Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

01-04-2006

Executive Functioning in Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can We Differentiate Within the Spectrum?

Auteurs: Sylvie Verté, Hilde M. Geurts, Herbert Roeyers, Jaap Oosterlaan, Joseph A. Sergeant

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 3/2006

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate whether children with high-functioning autism (HFA), Asperger’s syndrome (AS), and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) can be differentiated from each other and from normal controls on their neurocognitive executive functioning (EF) profile. Children with HFA and AS showed the most EF deficits. The EF profile of the PDDNOS group was more disturbed that the normal control group, but was less disturbed than the profile of the HFA and AS groups. Little difference was found between the three PDD subtypes with respect to EF. This study supports the view that executive dysfunctioning plays an important role in autism. The usefulness of a distinction between different PDD subtypes was not demonstrated.

vorige artikel The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)—Adolescent Version

volgende artikel Cognitive and Symptom Profiles in High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Throughout this manuscript the terms autism spectrum disorder and pervasive developmental disorder are used interchangeable; both refer to the same concept.

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision (4). American Psychiatric AssociationWashington, DC

Anderson P., (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhoodChild Neuropsychology 8:71–82PubMed

Archibald S. J., Kerns K. A., (1999). Identification and description of new tests of executive functioning in childrenChild Neuropsychology 5:115–129

Bachorowski J. A., Newman J. P., (1985). Impulsivity in adults: Motor inhibition and time-interval estimationPersonality and Individual Differences 6:133–136CrossRef

Bachorowski J. A., Newman J. P., (1990). Impulsive motor behavior: Effects of personality and goal salienceJournal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:512–518CrossRefPubMed

Bailey A., Phillips W., Rutter M., (1996). Autism: Towards an integration of clinical, genetic, neuropsychological, and neurobiological perspectivesJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 37:89–126

Baker S. C., Rogers R. D., Owen A. M., Frith C. D., Dolan R. J., Frackowiak R. S., Robbins T. W., (1996). Neural systems engaged by planning: A PET study of the Tower of London taskNeuropsychologia 34:515–526CrossRefPubMed

Barkley R. A., (1997a). Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of AD/HDPsychological Bulletin 121:65–94CrossRef

Barkley R. A., (1997b). ADHD and the nature of self-controlThe Guilford Press New York

Barkley R. A., DuPaul G. J., Connor D. F., (1999). Stimulants. In Werry J. S., Aman C. J., (Eds.), Practitioner’s guide to psychoactive drugs for children and adolescents 2 Plenum Publishing CorporationNew York, 213–247

Barnhill J., Horrigan J. P., (2002). Tourette’s syndrome and autism: A search for common groundMental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities 5:7–15

Baron-Cohen S., (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mindMIT Press Cambridge, MA

Becker M. G., Isaac W., Hynd G. W., (1987). Neuropsychological development of nonverbal behaviors attributed to frontal lobe functioningDevelopmental Neuropsychology 3:275–298

Beery K. E., (1997). The Beery-Buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration (4). Modern Curriculum PressNew Jersey

Beglinger L. J., Smith T. H., (2001). A review of subtyping in autism and proposed dimensional classification modelJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 31:411–422CrossRefPubMed

Benton A. L., Hamsher K. S., (1978). Multilingual aphasia examination (Manual, revised) University of IowaIowa City, IA

Berch D. B., Krikorian R., Huha E. M., (1998). The Corsi block-tapping task: Methodological and theoretical considerationsBrain and Cognition 38:317–338CrossRefPubMed

Berg C. Z., Whitaker A., Davies D., Flament M. F., Rapoport J. L., (1988). The survey form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version: Norms from an epidemiological study The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27:759–763CrossRef

Berman K. F., Ostrem J. L., Randolph C., Gold J., Goldberg T. E., Coppola R., Carson R. E., Herscovitch P., Weinberger D. R., (1995). Physiological activation of a cortical network during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A positron emission tomography study Neuropsychologia 33:1027–1046CrossRefPubMed

Beveridge M., Jarrold C., Pettit E., (2002). An experimental approach to executive fingerprinting in young childrenInfant and Child Development 11:107–123CrossRef

Bishop D. V., (1998). Development of the Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC): A method for assessing qualitative aspects of communicative impairment in childrenJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 39:879–891

