Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

19-11-2019 | Original Paper

Development of Episodic Memory and Foresight in High-Functioning Preschoolers with ASD

Auteurs: Mika Naito, Chie Hotta, Motomi Toichi

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 2/2020

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

To investigate the early development of episodic memory and future thinking in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we selected 94 participants each from a group of ASD and typically developing (TD) preschoolers. They were required to remember newly-acquired knowledge sources and anticipate action timings necessary for future events. Five-year-old children with ASD remembered their knowledge sources similar to TD children; however, the 6-year-old children performed more poorly than their TD counterparts. ASD children failed to anticipate future action timings in comparison with TD children. Although source memory and future thinking were related in TD children, they were unrelated in children with ASD. The results suggest that episodic memory and foresight are deficient and unintegrated in ASD children during the preschool years.
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed.; DSM-IV. Washington: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed.; DSM-IV. Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Atance, C. (2015). Young children’s thinking about the future. Child Development Perspectives,9, 178–182. Atance, C. (2015). Young children’s thinking about the future. Child Development Perspectives,9, 178–182.
go back to reference Atance, C., & O’Neill, D. K. (2001). Episodic future thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,5, 533–539.PubMed Atance, C., & O’Neill, D. K. (2001). Episodic future thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,5, 533–539.PubMed
go back to reference Bennetto, L., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1996). Intact and impaired memory function in autism. Child Development,67, 1816–1835.PubMed Bennetto, L., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1996). Intact and impaired memory function in autism. Child Development,67, 1816–1835.PubMed
go back to reference Beversdorf, D. Q., Anderson, J. M., Manning, S. E., Anderson, S. L., Nordgren, R. E., Felopulos, G. J., et al. (1998). The effect of semantic and emotional context on written recall for verbal language in high functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry,65, 685–692.PubMed Beversdorf, D. Q., Anderson, J. M., Manning, S. E., Anderson, S. L., Nordgren, R. E., Felopulos, G. J., et al. (1998). The effect of semantic and emotional context on written recall for verbal language in high functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry,65, 685–692.PubMed
go back to reference Boucher, J., & Bowler, D. (Eds.). (2008). Memory in autism: Theory and evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Boucher, J., & Bowler, D. (Eds.). (2008). Memory in autism: Theory and evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Boucher, J., Pons, F., Lind, S., & Williams, D. (2007). Temporal cognition in children with autistic spectrum disorder: Tests of diachronic thinking. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37, 1413–1429.PubMed Boucher, J., Pons, F., Lind, S., & Williams, D. (2007). Temporal cognition in children with autistic spectrum disorder: Tests of diachronic thinking. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37, 1413–1429.PubMed
go back to reference Bowler, D. M., Gardiner, J. M., & Grice, S. J. (2000). Episodic memory and remembering in adults with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,30, 295–304.PubMed Bowler, D. M., Gardiner, J. M., & Grice, S. J. (2000). Episodic memory and remembering in adults with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,30, 295–304.PubMed
go back to reference Bruck, M., London, K., Landa, R., & Goodman, J. (2007). Autobiographical memory and suggestibility in children with autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology,19, 73–95.PubMed Bruck, M., London, K., Landa, R., & Goodman, J. (2007). Autobiographical memory and suggestibility in children with autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology,19, 73–95.PubMed
go back to reference Busby Grant, J., & Suddendorf, T. (2010). Production of temporal terms by 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly,26, 87–95. Busby Grant, J., & Suddendorf, T. (2010). Production of temporal terms by 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly,26, 87–95.
