Top

Gepubliceerd in:

07-07-2023 | Original Paper

Indirect Effects of Parental Psychological Control on Emerging Adult Psychological Problems

Auteurs: Alyssa R. Williams, Cliff McKinney

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 4/2024

Abstract

Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life that represents the first true independence of many college-aged individuals and a period where psychological problems are prevalent. The aim of the present study was to assess the indirect effects of maternal and paternal psychological control on emerging adults’ anxiety, depressive, and antisocial personality problems through emotion regulation difficulties, which were examined across emerging adult women and men. Participants included 546 individuals from a large southern United States university who completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Adult Self-Report to assess depressive, anxious, and antisocial personality problems, and the Domains of Young Adult Discipline Scale to measure maternal and paternal psychological control. Results indicated that paternal psychological control had a significant indirect effect on emerging adult women’s and men’s anxiety, depressive, and antisocial personality problems via emotion regulation difficulties. Maternal psychological control did not indirectly affect men’s psychological problems. Conversely, higher levels of mothers’ psychological control directly related to higher psychological problems in women and had an indirect effect by means of emotion regulation difficulties. Finally, daily parental contact hours were analyzed by gender and applied to the relevant dyadic discussion as a possible explanation for findings. This study is among the first to examine these relations in the context of emerging adulthood. Limitations and implications are discussed.

vorige artikel Emerging Adults’ Perceptions of and Responses to Interparental Conflict

volgende artikel Predictors of Adolescents’ Psychological Distress and Internet Addiction: the Role of Interpersonal Stress and School Burnout

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Abraham, M. M., & Kerns, K. A. (2013). Positive and negative emotions and coping as mediators of mother-child attachment and peer relationships. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 59, 399–42. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2013.0023.CrossRef

Acharya, L., Jan, L., & Collins, W. (2018). College life is stressful today – Emerging stressors and depressive symptoms in college students. Journal of American College Health, 66(7), 655–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1451869.CrossRefPubMed

Aldao, A. (2012). Emotion regulation strategies as transdiagnostic processes: A more detailed view of the invariance of their form and function. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Psychology, 17(3), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004.CrossRef

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237.CrossRefPubMed

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.CrossRefPubMed

Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296–3319. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131780.CrossRefPubMed

Barber, B.K., & Harmon, E.L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 15–52). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10422-002.

Basili E., Zuffiano, A., Concetta, P., Thartori, E., Lunetti, C., Ainzara, F., Cirimele, F., Di Giunta, L., Gerbino, M., Bacchini, D., Tirado, L. M., & Lansford, J. E. (2021). Maternal and paternal psychological control and adolescents’ negative adjustment: A dyadic longitudinal study in three countries. PLOS One, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251437.

Bennett, D. A. (2001). How can I deal with missing data in my study? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25, 464–469.CrossRefPubMed

Bouchard, L. C., & Shih, J. H. (2013). Gender differences in stress generation: Examination of interpersonal predictors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(4), 424–445. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.4.424.CrossRef

Brumariu, L. E. (2015). Parent–child attachment and emotion regulation. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 148, 31–45.CrossRef

Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, (2^nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

Chaplin, T. M., Hong, K., Bergquist, K., & Sinha, R. (2008). Gender differences in response to emotional stress: an assessment across subjective, behavioral, and physiological domains and relations to alcohol craving. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(7), 1242–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00679.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cheung, R. Y., & Park, I. J. (2010). Anger suppression, interdependent self-construal, and depression among Asian American and European American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 517–525.CrossRefPubMed

Chyung, J. Y., Lee, Y. A., Ahn, S. J., & Bang, H. S. (2021). Associations of perceived parental psychological control with depression, anxiety in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Marriage & Family Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2021.1941496.

Compare, A., Zarbo, C., Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Marconi, C. (2014). Emotional regulation and depression: A potential mediator between heart and mind. Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology, 2014, 324374 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/324374.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Compton, W. M., Conway, K. P., Stinson, F. S., Colliver, J. D., & Grant, B. F. (2005). Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(6), 677–685. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v66n0602.CrossRefPubMed

Davis, E. L. (2016). An age-related mechanism of emotion regulation: Regulating sadness promotes children’s learning by broadening information processing. Child Development, 87(5), 1617–1626. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12552.CrossRefPubMed

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 416–433). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249215.n21.

