearly reported; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Willis et al., (2019) | Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization, small sample sizes reduce power; Precision: some meaningful precision; Consistent and directly related to ADHD outcomes; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: fairly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Zwi et al., (2011) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed (9/11 studies); Consistent across studies; Intervention directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly strong; Dose response: N/A; Interventions effects maintained in 9 studies at 1-year follow-up |
Anxiety | ||
Ale et al., (2015) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: small effect sizes observed across studies; Inconsistent findings reported across studies; CBT directly related to anxiety; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Weak; Dose response: N/A |
Bennet et al., (2013) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Meaningful precision with large effect size; Consistent across studies; CBT directly related to anxiety; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Fairly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Caldwell et al., (2019) | Moderate | Risk of bias: most studies RCTs, some non-randomized trials. However, most studies had unclear risk of bias for randomization and blinding; Precision: Small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; CBT directly reduced mood disorders (compared with waitlist); Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: N/A |
Comer et al., (2019) | Moderate | Risk of bias: majority of studies RCTs (20/38); Precision: no effect sizes reported, but interventions classified into evidence base levels; CBT directly related to outcome—Anxiety; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Unclear; Dose response: N/A |
Fisak et al., (2011) | High | Risk of bias: Most studies were RCTs, some other mixed methods; Precision: small effect sizes with expected confidence intervals; some variability across studies, Prevention programs directly related to anxiety at post and 6 months follow-up; Publication bias: some publication bias reported via funnel plots, though corrected for with weighted effect sizes; Magnitude of effect: Small; Dose response: n.s. pos association between number of sessions and magnitude of effect |
Grist et al., (2019) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies (compared to non-CBT/placebo/waitlist); CBT directly related to anxiety; Publication bias: possible publication bias reported due to slight asymmetry in funnel plot; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Howes Vallis et al., (2020) | High | Risk of bias: minority of studies were RCTs, with only 19/47 including a control group. Precision: large effect sizes with moderate heterogeneity; CBT directly related to Anxiety: Publication bias: funnel plots and Egger’s test analysis indicated publication bias present, adjusted estimates were similar to original analysis results; Magnitude of effect: large; Dose response: N/A |
Krebs et al., (2018) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs: Meaningful precision with small-moderate effect sizes; Consistent across studies; CBM-I directly related to anxiety: Publication bias: Egger’s test and funnel plots suggested some bias, but Duval-Tweedie analyses suggested no significant publication bias; Magnitude of effect: Moderately strong; Dose response: N/A |
McGuire et al., (2015) | High | Risk of bias: low risk of bias for the RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed. Consistent across studies. CBT directly related to pop of interest. Publication bias: Small but ns publication bias found via Egger’s test and funnel plot; Mostly strong Magnitude of effect |
Odgers et al., (2020) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs: small effect sizes; Inconsistent across studies; MBI directly related to anxiety only in one group of population; Publication bias: small asymmetry in funnel plots but non-significant on Egger’s test, results unlikely impacted by pub bias; Magnitude of effect: Weak and temporary; Dose response: N/A |
Ostergaard et al., (2018) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: 3/15 studies included were RCTs, mixed designs otherwise; Precision: no overall effect size calculations due to heterogeneity across studies and small sample sizes; not directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Weak; Dose response: N/A |
Phillips and Mychailyszyn (2021) | Low | Risk of bias: high risk as 5 of the 15 included studies did not have a control group; Precision: large effect size but precision impacted by small sample sizes and some notable differences in interventions across studies, Intervention directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Large; Dose response: N/A |
Reynolds et al., (2012) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs: Meaningful precision with overall moderate effect sizes; Consistent across studies; CBT directly related to anxiety; Publication bias: assessed via funnel plots only, reported no evidence of bias; Magnitude of effect: Moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Steains et al., (2021) | Moderate | Risk of bias: Low risk of bias as all included studies were RCTs; Precision: large effect size, impacted by small sample size as only included 5 studies with small samples, heterogeneity analyses n.s. Intervention directly related to outcome. Publication bias: no evidence of publication bias via fail-safe N, funnel plots, and trim and fill procedure. Magnitude of effect: large; Dose response: N/A |
Viswanathan et al., (2022) | Moderate | Risk of bias: RCTS, some lack of blinding; Precision: moderate strength of evidence observed, only limited evidence available on long-term outcomes and on test accuracy and treatment in children; Consistent across studies; Publication bias: not ascertained; Dose response: N/A |