go back to reference Coolican, J., Bryson, S. E., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2008). Data on the Stanford-Binet intelligence scales (5th ed.) in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38, 190–197.PubMed Coolican, J., Bryson, S. E., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2008). Data on the Stanford-Binet intelligence scales (5th ed.) in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38, 190–197.PubMed
go back to reference Crane, L., & Goddard, L. (2008). Episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38, 498–506.PubMed Crane, L., & Goddard, L. (2008). Episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38, 498–506.PubMed
go back to reference Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Mottron, L. (2007). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. Psychological Science,18, 657–662.PubMedPubMedCentral Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Mottron, L. (2007). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. Psychological Science,18, 657–662.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Drummey, A. B., & Newcombe, N. S. (2002). Developmental changes in source memory. Developmental Science,5, 502–513. Drummey, A. B., & Newcombe, N. S. (2002). Developmental changes in source memory. Developmental Science,5, 502–513.
go back to reference Facon, B., Magis, D., Nuchadee, M.-L., & De Boeck, P. (2011). Do Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices function in the same way in typical and clinical populations?: Insights from the intellectual disability field. Intelligence,39, 281–291. Facon, B., Magis, D., Nuchadee, M.-L., & De Boeck, P. (2011). Do Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices function in the same way in typical and clinical populations?: Insights from the intellectual disability field. Intelligence,39, 281–291.
go back to reference Friedman, W. J. (1992). Children’s time memory: The development of a differentiated past. Cognitive Development,7, 171–187. Friedman, W. J. (1992). Children’s time memory: The development of a differentiated past. Cognitive Development,7, 171–187.
go back to reference Goddard, L., Dritschel, B., Robinson, S., & Howlin, P. (2014). Development of autobiographical memory in children with autism spectrum disorders: Deficits, gains, and predictors of performance. Development and Psychopathology,26, 215–228.PubMed Goddard, L., Dritschel, B., Robinson, S., & Howlin, P. (2014). Development of autobiographical memory in children with autism spectrum disorders: Deficits, gains, and predictors of performance. Development and Psychopathology,26, 215–228.PubMed
go back to reference Goddard, L., Howlin, P., Dritschel, B., & Patel, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory and social problem solving in Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37, 291–300.PubMed Goddard, L., Howlin, P., Dritschel, B., & Patel, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory and social problem solving in Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37, 291–300.PubMed
go back to reference Gopnik, A., & Graf, P. (1988). Knowing how you know: Young children’s ability to identify and remember the sources of their beliefs. Child Development,59, 1366–1371. Gopnik, A., & Graf, P. (1988). Knowing how you know: Young children’s ability to identify and remember the sources of their beliefs. Child Development,59, 1366–1371.
go back to reference Grondhuis, S. N., Lecavalier, L., Arnold, L. E., Handen, B. L., Scahill, L., McDougle, C. J., et al. (2018). Differences in verbal and nonverbal IQ test scores in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,49, 47–55. Grondhuis, S. N., Lecavalier, L., Arnold, L. E., Handen, B. L., Scahill, L., McDougle, C. J., et al. (2018). Differences in verbal and nonverbal IQ test scores in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,49, 47–55.
go back to reference Hala, S., Rasmussen, C., & Henderson, A. M. E. (2005). Three types of source monitoring by children with and without autism: The role of executive function. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,35, 75–89.PubMed Hala, S., Rasmussen, C., & Henderson, A. M. E. (2005). Three types of source monitoring by children with and without autism: The role of executive function. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,35, 75–89.PubMed
go back to reference Hanson, L. K., & Atance, C. M. (2014). Episodic foresight in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44, 674–684.PubMed Hanson, L. K., & Atance, C. M. (2014). Episodic foresight in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44, 674–684.PubMed
go back to reference Harner, L. (1975). Yesterday and tomorrow: Development of early understanding of the terms. Developmental Psychology,11, 864–865. Harner, L. (1975). Yesterday and tomorrow: Development of early understanding of the terms. Developmental Psychology,11, 864–865.