Bishop D. V. M., Baird G., (2001). Parent and teacher report of pragmatic aspects of communication: Use of the Children’s Communication Checklist in a clinical setting Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 43:809–818

Bowler D., (1992). Theory of mind in Asperger’s syndromeJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35:877–893

Buitelaar J. K., Van de Wetering B. J. M., (1996). Syndroom van Gilles de la Tourette: Een leidraad voor diagnostiek en behandelingVan GorcumAssen

Buitelaar J. K., Van der Gaag R., Klin A., Volkmar F., (1999). Exploring the boundaries of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: Analyses of data from the DSM-IV autistic disorder field trialJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 29:33–43CrossRefPubMed

Cabeza R., Nyberg L., (2000). Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studiesJournal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:1–47CrossRefPubMed

Caron C., Rutter M., (1991). Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategiesJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 32:1063–1080PubMed

Cohen J., (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2). Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ

Cohen D. J., Leckman J. F., Shaywitz B. A., (1985). The Tourette syndrome and other tics. In Shaffer D., Ehrhardt A. A., Greenhill L. L., (Eds). The clinical guide to child psychiatryFree Press New York, 3–28

Dagher A., Owen A. M., Boecker H., Brooks D. J., (1999). Mapping the network for planning: A correlational PET activation study with the Tower of London taskBrain 122:1973–1987CrossRefPubMed

Dahlgren S. O., Trillingsgaard A., (1996). Theory of mind in non-retarded children with autism and Asperger’s syndrome: A research noteJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37:759–763PubMed

De Jong R., Coles M. G., Logan G. D., (1995). Strategies and mechanisms in nonselective and selective inhibitory motor controlJournal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21:498–511CrossRefPubMed

Della Sala S., Gray C., Baddeley A., Allamano N., Wilson L., (1999). Pattern span: A tool for unwelding visuo-spatial memoryNeuropsychologia 37:1189–1199CrossRefPubMed

Denckla M. B., (1996). A theory and model of executive function: A neuropsychological perspective. In Lyon G. R., Krasnegor N. A., (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive functionPaul H. Brookes Baltimore, 263–277

Eaves L. C., Ho H. H., Eaves D. M., (1994). Subtypes of autism by cluster analysis Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 24:3–22CrossRefPubMed

Ehlers S., Gillberg C., (1993). The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population studyJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 34:1327–1350PubMed

Ehlers S., Nyden A., Gillberg C., Dahlgren Sandberg A., Dahlgren S., Hjelmquist E., Oden A., (1997). Asperger syndrome, autism and attention disorders: A comparative study of the cognitive profiles of 120 childrenJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38:207–217PubMed

Eisenmajer R., Prior M., Leekam S., Wing L., Gould J., Welham M., Ong B., (1996). Comparison of clinical symptoms in autism and Asperger’s disorderJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35:1523–1531CrossRefPubMed

Eisenmajer R., Prior M., Leekam S., Wing L., Ong B., Gould J., Welham M., (1998). Delayed language onset as a predictor of clinical symptoms in pervasive developmental disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28:527–533CrossRefPubMed

Elwood R. W., (1997). Episodic and semantic memory components of verbal paired-associate learningAssessment 4:73–77

Eslinger P. J., (1996). Conceptualizing, describing, and measuring components of executive function. In Lyon G. R., Krasnegor N. A., (Eds) Attention, memory, and executive function Paul H. BrookesBaltimore, 263–277

Fein D., Stevens M., Dunn M., Waterhouse L., Allen D., Rapin I., Feinstein C., (1999). Subtypes of pervasive developmental disorder: Clinical characteristicsChild Neuropsychology 5:1–23

Ferdinand, R. F., Van der Ende, J., & Mesman, J. (1998). Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, DISC-IV. Nederlandse vertaling [Dutch translation]. Unpublished manuscript. Rotterdam: Sophia Kinderziekenhuis

Filipek P. A., Accardo P. J., Baranek G. T., Cook E. H., Dawson G., Gordon B., Gravel J. S., Johnson C. P., Kallen R. J., Levy S. E., Minshew N. J., Prizant B. M., Rapin I., Rogers S. J., Stone W. L., Teplin S., Tuchman R. F., Volkmar F. R., (1999). The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disordersJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 29:439–484CrossRefPubMed

Fombonne E., (1998). Epidemiology of autism and related conditions. In Volkmar F. R., (Eds). Autism and pervasive developmental disordersCambridge University PressCambridge, England, 32–63

