Introduction
Methods
Study design and participants
Measures
Demographic and clinical variables
Patient-reported health status
Psychological variables and personality
Statistical analyses
Results
Patient characteristics
Solution | Physical health status | Quality of life | Social limitation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL | Npar | BIC | LL | Npar | BIC | LL | Npar | BIC | |
1 Class | −2334.13 | 5 | 4692.93 | −2367.98 | 5 | 4760.63 | −2359.51 | 5 | 4743.70 |
2 Classes | −2212.71 | 11 | 4479.69 | −2286.94 | 11 | 4628.16 | −2255.51 | 11 | 4565.29 |
3 Classes | −2176.28 | 17 | 4436.44 | −2259.92 | 17 | 4603.73 | −2217.67 | 17 | 4519.24 |
4 Classes | −2152.69 | 23 | 4418.87 | −2239.63 | 23 | 4592.75 | −2191.37
|
23
|
4496.22
|
5 Classes
| −2135.60
|
29
|
4414.30
| −2221.30
|
29
|
4585.70
| −2177.38 |
29
| 4497.87 |
6 Classes | −2124.26 | 35 | 4421.23 | −2210.51 | 35 | 4593.72 | −2166.43 | 35 | 4505.57 |
7 Classes | −2112.40 | 41 | 4427.12 | −2197.05 | 41 | 4596.41 | −2153.72 | 41 | 4509.76 |
8 Classes | −2103.08 | 47 | 4438.08 | −2184.38 | 47 | 4600.68 | −2145.69 | 47 | 4523.31 |
Trajectories of physical health status (KCCQ-CS)
Baseline variable | Missing | Total | Excellent | Fairly good–Excellent | Good | Poor–Good | Poor |
p value†
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n, %) | (n = 139) | (n = 18) | (n = 14) | (n = 38) | (n = 28) | (n = 41) | ||
Demographics
| ||||||||
Mean age (SD) | 0 (0) | 65.7 (10.1) | 68.0 (9.9) | 63.4 (12.7) | 64.8 (11.3) | 64.8 (7.9) | 66.8 (9.6) | .64 |
Male gender | 0 (0) | 97 (70) | 16 (89) | 10 (71) | 30 (79) | 13 (46) | 28 (68) | .019 |
Having a partner | 0 (0) | 113 (81) | 17 (94) | 12 (86) | 32 (84) | 22 (79) | 30 (73) | .45 |
Low education‡
| 1 (1) | 18 (13) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 1 (3) | 7 (25) | 9 (23) |
<.001
|
Being employed | 1 (1) | 30 (22) | 5 (28) | 4 (29) | 11 (29) | 2 (7) | 8 (20) | .51 |
Clinical variables
| ||||||||
Upgrade§
| 0 (0) | 36 (26) | 5 (28) | 4 (29) | 9 (24) | 7 (25) | 11 (27) | .98 |
ICD as sec. prevention | 0 (0) | 26 (19) | 7 (39) | 2 (15) | 5 (13) | 6 (21) | 6 (15) | .34 |
Ischemic etiology | 0 (0) | 68 (49) | 10 (56) | 3 (21) | 20 (53) | 13 (46) | 22 (54) | .29 |
NYHA class III/IV | 0 (0) | 110 (79) | 6 (33) | 10 (71) | 28 (74) | 28 (100) | 38 (93) |
<.001
|
Mean LVEF (SD) | 6 (4) | 24.9 (8.6) | 27.1 (10.2) | 23.2 (7.7) | 24.2 (8.7) | 26.2 (8.6) | 24.4 (8.2) | .74 |
Mean QRS (SD) | 11 (8) | 162 (25) | 163 (24) | 166 (22) | 162 (28) | 165 (26) | 160 (24) | .92 |
LBBB | 28 (20) | 60 (54) | 8 (50) | 8 (73) | 17 (50) | 14 (61) | 13 (48) | .51 |
ESV responder||
| 25 (18) | 61 (54) | 10 (63) | 7 (58) | 23 (66) | 10 (46) | 11 (38) | .40 |
Comorbidity#
| 6 (4) | 79 (59) | 8 (47) | 4 (31) | 24 (63) | 17 (63) | 26 (68) | .55 |
ICD shock | 18 (13) | 11 (9) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 6 (17) | 0 (0) | 4 (13) |
<.001
|
Smoking | 0 (0) | 21 (15) | 1 (6) | 1 (7) | 5 (13) | 7 (25) | 7 (17) | .43 |