Werner-Seidler et al., (2017) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Small effect sizes observed with small confidence intervals; Consistent findings reported across studies; Targeted School based intervention related to anxiety; Publication bias: some evidence of bias for depression studies via funnel plot and Egger’s test (effects were adjusted via Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill procedure) and no evidence of bias for anxiety studies; Magnitude of effect: Weak; Dose response: N/A |
Yin et al., (2021) | Moderate | Risk of bias due to RCTs; Precision: Small effect sizes; Inconsistent across different groups; Parent only CBT related to anxiety: Publication bias: assessed via Egger’s test, non-significant throughout; Magnitude of effect: Weak; Dose response: N/A |
ASD | ||
Aldabas (2019) | Moderate | Risk of bias: high risk of bias given case series design. Precision: Large effect sizes observed, consistent findings reported across studies; Social stories directly related to ASD; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Large; Dose response: N/A |
Camargo et al., (2014) | Very Low | Risk of bias: high risk of bias given single case designs, no control group, randomization or blinding; Precision: most studies reported similar direction of results, no ES reported; Intervention directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Unclear; Dose response: N/A |
Camargo et al., (2016) | Moderate | Risk of bias: high risk of bias given single case study design; Precision: moderate to large effect sizes observed; consistent across studies with expected confidence intervals; Behavioral interventions directly related to outcome of interest (ASD); Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Gunning et al., (2019) | Moderate | Risk of bias: high given single case study designs; Precision: no effect sizes reported, trends analyzed; SSI directly related to outcome of interest (ASD); Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: unclear; Dose response: N/A |
Kokina and Kern (2010) | Moderate | Risk of bias: High risk of bias given single case study design; Precision: moderate to large effect sizes observed with large error margins; Social stories directly related to ASD; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: low (given error margins); Dose–response: N/A |
Reichow et al., (2013) | High | Risk of bias: low risk of bias for the RCTs; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed. Consistent across studies. SSG directly related to pop of interest. Publication bias: not ascertained (small number of studies precluded examination of funnel plot); Magnitude of effect: mostly moderate |
Slaughter et al., (2020) | Moderate | Risk of bias: mixed designs, with methodology of evidence not clear given review of guidelines and websites; Precision: range of effect sizes observed (n.s. to large); CBI directly related to the pop of interest. Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Tarver et al., (2019) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Behavioral parent intervention related to ASD; Publication bias: not ascertained due to insufficient number of studies; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: N/A |
Vetter (2018) | Moderate | Risk of bias: moderate as most studies were single subject designs; Precision: unclear effect sizes; Direction of results mostly consistent across studies; PCIT directly related to outcome of interest (ASD); Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: unclear; Dose response: N/A |
Wang et al., (2011) | Moderate | Risk of bias: high risk of bias due to single case study designs; Precision: large effect sizes observed in 12/14 studies with expected confidence intervals; Interventions directly related to ASD; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly strong; Dose–response: N/A |
Wang et al., (2013) | High | Risk of bias: high risk of bias given single case study designs, Precision: large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies with expected error margins; SSIs directly related to ASD; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: strong; Research design found to be mediated the ES; Dose response: N/A. Findings on confounding increases GRADE |
Wang and Spillane (2009) | Very Low | Risk of bias: High risk of bias as most studies were single case studies; Precision: wide range of ES from small to large even for the same intervention; Intervention directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Unclear; Dose response: N/A |
Weitlauf et al., (2017) | Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: small effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; limited evidence available to draw causality (intervention > ASD); Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: small; Dose response: N/A |
Whalon et al., (2015) | High | Risk of bias: high risk of bias given single case study designs; Precision: moderate to strong effect sizes observed, with variable error margins; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to ASD; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Strong; Research design found to be mediated the ES; Dose response: N/A |
Externalizing | ||
Bakker et al., (2017) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Small effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Psychosocial interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not determined; Magnitude of effect: Weak; Dose response: N/A; Comments on the quality of the included studies decrease GARDE |
Barlow and Stewart-Brown (2000) | Moderate | Risk of bias: minority of studies (6/16) were RCTs, others non-randomized allocation; Precision: Moderate to large effect sizes observed in 5 studies (11/16 studies did not provide ES), small sample sizes reduces the power of the study; Consistent findings reported only across 5/16 studies; interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose–response: N/A |
Battagliese et al., (2015) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Moderate to large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; CBT directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: N/A |