Frith U., (1991). Autism and Asperger syndromeCambridge University Press Cambridge

Frith U., (2003). Autism: Explaining the enigma (2). Blackwell Publishing UK

Frith C. D., Friston K. J., Liddle P. F., Frackowiak R. S., (1991). A PET study of word findingNeuropsychologia 29:1137–1148CrossRefPubMed

Fuster J. M., (1997). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe (3). Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia

Gaillard W. D., Hertz-Pannier L., Mott S. H., Barnett A. S., LeBihan D., Theodore W. H., (2000). Functional anatomy of cognitive development: fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adultsNeurology 54:180–185PubMed

Geurts H. M., Verté S., Oosterlaan J., Roeyers H., Sergeant J. A., (2004). How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45:836–854CrossRefPubMed

Ghaziuddin M., Gerstein L., (1996). Pedantic speaking style differentiates Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autismJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 26:585–595CrossRefPubMed

Ghaziuddin M., Butler E., Tsai L., Ghaziuddin N., (1994). Is clumsiness a marker for Asperger syndrome?Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 38:519–527PubMed

Ghaziuddin M., Tsai L., Ghaziuddin N., (1992). A comparison of the diagnostic criteria for Asperger syndromeJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 22:643–649CrossRefPubMed

Gilchrist A., Green J., Cox A., Burton D., Rutter M., LeCouteur A., (2001). Development and current functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome: A comparative studyJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42:227–240PubMed

Gillberg C., (1989). Asperger syndrome in 23 Swedish childrenDevelopmental Medicine and Child Neurology 31:520–531PubMed

Gillberg I. C., Gillberg C., (1989). Asperger syndrome—some epidemiological considerations: A research noteJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 30:631–638PubMed

Grant D. A., Berg E. A., (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigel-type card-sorting problemJournal of Experimental Psychology 38:404–411PubMed

Greenhill L. L., (1998). Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Pharmacological treatments In Nathan P. E., Gorman J. M., (Eds). A guide to treatments that workOxford University Press London, 42–64

Griffith E. M., Pennington B. F., Wehner E. A., Rogers S. J., (1999). Executive functions in young children with autismChild Development 70:817–832CrossRefPubMed

Groth-Marnat G., (1997). Handbook of psychological assessment. (3). John Wiley & SonsNew York

Happé F., (1994). Autism: An introduction to psychological theoryUCL Press London

Harris M. E., (1990). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Scoring programPsychological Assessment Resources, Inc.Odessa

Hartman, C. A., Geurts, H. M., Bennink, A. C., Verté, S., Roeyers, H., Sergeant, J. A., & Bishop, D. V. M. (1998). De Drie C’s: Children’s Communication Checklist [The three C’s: Children’s Communication Checklist, Dutch translation]. Unpublished manuscript. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit

Hays W. L., (1981). Statistics (3). The Dryden Press, New York

Heaton R. K., (1981). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manualPsychological Assessment Resources, Inc.Odessa

Heaton R. K., Chelune G. J., Talley J. L., Kay G. G., Curtiss G., (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manualPsychological Assessment Resources, Inc.Odessa

Hill E. L., (2004). Executive dysfunction in autismTrends in Cognitive Sciences 8:26–32CrossRefPubMed

Howlin P., (2003). Outcome of high-functioning adults with and without early language delays: Implications for the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndromeJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33:3–13CrossRefPubMed

Jarrold C., Boucher J., Smith P. K., (1994). Executive function deficits and the pretend play of children with autism: A research noteJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35:1473–1482PubMed

King N., Inglis S., Jenkins M., Myerson N., Ollendick T., (1995). Test–retest reliability of the survey form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory—Child Version Perceptual and Motor Skills 80:1200–1202PubMed

Klin A., Volkmar F. R., (1997). Asperger syndrome. In Cohen D. J., Volkmar F. R., (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. (2). John Wiley & Sons New York, 94–122

Klin A., Volkmar F. R., Sparrow S. S., Cicchetti D. V., Rourke B. P., (1995). Validity and neuropsychological characterization of Asperger syndrome: Convergence with nonverbal learning disabilities syndromeJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 36:1127–1140PubMed

Krikorian R., Bartok J., Gay N., (1994). Tower of London procedure: A standard method and developmental dataJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 16:840–850PubMed