Desjardins, T., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2017). Changes in parental emotional support and psychological control in early adulthood: Direct and indirect associations with educational and occupational adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 5(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696816666974.CrossRef

Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., & Mesman, J. (2018). The gendered family process model: An integrative framework of gender in the family. Archives of sexual behavior, 47(4), 877–904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1185-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Mesman, J. (2016). Gender-differentiated parenting revisited: Meta-analysis reveals very few differences in parental control of boys and girls. PloS one, 11, 7.CrossRef

Feng, X., Keenan, K., Hipwell, A. E., Henneberger, A. K., Rischall, M. S., Butch, J., Coyne, C., Boeldt, D., Hinze, A. K., & Babinski, D. E. (2009). Longitudinal associations between emotion regulation and depression in preadolescent girls: Moderation by the caregiving environment. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 798–808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014617.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fischer, J. L., Forthun, L. F., Pidcock, B. W., & Dowd, D. A. (2007). Parent relationships, emotion regulation, psychosocial maturity, and college student alcohol use problems. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(7), 912–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9126-6.CrossRef

Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023622324898.CrossRef

Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Taylor, J. J., Campbell, C. L., Kesselring, C. M., & Grant, K. E. (2009). Maternal attachment and depressive symptoms in urban adolescents: The influence of coping strategies and gender. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology,, 38(5), 684–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903103569.CrossRefPubMed

Goger, P., Rozenman, M., & Gonzalez, A. (2020). The association between current maternal psychological control, anxiety symptoms, and emotional regulatory processes in emerging adults. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20(4), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101563.CrossRef

Gold, S., Edin, K. J., & Nelson, T. J. (2020). Does time with dad in childhood pay off in adolescence? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 82(5), 1587–1605. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12676.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gong, X., & Wang, C. (2021). Interactive effects of parental psychological control and autonomy support on emerging adults’ emotion regulation and self-esteem. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01483-3.

Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development factor structure and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.CrossRef

Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 879–892.CrossRef

Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4^th ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Klonsky, E. D. (2009). The functions of self-injury in young adults who cut themselves: Clarifying the evidence for affect-regulation. Psychiatry Research, 166, 260–268.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001). The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 1091–1111.CrossRefPubMed

Laursen, B. (1995). Conflict and social interaction in adolescent relationships. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0501_3.CrossRef

Liew, J., Kwok, O., Chang, Y., Chang, B. W., & Yeh, Y. C. (2014). Parental autonomy support predicts academic achievement through emotion-related self-regulation and adaptive skills in Chinese American adolescents. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5, 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034787.CrossRef

Lijster, J. M., Dierckx, B., Utens, E. M., Verhulst, F. C., Zieldorff, C., Dieleman, G. C., & Legerstee, J. S. (2017). The age of onset of anxiety disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(4), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640757.CrossRefPubMed

Lipson, S. K., Gaddis, S. M., Heinze, J., Beck, K., & Eisenberg, D. (2015). Variations in student mental health and treatment utilization across US colleges and universities. Journal of American College Health, 63(6), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1040411.CrossRef

Luebbe, A. M., Bump, K. A., Fussner, L. M., & Rulon, K. J. (2014). Perceived maternal and paternal psychological control: Relations to adolescent anxiety through deficits in emotion regulation. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45, 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-013-0425-3.CrossRefPubMed

MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Erlbaum

Manzeske, D. P., & Stright, A. D. (2009). Parenting styles and emotion regulation: The role of behavioral and psychological control during young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 16(4), 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9068-9.CrossRef

Marusak, H. A., Thomason, M. E., Kelsey, S., Crespo, L., & Rabinak, C. A. (2018). What’s parenting got to do with it: Emotional autonomy and brain and behavioral responses to emotional conflict in children and adolescents. Developmental Science, 21(4), https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12605.

McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., Jackson-Newsom, J., Tucker, C. J., & Crouter, A. C. (2000). When does parents’ differential treatment have negative implications for siblings? Social Development, 9, 149–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00117.CrossRef

Meesters, C., & Muris, P. (2004). Perceived parental rearing behaviours and coping in young adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(3), 513–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.09.022.CrossRef

Panfile, T. M., & Laible, D. J. (2012). Attachment security and child’s empathy: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 58(1), 1–21.CrossRef

Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E. & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72(2), 583–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00298.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Quesnel-Vallée, A., & Taylor, M. (2012). Socioeconomic pathways to depressive symptoms in adulthood: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Social Science & Medicine, 74(5), 734–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.038.CrossRef

Rescorla, L. A., & Achenbach, T. M. (2004). The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) for Ages 18 to 90 Years. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Instruments for adults (pp. 115–152). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Rodriguez, C. M., Tucker, M. C., & Palmer, K. (2016). Emotion regulation in relation to emerging adults’ mental health and delinquency: A multi-informant approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(6), 1916–1925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0349-6.CrossRef