go back to reference Hayashi, M., Kato, M., Igarashi, K., & Kashima, H. (2008). Superior fluid intelligence in children with Asperger’s disorder. Brain and Cognition,66, 306–310.PubMed Hayashi, M., Kato, M., Igarashi, K., & Kashima, H. (2008). Superior fluid intelligence in children with Asperger’s disorder. Brain and Cognition,66, 306–310.PubMed
go back to reference Henderson, H. A., Zahka, N. E., Kojkowki, N. M., Inge, A. P., Schwartz, C. B., Hileman, C. M., et al. (2009). Self-referenced memory, social cognition, and symptom presentation in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50, 853–861.PubMed Henderson, H. A., Zahka, N. E., Kojkowki, N. M., Inge, A. P., Schwartz, C. B., Hileman, C. M., et al. (2009). Self-referenced memory, social cognition, and symptom presentation in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50, 853–861.PubMed
go back to reference Hudson, J. A., Meyhew, E. M. Y., & Prabhakar, J. (2011). The development of episodic foresight: Emerging concepts and methods. In J. B. Benson (Ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior (pp. 95–137). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Hudson, J. A., Meyhew, E. M. Y., & Prabhakar, J. (2011). The development of episodic foresight: Emerging concepts and methods. In J. B. Benson (Ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior (pp. 95–137). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
go back to reference Kamio, Y., & Toichi, M. (2007). Memory illustion in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37, 867–876.PubMed Kamio, Y., & Toichi, M. (2007). Memory illustion in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37, 867–876.PubMed
go back to reference Klein, S. B. (2016). Autonoetic consciousness: Reconsidering the role of episodic memory in future-oriented self-projection. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,69, 381–401.PubMed Klein, S. B. (2016). Autonoetic consciousness: Reconsidering the role of episodic memory in future-oriented self-projection. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,69, 381–401.PubMed
go back to reference Koyama, T., & Kurita, H. (2008). Cognitive profile difference between normally intelligent children with Asperger’s disorder and those with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,62, 691–696.PubMed Koyama, T., & Kurita, H. (2008). Cognitive profile difference between normally intelligent children with Asperger’s disorder and those with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,62, 691–696.PubMed
go back to reference Lind, S. E., & Bowler, D. M. (2008). Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness in autistic spectrum disorders: The role of self-awareness, representational abilities and temporal cognition. In J. Boucher & D. Bowler (Eds.), Memory in autism: Theory and evidence (pp. 166–187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lind, S. E., & Bowler, D. M. (2008). Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness in autistic spectrum disorders: The role of self-awareness, representational abilities and temporal cognition. In J. Boucher & D. Bowler (Eds.), Memory in autism: Theory and evidence (pp. 166–187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Lind, S. E., & Bowler, D. M. (2009). Recognition memory, self-other source memory, and theory of mind in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,39, 1231–1239.PubMed Lind, S. E., & Bowler, D. M. (2009). Recognition memory, self-other source memory, and theory of mind in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,39, 1231–1239.PubMed
go back to reference Lind, S. E., & Bowler, D. M. (2010). Episodic memory and episodic future thinking in adults with autism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,119, 896–905.PubMed Lind, S. E., & Bowler, D. M. (2010). Episodic memory and episodic future thinking in adults with autism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,119, 896–905.PubMed
go back to reference Lind, S. E., Williams, D. M., Bowler, D. M., & Peel, A. (2014). Episodic memory and episodic future thinking impairments in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: An underlying difficulty with scene construction or self-projection? Neuropsychology,28, 55–67.PubMed Lind, S. E., Williams, D. M., Bowler, D. M., & Peel, A. (2014). Episodic memory and episodic future thinking impairments in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: An underlying difficulty with scene construction or self-projection? Neuropsychology,28, 55–67.PubMed
go back to reference Marini, A., Ferretti, F., Chiera, A., Magni, R., Adornetti, I., Nicchiarelli, S., et al. (2016). Self-based and mechanical-based future thinking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46, 3353–3360.PubMed Marini, A., Ferretti, F., Chiera, A., Magni, R., Adornetti, I., Nicchiarelli, S., et al. (2016). Self-based and mechanical-based future thinking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46, 3353–3360.PubMed
go back to reference McCormack, T., & Hoerl, C. (1999). Memory and temporal perspective: The role of temporal frameworks in memory development. Developmental Review,19, 154–182. McCormack, T., & Hoerl, C. (1999). Memory and temporal perspective: The role of temporal frameworks in memory development. Developmental Review,19, 154–182.