Kugler B., (1998). The differentiation between autism and Asperger syndromeAutism 2:11–32

Leekam S., Libby S., Wing L., Gould J., Gillberg C., (2000). Comparison of ICD-10 and Gillberg’s criteria for Asperger syndromeAutism 4:11–28CrossRef

Levin H. S., Mendelsohn D. B., Lilly M. A., Fletcher J. M., (1994). Tower of London performance in relation to magnetic resonance imaging following closed head injury in children Neuropsychology 8:171–179CrossRef

Lezak M. D., (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3). Oxford University Press New York

Liss M., Fein D., Allen D., Dunn M., Feinstein C., Morris R., Waterhouse L., Rapin I., (2001). Executive functioning in high-functioning children with autismJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42:261–270CrossRefPubMed

Logan G. D., (1994). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users’ guide to the stop signal paradigm In Dagenbach D., Carr T. H., (Eds), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory and languageAcademic Press, Inc.San Diego, 189–239

Logan G. D., Burkell J., (1986). Dependence and independence in responding to double stimulation: A comparison of stop, change, and dual-task paradigmsJournal of Experimental Psychology 12:549–563

Lombardi W. J., Andreason P. J., Sirocco K. Y., Rio D. E., Gross R. E., Umhau J. C., Hommer D. W., (1999). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance following head injury: Dorsolateral fronto-striatal circuit activity predicts perseverationJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 21:2–16PubMed

Lord C., Rutter M., Le Couteur A., (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disordersJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 24:659–685CrossRefPubMed

Mahoney W. J., Szatmari P., McLean J. E., Bryson S. E., Bartolucci G., Walter S. D., Jones M. B., Zwaigenbaum L., (1998). Reliability and accuracy of differentiating pervasive developmental disorder subtypesJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37:278–285CrossRefPubMed

Manjiviona J., Prior M., (1995). Comparison of Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autistic children on a test of motor impairmentJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 25:23–39CrossRefPubMed

Manjiviona J., Prior M., (1999). Neuropsychological profiles of children with Asperger syndrome and autismAutism 3:327–356CrossRef

Manly T., Anderson V., Nimmo-Smith I., Turner A., Watson P., Robertson I. H., (2001). The differential assessment of children’s attention: The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch), normative sample and ADHD performanceJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42:1065–1081CrossRefPubMed

Mayes L., Volkmar F., Hooks M., Cicchetti D., (1993). Differentiating pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified from autism and language disordersJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 23:79–90CrossRefPubMed

Mayes S. D., Calhoun S. L., Crites D. L., (2001). Does DSM-IV Asperger’s disorder exist?Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 3:263–271CrossRef

McArthur D., Adamson L. B., (1996). Joint attention in preverbal children: Autism and developmental language disorderJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 26:481–496CrossRefPubMed

McDougle C. J., Kresch L. E., Goodman W. K., Naylor S. T., Volkmar F. R., Cohen D. J., Price L. H., (1995). A case-controlled study of repetitive thoughts and behavior in adults with autistic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorderAmerican Journal of Psychiatry 152:772–777PubMed

McLaughlin-Cheng E., (1998). Asperger syndrome and autism: A literature review and meta-analysisFocus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 13:234–245

Miller J. N., Ozonoff S., (1997). Did Asperger’s cases have Asperger syndrome?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38:247–251PubMed

Miller J. N., Ozonoff S., (2000). The external validity of Asperger disorder: Lack of evidence from the domain of neuropsychologyJournal of Abnormal Psychology 109:227–238CrossRefPubMed

Milner B., (1971). Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in manBritish Medical Bulletin 27:272–277PubMed

Miyake A., Friedman N. P., Emerson M. J., Witzki A. H., Howerter A., Wager T. D., (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex frontal lobe tasks: A latent variable analysisCognitive Psychology 41:49–100CrossRefPubMed

Morris R. G., Rowe A., Fox N., Feigenbaum J. D., Miotto E. C., Howlin P., (1999). Spatial working memory in Asperger’s syndrome and in patients with focal frontal and temporal lobe lesionsBrain and Cognition 41:9–26CrossRefPubMed

Oosterlaan J., Sergeant J. A., (1998). Response inhibition and response re-engagement in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disruptive, anxious and normal childrenBehavioral Brain Research 94:33–43CrossRef

