Introduction
Method
Study Identification
Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
Data Extraction
Quality Assessment
Data Analysis
Results
Study Selection
Study Characteristics
Study | Country | Age of sample (years) | Sample size | Diagnostic status | Referral | Intervention setting | Primary outcome | Continuing other treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bar-Haim et al. (2011) | Israel | 10 | 35 | Elevated (Anx) | Subsample of larger RCT | University site | STAIC | NR |
Conaughton et al. (2017) | Australia | 8–12 | 42 | Diagnosed (Anx) | Professional and self-referral | Home/AWI | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | Psychological—No Pharmacological—NR |
De Voogd et al. (2017) | Amsterdam (Netherlands) | 11–19 | 70 | Elevated (Anx and Dep) | School | Home | SCARED (Anx) CDI (Dep) | NR |
Fitzgerald et al. (2016) | Ireland | 15–18 | 120 | Elevated (Anx) | School | School | SPAI-C | No |
Fu et al. (2013) | China | 12–17 | 28 | Diagnosed (Anx) | Professional | MH centre | Negative mood on VASs derived from PANAS-C | NR |
Hoek et al. (2012) | Amsterdam (Netherlands) | 12–21 (m = 16.1 (2.3) | 45 | Elevated (Dep and Anx) | Professional and self-referral | Home/AWI | CES-D (Dep) HADS-A (Anx) | Psychological—No Pharmacological—NR |
Ip et al. (2016) | China | 13–17 | 257 | Elevated (Dep) | School | Home/AWI | CESD-R | Psychological—NR Pharmacological—No |
Le Moult et al. (2017) | USA | 7–13 | 46 | Diagnosed (Dep) | Self - referred | Home and university site | CDI | NR |
Lenhard et al. (2017) | Sweden | 12–17 | 67 | Diagnosed (OCD) | Professional and self-referral | Home/AWI | CY-BOCS | Yes (pharmacological) |
March et al. (2009) | Australia | 7–12 | 73 | Diagnosed (Anx) | Professional and self-referral | Home/AWI | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | No |
New Zealand | 12–19 (m = 16.6, SD = 1.6) | 187 | Elevated (Dep) | Professional | Primary care health sites | CDRS-R | No | |
Muris et al. (1998) | Netherlands | 8–17 | 26 | Diagnosed (Spider Phobia-Anx) | Self-referred | University site | SPQ-C | NR |
Pergamin-Hight et al. (2016) | Israel | 6–18 | 67 | Diagnosed (SAD) | Self-referred | University site | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | No |
Poppelaars et al. (2016) | Netherlands | 11–16 | 101 | Elevated (Dep) | School | Home/AWI | RADS-2 | No |
Rickhi et al. (2015) | Canada | 13–18 | 31 | Diagnosed (Dep) | Professional and self-referral | Home/AWI | CDRS-R | Yes |
Schleider and Weisz (2017) | USA | 12–15 | 96 | Elevated (Dep and Anx) | Self-referral | University site | CDI (Dep) SCARED-C (Anx) | NR |
Scholten et al. (2016) | Netherlands | 11–15 | 138 | Elevated (Anx) | School | School | SCAS | No |
Schoneveld et al. (2016) | Netherlands | 8–13 | 124 | Elevated (Anx) | School | School | SCAS | No |
Schoneveld et al. (2017) | Netherlands | 7–12 | 174 | Elevated (Anx) | School | School | SCAS | No |
Smith et al. (2015) | UK | 12–16 | 112 | Elevated (Dep) | School | School | MFQ | Yes |
Spence et al. (2011) | Australia | 12–18 | 115 | Diagnosed (Anx) | Professional and self-referral | Home/AWI | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | NR |
Spence et al. (2017) | Australia | 8–17 | 125 | Diagnosed (SAD) | Professional and self-referral | Home/AWI | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | No |
Sportel et al. (2013) | Netherlands | 14–16 | 240 | Elevated (SAD) | School | Home/AWI | RCADS social phobia | NR |
Stallard et al. (2011) | UK | 11–17 | 20 | Diagnosed (Anx and Dep) | Professional | Home and School | The AWS (Dep) SCAS-C (Anx) | NR |
Stasiak et al. (2014) | New Zealand | 13–18 | 34 | Elevated (Dep) | School counsellor | School | CDRS-R | No |
Tillfors et al. (2011) | Sweden | 15–21 years (M = 16.5, SD = 1.6) | 19 | Diagnosed (SAD) | Self-referred and school | Home/AWI | SPSQ-C | Yes (pharmacological) |