Rohde, P., Lewinson, P. M., Klein, D. N., Seeley, J. R., & Gau, J. M. (2013). Key characteristics of major depressive disorder occurring in childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F2167702612457599.CrossRef

Roman, N. V., Human, A., & Hiss, D. (2012). Young South African adults’ perceptions of parental psychological control and antisocial behavior. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(7), 1163–1174. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.7.1163.CrossRef

Rudolph, K. D. (2002). Gender differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stress during adolescence. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 30(4 Suppl), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(01)00383-4.CrossRefPubMed

Sanz-García, A., Gesteira, C., Sanz, J., & García-Vera, M. P. (2021). Prevalence of psychopathy in the general adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 661044 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661044.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Saritas-Atalar, D., & Altan-Atalay, A. (2020). Differential roles of early maladaptive schema domains on the link between perceived parenting behaviors and depression, anxiety, and anger. Current Psychology, 39(4), 1466–1475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9852-4.CrossRef

Schafer, J. L. (1999). Multiple imputation: A primer. Statistical Methods in Medicine, 8, 3–15.CrossRef

Schneider, R. L., Arch, J. J., Landy, L. N., & Hankin, B. L. (2018). The longitudinal effect of emotion regulation strategies on anxiety levels in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(6), 978–991. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1157757.CrossRefPubMed

Schreiber, L. R., Grant, J. E., & Odlaug, B. L. (2012). Emotion regulation and impulsivity in young adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(5), 651–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sloan, E., Hall, K., Moulding, R., Bryce, S., Mildred, H., & Staiger, P. K. (2017). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic treatment construct across anxiety, depression, substance, eating and borderline personality disorders: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.002.CrossRefPubMed

Smith, D. T., Mouzon, D. M., & Elliot, M. (2016). Reviewing the assumptions about men’s mental health: An exploration of the gender binary. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316630953.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sobhi-Gharamaleki, N., Porzoor, P., Aghajani, S., & Narimani, M. (2015). Effectiveness of emotion regulation training on reduction of anxiety, stress, and depression symptoms among university students. Iran Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, 3(1), 5–13.

Suveg, C., Morelen, D., Brewer, G. A., & Thomassin, K. (2010). The emotion dysregulation model of anxiety: A preliminary path analytic examination. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(8), 924–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.018.CrossRefPubMed

Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-1651-1.CrossRef

Twenge, J. M., Cooper, A. B., Duffy, M. E., & Binau, S. G. (2019). Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005-2017. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(3), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000410.CrossRefPubMed

Verma, R., Balhara, Y. P., & Gupta, C. S. (2011). Gender differences in stress response: Role of developmental and biological determinants. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 20(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.98407.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Verona, E., Reed, II, A., Curtin, J. J., & Pole, M. (2007). Gender differences in emotional and overt/covert aggressive responses to stress. Aggressive Behavior, 33(3), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20186.CrossRefPubMed

Walker, C. S. (2018). Parental discipline in emerging adulthood: The creation and validation of the Domains of Young Adult Discipline Scale (DYADS). Theses and Dissertations, 3445. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/3445.

Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699.CrossRefPubMed

Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Webb, H. J., Pepping, C. A., Swan, K., Merlo, O., Skinner, E. A., Avdagic, E., & Dunbar, M. (2015). Review: Is parent–child attachment a correlate of children’s emotion regulation and coping? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(1), 74–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0165025415618276.CrossRef

Titel: Indirect Effects of Parental Psychological Control on Emerging Adult Psychological Problems
Auteurs: Alyssa R. Williams
Cliff McKinney
Publicatiedatum: 07-07-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 4/2024
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02623-y

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2024

The Role of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Perfectionistic Concerns and Emotional Dysregulation in the Co-Occurrence between Work-Family Conflict and Parental Burnout

Health Anxiety in Adolescents: The Roles of Online Health Information Seeking and Parental Health Anxiety

A Marginalised Role in Parenting and Maltreatment Risks—A Qualitative Content Analysis of Fathers in Japan Reflecting on their Parenting Experiences

Mother-Father Differences in Risk Factors for Postnatal Psychological Distress: Results from the German SKKIPPI Cohort Study

Cash Transfers Improve Economic Conditions and Reduce Maternal Stress in Rural Côte d’Ivoire

Life Satisfaction of Early Adolescents: Roles of Child Abuse, Friend Communication, and Self-Esteem