Oosterlaan, J., Scheres, A., Antrop, I., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2000). Vragenlijst voor Gedragsproblemen bij Kinderen (VvGK). Nederlandse bewerking van de Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale [Dutch translation of the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale]. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger

Ozonoff S., (1997). Components of executive function in autism and other disorders In Russell J., (eds). Autism as an executive disorderOxford University PressOxford, 179–211

Ozonoff S., McEvoy R. E., (1994). A longitudinal study of executive function and theory of mind development in autismDevelopment and Psychopathology 6:415–431CrossRef

Ozonoff S., Rogers S. J., Pennington B. F., (1991). Asperger’s syndrome: Evidence of an empirical distinction from high-functioning autismJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 32:1107–1122PubMed

Ozonoff S., South M., Miller J. N., (2000). DSM-IV-defined Asperger syndrome: Cognitive, behavioral and early history differentiation from high-functioning autismAutism 4:29–46CrossRef

Ozonoff S., Strayer D. L., (1997). Inhibitory function in nonretarded children with autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 27:59–77CrossRefPubMed

Ozonoff S., Strayer D. L., (2001). Further evidence of intact working memory in autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 31:257–263CrossRefPubMed

Pascualvaca D. M., Fantie B. D., Papageorgiou M., Mirsky A. F., (1998). Attentional capacities in children with autism: Is there a general deficit in shifting focus?Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28:467–478CrossRefPubMed

Pelham W., Gnagy E. M., Greenslade K. E., Milich R., (1992). Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disordersJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31:210–218PubMed

Pennington B. F., Ozonoff S., (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathologyJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37:51–87PubMed

Pennington B. F., Bennetto L., McAleer O., Roberts R. J., (1996). Executive functions and working memory In Lyon G. R., Krasnegor N. A., (Eds). Attention, memory and executive functionPaul H. Brookes PublishingBaltimore, 327–348

Petrides M., Milner B., (1982). Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in manNeuropsychologia 20:249–262CrossRefPubMed

Petrides M., Alivisatos B., Evans A. C., Meyer E., (1993). Dissociation of human mid-dorsolateral from posterior dorsolateral frontal cortex in memory processingProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90:873–877

Phelps E. A., Hyder F., Blamire A. M., Shulman R. G., (1997). fMRI of the prefrontal cortex during overt verbal fluencyNeuroreport: An International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience 8:561–565

Pomeroy J. C., (1998). Subtyping pervasive developmental disorder: Issues of validity and implications for child psychiatric diagnosis In Schopler E., Mesibov G. B., Kunce L. J., (Eds). Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?Plenum PressNew York, 29–60

Prior M., Eisenmajer R., Leekam S., Wing L., Gold J., Ong B., Dowe D., (1998). Are there subgroups within the autistic spectrum? A cluster analysis of a group of children with autistic spectrum disordersJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39:893–902CrossRefPubMed

Rabbitt P., (1997). Introduction: Methodologies and models in the study of executive function In Rabbitt P., (Ed). Methodology of frontal and executive functionPsychology Press Hove

Rapport M. D., Chung K. M., Shore G., Denney C. B., Isaacs P., (2000). Upgrading the science and technology of assessment and diagnosis: Laboratory and clinic-based assessment of children with ADHDJournal of Clinical Child Psychology 29:555–568CrossRefPubMed

Reader M. J., Harris E. L., Schuerholz L. J., Denckla M. B., (1994). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and executive dysfunctionDevelopmental Neuropsychology 10:493–512

Reitan R. M., Wolfson D., (1994). A selective and critical review of neuropsychological deficits and the frontal lobesNeuropsychology Review 4:161–198CrossRefPubMed

Rezai K., Andreasen N. C., Alliger R., Cohen G., Swayze V., O’Leary D. S., (1993). The neuropsychology of the prefrontal cortexArchives of Neurology 50:636–642PubMed

Riehemann S., Volz H. P., Stuetzer P., Smesny S., Gaser C., Sauer H., (2001). Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenic patients during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A fMRI studyEuropean Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 251:66–71CrossRefPubMed

Rinehart N. J., Bradshaw J. L., Moss S. A., Brereton A. V., Tonge B. J., (2001). A deficit in shifting attention present in high-functioning autism but not Asperger’s disorderAutism 5:67–80CrossRefPubMed