Baumel et al., (2016) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; DPT directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: funnel plots indicated that there was no significant publication bias; Magnitude of effect: Medium but maintained after follow-up; Dose response: N/A |
Baumel et al., (2017) | Moderate | Risk of bias: Most studies were RCTs, one non-randomized and one pre-post. Some studies reported minor influences on quality; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; DPTs directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: quality assessed via Cochrane tool, selection bias assessed to be low risk for all studies; Magnitude of effect: Mostly moderate; Dose–response: N/A |
Burkey et al., (2018) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: no pub bias suggested via funnel plots; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Cai et al., (2022) | Moderate | Risk of bias; some lack of randomizations/blinding; Precision: small effect sizes observed with a small sample size; Within studies with at least one follow-up assessment(s), the trajectories of the intervention effects were inconsistent.; Publication bias: Egger’s test revealed no publication bias was evident; Magnitude of effect: small to moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Comer et al., (2013) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: trim and fill analysis via funnel plots did not suggest significant publication bias; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A; |
Connor et al., (2006) | Moderate | Risk of bias: psychotherapy studies were all RCTs; Precision: Moderate to large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose–response: N/A |
de Graaf et al., (2008) | High | Risk of bias: Most studies (14/15) RCTs; Precision: Large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose–response: N/A |
Dedousis-Wallace et al., (2021) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: overall low risk of selection bias reported via Cochrane RoB tool; Magnitude of effect: Strong; Dose response: N/A |
Dretzke et al., (2005) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed (27/37); Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Strong; Dose response: N/A |
Dretzke et al., (2009) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Moderate effect sizes observed (27/37); Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: Egger and Begg analyses revealed no evidence of publication bias; Magnitude of effect: Mostly medium; Dose response: N/A |
Florean et al., (2020) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Intervention directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: N/A |
Forster et al., (2012) | Moderate | Risk of bias: mostly controlled trials, though randomization methods unclear. Precision: Moderate to large effect sizes observed within groups and between groups (treatment/control); Consistent findings reported across studies; interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose–response: N/A |
Fossum et al., (2008) | Moderate | Risk of bias: Most studies used randomization; Precision: Small effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Psychological interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly moderate; Dose–response: N/A |
Fossum et al., (2016) | Moderate | Risk of bias: Mixed design but unclear how many randomized; Precision: Moderate to large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Psychological interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly moderate; Dose–response: N/A |
Furlong et al., (2012) | Moderate | Risk of bias: most studies (10/13) were RCTs; Precision: small to moderate observed; Consistent findings reported across studies, various sources of bias (though reported within the review); Parenting behavior and CBT interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: assessed through funnel plots, concluded publication bias unclear given heterogeneity across studies; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose–response: N/A |
Gardner et al., (2019a) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; IY Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Gardner et al., (2019b) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Small effect sizes observed; Inconsistent findings reported across 2 meta-analyses; Interventions not directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: minimum or no; Dose response: N/A |
Lane et al., (2023) | Low | Risk of bias: high as all RCTS, but rated at unclear or high risk across most domains (mainly lack of blinding); Precision: evidence of very low certainty; Insufficient evidence to reach any firm conclusions regarding the effectiveness; Publication bias: not ascertained; Dose response: N/A |
Leijten (2020) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Intervention reduced conduct problems; Publication bias: not ascertained, but reported that risk of bias was low on most indicators; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: N/A |
Leijten et al., (2013) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low as most studies RCTs, few non-randomized trials; Precision: small effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies, but not maintained at follow-up (most studies only collected follow-up data in intervention studies); Interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Weak; Dose–response: N/A |
Leijten et al., (2016) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Significant effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Large; Dose response: N/A |
Leijten et al., (2018) | High | Risk of bias: low risk of bias as these were two meta-analyses including only RCTs; Precision: 156 and 41 RCTs in the meta-analyses resulting in 386 effect sizes, with average effect size of the programs on disruptive child behavior d = − .47 (95% CI [− .55, − .40]). Consistency across studies. Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect similar across studies. Follow-up times in studies typically about 1 year – longer term follow up was rare |