Medication use
| ||||||||
Amiodarone | 0 (0) | 17 (12) | 4 (22) | 2 (14) | 3 (8) | 1 (4) | 7 (17) | .38 |
ACE inhibitors | 0 (0) | 126 (91) | 16 (89) | 11 (79) | 36 (95) | 25 (89) | 38 (93) | .58 |
Beta-blockers | 0 (0) | 108 (78) | 15 (83) | 10 (71) | 31 (82) | 23 (82) | 29 (71) | .60 |
Statins | 0 (0) | 84 (60) | 14 (78) | 3 (21) | 20 (53) | 19 (68) | 28 (68) | .018 |
Psychotropic medication | 0 (0) | 33 (24) | 1 (6) | 1 (7) | 6 (16) | 9 (32) | 16 (39) | .041 |
Psychological functioning
| ||||||||
Anxiety (STAI-S ≥ 40) | 2 (1) | 59 (43) | 2 (11) | 3 (21) | 12 (32) | 17 (61) | 25 (63) | .001 |
Depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | 1 (1) | 32 (23) | 0 (0) | 2 (14) | 1 (3) | 8 (29) | 21 (51) |
<.001
|
Type D personality | 1 (1) | 32 (23) | 1 (6) | 1 (8) | 8 (21) | 8 (29) | 14 (34) | .13 |
Trajectories of quality of life (KCCQ-QoL)
Baseline variable | Missing | Total | Excellent | Fairly good–Very good | Adequate | Very poor–Good | Poor |
p value†
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n, %) | (n = 139) | (n = 9) | (n = 42) | (n = 50) | (n = 18) | (n = 20) | ||
Demographics
| ||||||||
Mean age (SD) | 0 (0) | 65.7 (10.1) | 68.1 (9.9) | 67.1 (10.0) | 63.8 (10.8) | 64.7 (8.8) | 67.1 (9.9) | .79 |
Male gender | 0 (0) | 97 (70) | 7 (78) | 31 (74) | 36 (72) | 10 (56) | 13 (65) | .50 |
Having a partner | 0 (0) | 113 (81) | 8 (89) | 36 (86) | 39 (78) | 16 (89) | 14 (70) | .57 |
Low education‡
| 1 (1) | 18 (13) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 5 (10) | 6 (33) | 5 (26) |
<.001
|
Being employed | 1 (1) | 30 (22) | 2 (22) | 7 (17) | 16 (33) | 3 (17) | 2 (10) | .24 |
Clinical variables
| ||||||||
Upgrade§
| 0 (0) | 36 (26) | 2 (22) | 11 (26) | 15 (30) | 1 (6) | 7 (35) | .13 |
ICD as sec. prevention | 0 (0) | 26 (19) | 3 (33) | 8 (19) | 8 (16) | 2 (11) | 5 (25) | .44 |
Ischemic etiology | 0 (0) | 68 (49) | 6 (67) | 18 (43) | 26 (52) | 9 (50) | 9 (45) | .76 |
NYHA class III/IV | 0 (0) | 110 (79) | 2 (22) | 28 (67) | 45 (90) | 17 (94) | 18 (90) | .001 |
Mean LVEF (SD) | 6 (4) | 24.9 (8.6) | 28.2 (11.3) | 24.7 (8.5) | 24.4 (9.0) | 25.1 (7.9) | 25.2 (7.5) | .98 |
Mean QRS (SD) | 11 (8) | 162 (25) | 156 (20) | 168 (26) | 160 (26) | 161 (22) | 162 (26) | .39 |
LBBB | 28 (20) | 60 (54) | 5 (56) | 21 (58) | 18 (45) | 10 (71) | 6 (50) | .53 |
ESV responder||
| 25 (18) | 61 (54) | 6 (67) | 20 (54) | 21 (50) | 10 (71) | 4 (33) | .44 |
Comorbidity#
| 6 (4) | 79 (59) | 4 (44) | 24 (60) | 28 (58) | 10 (59) | 13 (68) | .92 |
ICD shock | 18 (13) | 11 (9) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 7 (16) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | .009 |
Smoking | 0 (0) | 21 (15) | 0 (0) | 5 (12) | 7 (14) | 6 (33) | 3 (15) |
<.001
|
Medication use
| ||||||||
Amiodarone | 0 (0) | 17 (12) | 2 (22) | 5 (12) | 4 (8) | 0 (0) | 6 (30) |
<.001
|
ACE inhibitors | 0 (0) | 126 (91) | 9 (100) | 36 (86) | 47 (94) | 16 (89) | 18 (90) | .021 |
Beta-blockers | 0 (0) | 108 (78) | 9 (100) | 33 (79) | 42 (84) | 12 (67) | 12 (60) |