Ringman J. M., Jankovic J., (2000). Occurrence of tics in Asperger’s syndrome and autistic disorderJournal of Child Neurology 15:394–400PubMed

Rosen W. G., (1980). Verbal fluency in aging and dementiaJournal of Clinical Neuropsychology 2:135–146

Rourke B., (1989). Nonverbal learning disabilities: The syndrome and the modelGuilford PressNew York

Rowe J. B., Owen A. M., Johnsrude I. S., Passingham R. E., (2001). Imaging the mental components of a planning taskNeuropsychologia 39:315–327CrossRefPubMed

Rubia K., Overmeyer S., Taylor E., Brammer M., Williams S., Simmons A., Bullmore E. T., (1999). Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: A study with functional MRIAmerican Journal of Psychiatry 156:891–896PubMed

Russell J., (1997). Autism as an executive disorderOxford University Press Oxford

Russell J., Jarrold C., Hood B., (1999). Two intact executive capacities in children with autism: Implications for the core executive dysfunctions in the disorderJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 29:103–112CrossRefPubMed

Rutter M., Schopler E., (1992). Classification of pervasive developmental disorders: Some concepts and practical considerationsJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 22:459–482CrossRefPubMed

Schellig D., (1997). Block-Tapping-TestSwets & ZeitlingerLisse

Schlosser M. J., Aoyagi N., Fulbright R. K., Gore J. C., McCarthy G., (1998). Functional MRI studies of auditory comprehensionHuman Brain Mapping 6:1–13CrossRefPubMed

Scholing, A., & Veenstra, I. (1997). De ouderversie van de Leyton Obsessional Compulsive Inventory [The parent version of the de Leyton Obsessional Compulsive Inventory]. Unpublished Manuscript. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit

Schopler E., (1996). Are autism and Asperger syndrome (AS) different labels or different disabilities?Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 26:109–110CrossRefPubMed

Schopler E., Mesibov G. B., Kunce L. J., (1998). Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?Plenum New York

Sergeant J. A., Geurts H., Oosterlaan J., (2002). How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?Behavioural Brain Research 130:3–28CrossRefPubMed

Shaffer D., Fisher P., Lucas C. P., Dulcan M. K., Schwab-Stone M. E., (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnosesJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39:28–38CrossRefPubMed

Shallice T., (1982). Specific impairments of planningPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 298:199–209PubMed

Shu B. C., Lung F. W., Tien A. Y., Chen B. C., (2001). Executive function deficits in non-retarded autistic childrenAutism 5:165–174CrossRefPubMed

Sivan A. B., (1992). Benton Visual Retention Test (5). The Psychological Corporation San Antonio

Snijders J. T., Tellegen P. J., Laros J. A., (1989). Snijders–Oomen Non-verbal Intelligence Tests: SON-R 5,5–17. Manual and research reportWolters-Noordhoff Groningen

Stevens J., (1996). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (3). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, PublishersNew York

Szatmari P., (1998). Differential diagnosis of Asperger disorder In Schopler E., Mesibov G. B., Kunce L. J., (Eds), Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?Plenum Press New York, 61–76

Szatmari P., Archer L., Fisman S., Streiner D. L., Wilson F., (1995). Asperger’s syndrome and autism: Differences in behavior, cognition, and adaptive functioning Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34:1662–1671CrossRefPubMed

Szatmari P., Bartolucci G., Bremner R., (1989). Asperger’s syndrome and autism: Comparisons on early history and outcomeDevelopmental Medicine and Child Neurology 31:709–720PubMed

Szatmari P., Bryson S. E., Boyle M. H., Streiner D. L., Duku E., (2003). Predictors of outcome among high-functioning children with autism and Asperger syndromeJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44:520–528CrossRefPubMed

Szatmari P., Tuff L., Finlayson A. J., Bartolucci G., (1990). Asperger’s syndrome and autism: Neurocognitive aspectsJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 29:130–136PubMed

Tabachnick B. G., Fidell L. S., (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3). Harper Collins College PublishersNew York

Tellegen P., Laros J., (1993). The construction and validation of a nonverbal test of intelligence: The revision of the Snijders–Oomen TestsEuropean Journal of Psychological Assessment 9:147–157