Losel and Beelmann (2003) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: overall, small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; CBT Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly medium; Dose response: N/A; Findings on confounder (age) increases GRADE |
Maughan et al., (2005) | Moderate | Risk of bias: Some risk of bias, including RCTs and non-RCT with variability in study quality; Precision: Overall moderate to large effect sizes observed, effect size varied by study quality; Interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Mostly moderate magnitude of effect; Dose–response: N/A; |
Menting et al., (2013) | Moderate | Risk of bias: Low risk of bias due to mostly RCTs; Precision: Small effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; IY Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly weak; Dose response: N/A |
Mingebach et al., (2018) | Moderate | Risk of bias: overall risk of bias rated as satisfactory in the paper, consists of meta-analyses; Precision: Moderate effect sizes observed, with risk of bias analyses within paper suggesting robust results; Consistent findings reported across studies; Parenting-based interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: risk of bias analyses from funnel plots and fail-safe Ns suggest some but small publication bias; Magnitude of effect: Moderate; Dose–response: N/A |
Nogueira et al., (2022) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low risk of bias due to all RCTS, but some studies did not report randomization/blinding; Precision: small effect sizes (secondary outcomes) and moderate effect sizes (all GTP targeted outcomes); Interventions related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Nye (2019) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Intervention directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained due to small number of studies; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: N/A |
Moderate | Risk of bias: most studies used randomized treatment (20/32) and 24 studies (24/32) used treatment protocols; Precision: small to moderate effect sizes observed with a large sample size; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A | |
Riise et al., (2021) | High | Risk of bias: most studies RCT, some open trials without randomization and blinding, overall low risk of bias in paper’s risk of bias calculations; Precision: large effect sizes observed with precise CIs; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: trim-and-fill method &Egger’s test indicated that publication bias is likely an issue for the primary continuous measure studies and have inflated the effect size; Magnitude of effect: mostly strong; Dose–response: N/A; |
Smith et al., (2021) | Moderate | Risk of bias: all RCTS but high risk of detection bias (lack of blinding of outcome assessment); Precision: small to moderate effect sizes; Publication bias: not ascertained but strong possibility of publication bias; Magnitude of effect: small; Dose response: N/A |
Solomon et al., (2017) | Moderate | Risk of bias: Some risk of bias due to half of studies (7/15) lacking randomization; Precision: small to moderate effect sizes observed with sometimes large CIs; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Mostly moderate magnitude of effect; Dose–response: N/A |
Stoltz et al., (2012) | High | Risk of bias: Most studies included were RCTs (73%), otherwise non-randomized trials; Precision: Moderate effect sizes observed, with some variability in confidence intervals; Mostly consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Moderate; Dose–response: N/A; |
Tarver et al., (2014) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Moderate to large effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Thongseiratch et al., (2020) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: Small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Intervention directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: N/A |
Tse, 2006 | Moderate | Risk of bias: Some risk of bias due to only 1/5 studies being an RCT; Precision: Overall small to moderate effect sizes observed; Mixed findings (some n.s.) reported across studies; impacted by small sample sizes; Interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Mostly moderate magnitude of effect; Dose–response: N/A |
Tully and Hunt (2016) | High | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: overall, moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly medium; Dose response: N/A; |
Uretsky and Hoffman (2017) | Moderate | Risk of bias: most studies were RCTs, some non-randomized and some single-group; Precision: Small to moderate effect sizes observed with varying effect sizes; Overall consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not quantitatively ascertained, suggested potential publication bias due to heterogeneity among studies; Magnitude of effect: Moderate; Dose–response: N/A |
Veenman et al., (2018) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low due to RCTs; Precision: overall, small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interests; Publication bias: fail-safe N analyses found no evidence of pub bias; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: N/A; |
Ward et al., (2016) | Moderate | Risk of bias: Half of studies were RCTs, half without randomization or blinding; Precision: Large effect sizes observed with expected CIs; Consistent findings reported across studies; PCIT directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; Dose–response: N/A |
Ye et al., (2021) | High | Risk of bias: Includes RCTs and non-randomized controlled trials, risk of bias analyses reported half studies had randomizing and most studies had high risk of bias for blinding; Precision: large effect sizes observed, with varying error margins, Consistent findings reported across studies; interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: slight asymmetry in funnel plot for aggressive behavior but overall reported low risk of bias; Magnitude of effect: Mostly strong; |
Internalizing | ||