Vigerland et al. (2016a) | Sweden | 8–12 | 93 | Diagnosed (Anx) | Self-referred | Home/AWI | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | Yes (pharmacological) |
Wannachaiyakul et al. (2017) | Thailand | 14–22 | 84 | Elevated (Dep) | Professional | Youth detention centre | The Thai version Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) | No |
Waters et al. (2013) | Australia | 7–13 | 37 | Diagnosed (Anx) | NR | Home | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | NR |
Waters et al. (2015) | Australia | 6–12 | 59 | Diagnosed (Anx) | Self-referred | Home | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | No |
Waters et al. (2016) | Australia | 6–12 | 41 | Diagnosed (Anx) | Self-referred | Home | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | No |
Wright et al. (2017) | UK | 12–18 | 91 | Elevated (Dep) | Professional | Community, OP or school | MFQ | NR |
Wuthrich et al. (2012) | Australia | 14–17 | 43 | Diagnosed (Anx) | Professional and self-referral | Home | CSR on the ADIS for DSMIV | Yes (pharmacological) |
Yang et al. (2016) | China | 12–18 | 45 | Diagnosed (Dep) | School | NR | HAM-D | NR |
Study | Intervention | Target problem | Therapist support | Parental support | Intervention (n =) | Intervention description | Control (n =) | Control description | Program completion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICBT/CCBT | |||||||||
Conaughton et al. (2017) | BRAVE-ONLINE | Anxiety | MCT | Yes | 21 | Weekly 60 min sessions, 10 child and six parent sessions + 2 booster sessions | 21 | WLC | 19% |
Ip et al. (2016) | Grasping the opportunity (CATCH-IT) | Depression | SA | No | 130 | Ten sessions designed to improve negative cognition Reduce negative behaviors and strengthen resiliency | 127 | Anti-smoking website (APC) | 20% |
Lenhard et al. (2017) | BiP OCD | OCD | MCT | Yes | 33 | 12 Chapters that contain texts to read, films and animations. ERP is the main treatment component | 34 | WLC | 27% |
March et al. (2009) | BRAVE-ONLINE | Anxiety | MCT | Yes | 30 | 10 Weekly 60 min sessions Parents 6 weekly 60 min sessions | 29 | WLC | 88% |
SPARX | Depression | SA | No | 94 | Interactive fantasy game 7 weekly modules | 93 | TAU (OTC) | 87% | |
Muris et al. (1998) | Computerized spider exposure | Anxiety—spider phobia | SA | No | 8 | Hierarchically structured computerized spider exposure. 2.5 h single session | 9 | EMDR (OTC) | NR |
Poppelaars et al. (2016) | SPARX | Depression | SA | No | 51 | Fantasy game with seven levels, CBT principles are introduced through challenges, interactions with a guide and homework tasks | 50 and 51 | School based CBT and WLC | 75% |
Smith et al. (2015) | Stressbusters | Depression | SA | No | 55 | Eight modules, 30–45 min. Interactive presentation featuring videos, animations, graphics and printouts | 57 | WLC | 86% |
Spence et al. (2011) | BRAVE-ONLINE | Anxiety | MCT | Yes | 44 | See previous description for BRAVE-ONLINE | 44 and 27 | F2F CBT and WLC | 39% |
Spence et al. (2017) | No name (SAD-CBT) | SAD | MCT | Yes | 47 | 10 Weekly 60 min sessions + 2 booster sessions. PE, PSS, RT GE | 30 | WLC | NR |
Stallard et al. (2011) | Think feel do | Anx and Dep | MCT | NR | 6 | Six 30–45 min sessions over 6 weeks, CD-ROM based CBT workbook | 9 | WLC | 60% |
Stasiak et al. (2014) | The journey | Depression | SA | No | 17 | CD-ROM fantasy game. Seven modules of 30 min | 17 | Computerized psychoeducation (APC) | 94% |
Tillfors et al. (2011) | No name | Social anxiety disorder | MCT | No | 10 | CBT self-help manual, which consisted of nine modules adapted for use via the internet | 9 | WLC | 0% |
Vigerland et al. (2016a) | No name | Anxiety | MCT | Yes | 46 | 11 Modules accessed over 10 weeks. Exposure is main focus + PE, CS, PSS | 47 | WLC | NR |
Wannachaiyakul et al. (2017) | No name | Depression | PSH | No | 42 | 6 Weekly 45–60 min sessions. PE, PSS identifying, evaluating, and modifying NATs | 42 | Usual recreational activities (APC) | 100% |