Tranel D., Anderson S. W., Benton A., (1994). Development of the concept of ‘executive function’ and its relationship to the frontal lobes In Boller F., Grafmann J., (Eds). Handbook of neuropsychologyElsevier ScienceAmsterdam, 125–148

Turner M. A., (1999a). Generating novel ideas: Fluency performance in high-functioning and learning disabled individuals with autismJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40:189–201CrossRef

Turner M. A., (1999b). Repetitive behaviour in autism: A review of psychological research Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40:839–849CrossRef

Twachtman-Cullen D., (1998). Language and communication in high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome In Schopler E., Mesibov G. B., Kunce L. J., (Eds). Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?Plenum PressNew York, 199–225

Van Engeland H., (1996). Autisme en aan autisme verwante contactstoornissen In Sanders-Woudstra J. A. R., Verhulst F. C., de Witte H. F. J., (Eds). Kinder- en Jeugdpsychiatrie Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum B.V.The Netherlands, 331–350

Van Haasen P. P., De Bruyn E. E. J., Pijl Y. J., Poortinga Y. H., Spelberg L. H. C., Vander Steene G., Coetsier P., Spoelders-Claeys R., Stinissen J., (1986). WISC-R: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Nederlandstalige uitgave. Handleiding voor instructies en scoringSwets & Zeitlinger B.V.Lisse

Verté S., Roeyers H., Compernol S., Rogiers E., Hellemans H., Bachot J., (2001). Onderzoek naar het NLD-profiel bij kinderen met autisme en het syndroom van Asperger [Study of the NLD profile of children with autism and Asperger syndrome]Tijdschrift voor Orthopedagogiek, Kinderpsychiatrie en Klinische Kinderpsychologie 26:90–108

Volkmar F. R., (1999). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with autism and other pervasive developmental disordersJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38:32S–54SPubMed

Volkmar F. R., Lord C., (1998). Diagnosis and definition of autism and other developmental disorders In Volkmar F., (Eds). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders University PressCambridge, 1–22

Volkmar F. R., Klin A., Siegel B., Szatmari P., Lord C., Campbell M., Freeman B. J., Cicchetti D. V., Rutter M., Kline W., Buitelaar J., Yossie H., Fombonne E., Fuentes J., Werry J., Stone W., Kerbeshian J., Hoshino Y., Bregman J., Loveland K., Szymanski L., Towbin K., (1994). Field trial for autistic disorderAmerican Journal of Psychiatry 151:1361–1367PubMed

Walker D. R., Thompson A., Zwaigenbaum L., Goldberg J., Bryson S. E., Mahoney W. J., Strawbridge C. P., Szatmari P., (2004). Specifying PDD-NOS: A comparison of PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, and autismJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43:172–180CrossRefPubMed

Waterhouse L., Morris R., Allen D., Dunn M., Fein D., Feinstein C., Rapin I., Wing L., (1996). Diagnosis and classification in autismJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 26:59–86CrossRefPubMed

Welsh M. C., Pennington B. F., (1988). Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: Views from developmental psychologyDevelopmental Neuropsychology 4:199–230CrossRef

Weynandt L. L., Willis W. G., (1994). Executive functions in school-aged children: Potential efficacy of tasks in discriminating clinical groupsDevelopmental Neuropsychology 10:27–38

Zelazo P. D., Müller U., (2002). Executive function in typical and atypical development In Goswami U., (Eds). Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive developmentBlackwell Publishing Ltd.UK, 445–469

Ziatas K., Durkin K., Pratt C., (1998). Belief term development in children with autism, Asperger syndrome, specific language impairment and normal development: Links to theory of mind developmentJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39:755–763CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Executive Functioning in Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can We Differentiate Within the Spectrum?
Auteurs: Sylvie Verté
Hilde M. Geurts
Herbert Roeyers
Jaap Oosterlaan
Joseph A. Sergeant
Publicatiedatum: 01-04-2006
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 3/2006
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0074-5

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2006

Editorial Preface

Familial Autoimmune Thyroid Disease as a Risk Factor for Regression in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A CPEA Study

Refinement of the Children’s Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ): An Instrument that Describes the Diverse Problems Seen in Milder Forms of PDD

Is There a ‘Regressive Phenotype’ of Autism Spectrum Disorder Associated with the Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine? A CPEA Study

The Gluten-Free, Casein-Free Diet In Autism: Results of A Preliminary Double Blind Clinical Trial

The Development of Face Processing in Autism