Benarous et al., (2017) | Low | Risk of bias: most studies not RCTs, lack of randomization and blinding in studies; small sample size reduces the power for the study, no reported effect sizes; Consistent and directly related to ADHD outcomes; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Caldwell (2019) | Moderate | Risk of bias: most studies RCTs, some non-randomized trials. However, most studies had unclear risk of bias for randomization and blinding; Precision: Small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; CBT directly reduced mood disorders (compared with waitlist); Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Medium; Dose response: N/A |
Cuijpers et al., (2023) | High | Risk of bias: Low risk of bias as all studies were RCTs; Precision: No ES reported, examined response rates, relative risks, and numbers-needed-to-be-treated. Response rates had expected confidence intervals. Consistent findings reported across studies; Interventions investigated directly related to outcome. Publication bias: evidence of publication bias, subgroup analyses conducted adjusting for publication bias; Magnitude of effect: Not assessed; Dose response: N/A |
Forti-Buratti et al., (2016) | Low | Risk of bias: all RCTs but some methodological issues in each study, consistently low power, some studies without blinding, some studies with no appropriate control intervention (CBT + meds vs CBT); Precision: poor or no effect sizes observed. Small sample sizes. Consistently not related to outcome across studies; Publication bias: not ascertained; Mostly non-significant Magnitude of effect. Dose response: N/A |
Michael and Crowley (2002) | High | Risk of bias: most were randomized controlled studies, but some studies without randomization and blinding; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed between groups (children/adolescents), with results reported as a function of study quality; Consistent across studies, esp higher quality studies; CBT Interventions directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Sun et al., (2019) | High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed. Consistently across studies; CBT directly related to outcome; Publication bias: potential publication bias assessed via egger’s weighted regression test, though trim and fill method suggested that this bias had minimal impact on results; Mostly strong Magnitude of effect. Dose response: N/A |
Werner-Seidler et al., (2017) | High | Risk of bias: low risk of bias for the RCTs; Precision: small effect sizes observed. Consistent across studies. Interventions directly related to pop of interest; Publication bias: funnel plots estimated some publication bias, effects subsequently adjusted using trim and fill procedure. No evidence of bias for anxiety studies; Mostly small magnitude of effect, however, results on posttreatment effect increases the GRADE; Dose response: N/A |
Yap et al., (2016) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: Small effect sizes observed. Consistently across studies; PI directly related to outcome; Publication bias: no apparent publication bias via Egger’s tests; Mostly weak Magnitude of effect. Dose response: N/A |
Mental health | ||
Bauer et al., (2021) | Low | Risk of bias: lacking randomization/blinding. Precision: effect sizes not ascertained; Social support consistently found to be unrelated to children, only one study referred to social support as mobilized by children directly; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: weak; Dose response: N/A |
Bayer et al., 2009 | High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: large effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Benoit & Gabola, 2021 | Low | Risk of bias: high risk of bias as study online included quasi-experimental or pre-post designs; Precision: large range of effect sizes, no overall effect size calculated given small sample size, Interventions directly related to outcome (child wellbeing). Publication bias: not ascertained. Magnitude of effect: unclear. Dose response: N/A |
Blewitt et al., (2021) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures, global effect sizes were not calculated; Within and across studies were inconsistent; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: high only in a few, mostly were limited due to insufficient data; Dose response: N/A |
Bratton and et al., (2005) | Moderate | Risk of bias: lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: large effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Strong; Dose response: N/A |
Buchanan-Pascall et al., (2018) | High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly small; Dose response: N/A; ES moderated by the study quality increases GRADE |
Carr et al., (2017) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization, some studies with methodological limitations—most underpowered; 6/17 RCTs; Precision: moderate to large effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly strong; Dose response: N/A |
Dalgaard et al., (2022) | Moderate | Risk of bias: majority of studies were RCTs, though there were some concerns reported for majority of RCTs and there were some non-randomized studies. Precision: most studies reported similar direction of results, small effect sizes reported with moderate to large confidence intervals; Intervention directly related to outcome; Publication bias: study reported that the limited number of studies does not permit definitive conclusions regarding publication bias; Magnitude of effect: small; Dose response: N/A |
England-Mason et al., (2023) | High | Risk of bias: all RCTS of moderate quality; Precision: small to medium effect sizes observed in children outcome, but small sample size; Consistent across studies; Intervention directly related to outcome; Publication bias: trim and fill procedure did not indicate publication bias; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Everett et al., (2021) | Moderate | Risk of bias: all RCTs, low risk of bias; Precision: No ES reported, precision unclear; broad scope but intervention directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: unclear; Dose response: N/A |