go back to reference McCormack, T., & Hoerl, C. (2001). The child in time: Temporal concepts and self-consciousness in the development of episodic memory. In C. Moore & K. Lemmon (Eds.), The self in time: Developmental perspectives (pp. 203–227). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. McCormack, T., & Hoerl, C. (2001). The child in time: Temporal concepts and self-consciousness in the development of episodic memory. In C. Moore & K. Lemmon (Eds.), The self in time: Developmental perspectives (pp. 203–227). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
go back to reference McCrory, E., Henry., L. A., & Happé, F. (2007). Eye-witness memory and suggestibility in children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,48, 482–489.PubMed McCrory, E., Henry., L. A., & Happé, F. (2007). Eye-witness memory and suggestibility in children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,48, 482–489.PubMed
go back to reference Millward, C., Powell, S., Messer, D., & Jordan, R. (2000). Recall for self and other in autism: Children’s memory for events experienced by themselves and their peers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,30, 15–28.PubMed Millward, C., Powell, S., Messer, D., & Jordan, R. (2000). Recall for self and other in autism: Children’s memory for events experienced by themselves and their peers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,30, 15–28.PubMed
go back to reference Naito, M. (2003). The relationship between theory of mind and episodic memory: Evidence for the development of autonoetic consciousness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,85, 312–336.PubMed Naito, M. (2003). The relationship between theory of mind and episodic memory: Evidence for the development of autonoetic consciousness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,85, 312–336.PubMed
go back to reference Naito, M., & Suzuki, T. (2011). “When did I learn and when shall I act?”: The developmental relationship between episodic future thinking and memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,109, 397–411.PubMed Naito, M., & Suzuki, T. (2011). “When did I learn and when shall I act?”: The developmental relationship between episodic future thinking and memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,109, 397–411.PubMed
go back to reference Neisser, U. (1988). Five kinds of self-knowledge. Philosophical Psychology,1, 35–59. Neisser, U. (1988). Five kinds of self-knowledge. Philosophical Psychology,1, 35–59.
go back to reference O’Shea, A. G., Fein, D. A., Cillessen, A. H. N., Klin, A., & Schultz, R. T. (2005). Source memory in children with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Neuropsychology,27, 337–360.PubMed O’Shea, A. G., Fein, D. A., Cillessen, A. H. N., Klin, A., & Schultz, R. T. (2005). Source memory in children with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Neuropsychology,27, 337–360.PubMed
go back to reference Renner, R., Klinger, L. G., & Klinger, M. R. (2000). Implicit and explicit memory in autism: Is autism an amnesic disorder? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,30, 3–14.PubMed Renner, R., Klinger, L. G., & Klinger, M. R. (2000). Implicit and explicit memory in autism: Is autism an amnesic disorder? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,30, 3–14.PubMed
go back to reference Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2008). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: Remembering the past and imagining the future. In I. Driver, P. Haggard, & T. Shallice (Eds.), Mental processes in the human brain (pp. 27–47). New York: Oxford University Press. Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2008). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: Remembering the past and imagining the future. In I. Driver, P. Haggard, & T. Shallice (Eds.), Mental processes in the human brain (pp. 27–47). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Soulières, I., Dawson, M., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Mottron, L. (2011). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. II: What about Asperger syndrome? PLoS ONE,6, e25372.PubMedPubMedCentral Soulières, I., Dawson, M., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Mottron, L. (2011). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. II: What about Asperger syndrome? PLoS ONE,6, e25372.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Suddendorf, T. (2010). Linking yesterday and tomorrow: Preschoolers’ ability to report temporally displaced events. British Journal of Developmental Psychology,28, 491–498.PubMed Suddendorf, T. (2010). Linking yesterday and tomorrow: Preschoolers’ ability to report temporally displaced events. British Journal of Developmental Psychology,28, 491–498.PubMed
go back to reference Suddendorf, T. (2016). Episodic memory versus episodic foresight: Similarities and differences. WIREs Cognitive Science,1, 99–107. Suddendorf, T. (2016). Episodic memory versus episodic foresight: Similarities and differences. WIREs Cognitive Science,1, 99–107.