Wright et al. (2017) | Stressbusters | Depression | SA | No | 45 | Eight modules, 30–45 min. Interactive presentation featuring videos, animations, graphics and printouts | 46 | Websites (APC) | 62% |
Wuthrich et al. (2012) | Cool teens | Anxiety | MCT | Yes | 24 | CBT based CD-ROM based on cool kids anxiety management program. 8 × 30 min sessions for 12 weeks | 19 | WLC | NR |
ABMT | |||||||||
Bar-Haim et al. (2011) | No name | Anxiety | SA | No | 18 | ABM Dot probe task with face stimuli (angry and neutral): 4 × 1 h sessions over 4 days within a 2 week period | 16 | Placebo training (APC) | NR |
De Voogd et al. (2017) | No name | Anx and Dep | SA | No | 38 | Eight sessions of online visual search ABMT. 4 blocks of 36 trials. Participants had to find and select the only smiling face in a 4 × 4 grid of negative emotional faces (angry, fearful, and sad) | 32 and 38 | Placebo training (APC) and WLC | NR |
Fitzgerald et al. (2016) | No name | SAD | SA | No | 61 | 4 weekly training sessions using a dot-probe task designed to reduce attention bias to threatening stimuli | 59 | Placebo training (APC) | 92% |
Pergamin-Hight et al. (2016) | No name | Social anxiety | SA | No | 31 | Dot probe task with angry and neutral faces. 160 trials (120 angry-neutral, 40 neutral–neutral). Eight sessions, twice a week for 4 weeks | 36 | Attention training control (APC) | 92% |
Waters et al. (2013) | No name | Anxiety | SA | Unclear | 18 | ABM Dot probe task with face stimuli 12 treatment sessions over 3 weeks | 16 | Attention training control (APC) | 67% |
Waters et al. (2015) | No Name | Anxiety | SA | Yes | 31 | As above, 12 treatment sessions totalling 224 trials | 28 | WLC | 87% |
Waters et al. (2016) | No name | Anxiety | SA | Yes | 22 | As above, 12 treatment sessions totalling 224 trials | 19 | WLC | NR |
Yang et al. (2016) | No name | Depression | SA | No | 23 | Neutral ABM over 2 weeks for eight sessions (320 trials each) then positive ABM for 2 weeks with four sessions(480 trials each) | 22 | Placebo training (APC) | 91% |
Other | |||||||||
Fu et al. (2013) | CBM-I training | Anxiety | SA | No | 16 | CBM-I Word fragment completion Single session | 12 | Neutral training (APC) | NR |
Hoek et al. (2012) | Internet problem solving | Anx and Dep | PSH | No | 22 | I-Problem solving therapy one lesson per week, 5 weeks | 23 | WLC | 29% |
Le Moult et al. (2017) | Computerized CBM-I training | Depression | SA | No | 24 | Ambiguous scenarios that ended with a word fragment that disambiguated the scenario in a positive or neutral direction. 8 randomized blocks of 13 scenarios | 22 | Neutral training (APC) | NR |
Rickhi et al. (2015) | The LEAP project | Depression | SA | No | 18 | 8 week online intervention. Aims to treat depression by using ‘spiritually informed principles’ such as forgiveness, gratitude, compassion | 13 | WLC | NR |
Schleider and Wesiz (2017) | Growth mindset intervention | Anx and Dep | SA | No | 48 | Single session, 30 min computerized growth mindset session | 48 | Single session computerized supportive therapy (OTC) | 100% |
Scholten et al. (2016) | Dojo | Anxiety | SA | No | 70 | Videogame played six times over three weeks, with two one hour sessions per week. Emotion regulation training and heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback | 68 | Control game (APC) | Unclear |
Schoneveld et al. (2016) | Mindlight | Anxiety | SA | No | 62 | Videogame played for 5, 1 h sessions. neurofeedback (EEG) training, exposure training and ABM | 62 | Control game (APC) | Unclear |
Schoneveld et al. (2017) | Mindlight | Anxiety | SA | No | 86 | Videogame played for 6, 1 h sessions. neurofeedback (EEG) training, exposure training and ABM | 88 | Coping Cat CBT | 88% |
Sportel et al. (2013) | No name (CBM-I training) | SAD | SA | No | 86 | ABM dot probe tasks and CBM-I Word fragment completion. Two sessions 2× a week for 10 weeks | 84 and 70 | Group CBT and WLC | 53% |