Jugovac et al., (2022) | High | Risk of bias: Most studies RCTs (40/43), some non-randomized trials. Most studies had an unclear risk of bias for blinding. However, analyses were conducted to moderate for risk of bias. When only examining low risk studies, effect size increased for externalizing disorders. Precision: Small to moderate effect sizes observed; Intervention directly related to outcome; Publication bias: Funnel plots did not indicate publication bias.; Magnitude of effect: Small to medium.; Dose response: N/A |
Law et al., (2012) | Very Low | Risk of bias: High risk of bias as most studies were single case designs. Precision: No ES calculated, though similar pattern of results across studies; Intervention directly targeted outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: Unclear; Dose response: N/A |
Ledford et al., (2023) | Low | Risk of bias: high risk of bias given no control groups, Precision: large effect sizes reported with moderate confidence intervals, large heterogeneity across studies. Publication bias: not ascertained. Magnitude of effect: large overall but inconsistent. Dose response: N/A |
McDonald and Drey (2018) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization/blinding, limitations in methodology (sparse methodology in one study); Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Heterogeneity of study populations and outcome measures was substantial; Publication bias: funnel plot suggested no evidence of publication bias; Magnitude of effect: medium; Dose response: N/A |
Money et al., (2021) | Low | Risk of bias: high risk as only 2/6 of the included studies were RCTs; Precision: half of the interventions did not report ES, small samples and heterogeneity between included studies with no overall ES calculated, Intervention directly related to outcome, Publication bias: not ascertained. Magnitude of effect: unclear; Dose response: N/A |
Moula, (2020) | Low | Risk of bias: high or unclear due to mainly selection bias, lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A; No information regarding loss to follow-up |
Moula et al., (2020) | Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization/blinding, small sample sizes reduce power; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Pester et al., (2019) | Very Low | Risk of bias: case series methodology, lacking randomization/blinding, low sample sizes reduces power; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome of interest; Publication bias: examination of funnel plot indicated potential underreporting of studies with larger effects for externalizing symptoms and smaller effects for internalizing symptoms; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Pilling et al., (2020) | Moderate | Risk of bias: all RCTs, but moderate to high risk of bias most studies; Precision: small to moderate effect sizes observed; High levels of heterogeneity; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: asymmetric funnel plot and significant Egger’s test indicated presence of publication bias; Magnitude of effect: mostly moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Sanchez et al., (2018) | High | Risk of bias: Low risk of bias given all studies were RCTs; Precision: Small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Intervention type directly related to outcome; Publication bias: sensitivity analyses indicated that publication bias would not have influenced the interpretation of results; Magnitude of effect: Small to medium; Dose response: Service intensity moderated results (conducted more often led to greater effects) |
Savaglio et al., (2023) | Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization (but 88% of studies assessed as having medium or high methodological quality); Precision: small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent findings reported across studies; Publication bias: assessed by Egger’s test and visual inspection of funnel plot, limited indication of publication bias; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Schleider (2017) | High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: small to moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: slope of Egger regression line was non-significant, funnel plot indicated some asymmetry but potential for systematic bias was low; Magnitude of effect: mostly moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Sheridan et al., (2019) | Moderate | Risk of bias: lack of randomization/blinding, rigor/quality of included group designs not considered; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcomes of interest; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A |
Shucksmith et al., (2010) | Moderate/High | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Publication bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: mostly small; Dose response: N/A |
Sprung et al., (2015) | Moderate | Risk of bias: lack of randomization/blinding; Precision: moderate effect sizes observed; Consistent across studies; Interventions directly related to outcome; Publication bias: fail-safe N & funnel plot indicate low potential; Magnitude of effect: Mostly moderate; Findings on confounders increases GRADE; Dose response: N/A |
Sun et al., (2021) | Low/Moderate | Risk of bias: some lack of randomization, quality appraisal indicated significant variability in risk of bias across studies; Precision: quantitative analysis was not conducted, limited by the diversity of measurement tools in each outcome; 13/16 studies reported improvements in one outcome domain, heterogeneity of outcome measurements hindered comparison; Publication bias: not ascertained; Dose response: N/A |
Zarakoviti et al., (2021) | Moderate | Risk of bias: low as all RCTs, most of which the study quality were deemed moderate to strong; Precision: effect size not reported for all 12 qualitative papers; 7/12 studies found significant reductions in internalizing symptoms, comorbid internalizing symptoms were less consistent; Publication Bias: not ascertained; Magnitude of effect: moderate; Dose response: N/A; |