<.001
|
Statins | 0 (0) | 84 (60) | 6 (67) | 24 (57) | 32 (64) | 10 (56) | 12 (60) | .97 |
Psychotropic medication | 0 (0) | 33 (24) | 0 (0) | 6 (14) | 16 (32) | 3 (17) | 8 (40) |
<.001
|
Psychological functioning
| ||||||||
Anxiety (STAI-S ≥ 40) | 2 (1) | 59 (43) | 1 (11) | 10 (24) | 22 (45) | 12 (71) | 14 (70) |
<.001
|
Depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | 1 (1) | 32 (23) | 0 (0) | 0 (0 | 13 (26) | 8 (44) | 11 (55) |
<.001
|
Type D personality | 1 (1) | 32 (23) | 0 (0) | 6 (14) | 10 (20) | 7 (39) | 9 (45) |
<.001
|
Trajectories of social limitation (KCCQ-SL)
Baseline variable | Missing | Total | Very good–Excellent | Adequate–Very good | Moderate–Adequate | Very poor |
p value†
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n, %) | (n = 139) | (n = 21) | (n = 41) | (n = 66) | (n = 11) | ||
Demographics
| |||||||
Mean age (SD) | 0 (0) | 65.7 (10.1) | 64.1 (10.7) | 66.9 (8.8) | 65.3 (10.8) | 66.4 (10.5) | .89 |
Male gender | 0 (0) | 97 (70) | 15 (71) | 26 (63) | 48 (73) | 8 (73) | .64 |
Having a partner | 0 (0) | 113 (81) | 19 (91) | 34 (83) | 53 (80) | 7 (64) | .46 |
Low education‡
| 1 (1) | 18 (13) | 2 (10) | 2 (5) | 12 (19) | 2 (18) | .30 |
Being employed | 1 (1) | 30 (22) | 6 (29) | 9 (23) | 13 (20) | 2 (18) | .74 |
Clinical variables
| |||||||
Upgrade§
| 0 (0) | 36 (26) | 4 (19) | 13 (32) | 16 (24) | 3 (27) | .79 |
ICD as sec. prevention | 0 (0) | 26 (19) | 7 (33) | 6 (15) | 9 (14) | 4 (36) | .05 |
Ischemic etiology | 0 (0) | 68 (49) | 13 (62) | 14 (34) | 36 (55) | 5 (46) | .15 |
NYHA class III/IV | 0 (0) | 110 (79) | 8 (38) | 32 (78) | 61 (92) | 9 (82) |
<.001
|
Mean LVEF (SD) | 6 (4) | 24.9 (8.6) | 28.3 (9.7) | 23.9 (7.9) | 24.5 (8.6) | 24.8 (8.7) | .38 |
Mean QRS (SD) | 11 (8) | 162 (25) | 162 (27) | 168 (26) | 160 (23) | 158 (27) | .82 |
LBBB | 28 (20) | 60 (54) | 12 (63) | 21 (58) | 24 (49) | 3 (43) | .53 |
ESV responder||
| 25 (18) | 61 (54) | 12 (63) | 21 (57) | 27 (53) | 1 (14) | .40 |
Comorbidity#
| 6 (4) | 79 (59) | 8 (38) | 23 (59) | 43 (69) | 5 (46) | .08 |
ICD shock | 18 (13) | 11 (9) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 9 (17) | 0 (0) |
<.001
|
Smoking | 0 (0) | 21 (15) | 1 (5) | 6 (15) | 12 (18) | 2 (18) | .50 |
Medication use
| |||||||
Amiodarone | 0 (0) | 17 (12) | 3 (14) | 3 (7) | 6 (9) | 5 (46) | .032 |
ACE inhibitors | 0 (0) | 126 (91) | 17 (81) | 38 (93) | 60 (91) | 11 (100) | .40 |
Beta-blockers | 0 (0) | 108 (78) | 18 (86) | 32 (78) | 53 (80) | 5 (46) | .046 |
Statins | 0 (0) | 84 (60) | 14 (67) | 24 (59) | 39 (59) | 7 (64) | .94 |
Psychotropic medication | 0 (0) | 33 (24) | 0 (0) | 5 (12) | 24 (36) | 4 (36) |
<.001
|
Psychological functioning
| |||||||
Anxiety (STAI-S ≥ 40) | 2 (1) | 59 (43) | 4 (19) | 16 (36) | 31 (48) | 8 (73) | .031 |
Depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | 1 (1) | 32 (23) | 1 (5) | 3 (7) | 22 (33) | 6 (55) | .002 |
Type D personality | 1 (1) | 32 (23) | 2 (10) | 7 (17) | 19 (29) | 4 (36) | .12 |