go back to reference Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs,123, 133–167.PubMed Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs,123, 133–167.PubMed
go back to reference Suddendorf, T., Nielsen, M., & von Gehlen, R. (2011). Children’s capacity to remember a novel problem and to secure its future solution. Developmental Science,14, 26–33.PubMed Suddendorf, T., Nielsen, M., & von Gehlen, R. (2011). Children’s capacity to remember a novel problem and to secure its future solution. Developmental Science,14, 26–33.PubMed
go back to reference Sugishita, M., & Yamazaki, K. (1993). Japanese Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagaku-sha. Sugishita, M., & Yamazaki, K. (1993). Japanese Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagaku-sha.
go back to reference Tanweer, T., Rathbone, C. J., & Souchay, C. (2010). Autobiographical memory, autonoetic consciousness, and identity in Asperger syndrome. Neuropsychologia,48, 900–908.PubMed Tanweer, T., Rathbone, C. J., & Souchay, C. (2010). Autobiographical memory, autonoetic consciousness, and identity in Asperger syndrome. Neuropsychologia,48, 900–908.PubMed
go back to reference Taylor, M., Esbensen, B. M., & Bennett, R. T. (1994). Children’s understanding of knowledge acquisition: The tendency for children to report that they have always known what they have just learned. Child Development,65, 1581–1604.PubMed Taylor, M., Esbensen, B. M., & Bennett, R. T. (1994). Children’s understanding of knowledge acquisition: The tendency for children to report that they have always known what they have just learned. Child Development,65, 1581–1604.PubMed
go back to reference Terrett, G., Rendell, P. G., Raponi-Sauders, S., Henry, J. D., Bailey, P. E., & Altgassen, M. (2013). Episodic future thinking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,43, 2558–2568.PubMed Terrett, G., Rendell, P. G., Raponi-Sauders, S., Henry, J. D., Bailey, P. E., & Altgassen, M. (2013). Episodic future thinking in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,43, 2558–2568.PubMed
go back to reference Toichi, M. (2008). Episodic memory, semantic memory and self-awareness in high-functioning autism. In J. Boucher & D. Bowler (Eds.), Memory in autism: Theory and evidence (pp. 143–165). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Toichi, M. (2008). Episodic memory, semantic memory and self-awareness in high-functioning autism. In J. Boucher & D. Bowler (Eds.), Memory in autism: Theory and evidence (pp. 143–165). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Toichi, M., Kamio, Y., Okada, T., Sakihama, M., Youngstrom, E. A., Findling, R. L., et al. (2002). A lack of self-consciousness in autism. American Journal of Psychiatry,159, 1422–1424.PubMed Toichi, M., Kamio, Y., Okada, T., Sakihama, M., Youngstrom, E. A., Findling, R. L., et al. (2002). A lack of self-consciousness in autism. American Journal of Psychiatry,159, 1422–1424.PubMed
go back to reference Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology,26, 1–11. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology,26, 1–11.
go back to reference Tulving, E. (2005). Episodic memory and autonoesis: Uniquely human? In H. S. Terrace & J. Metcalfe (Eds.), The missing link in cognition: Origins of self-reflective consciousness (pp. 3–56). New York: Oxford University Press. Tulving, E. (2005). Episodic memory and autonoesis: Uniquely human? In H. S. Terrace & J. Metcalfe (Eds.), The missing link in cognition: Origins of self-reflective consciousness (pp. 3–56). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Ueno, K., Nagoshi, S., & Konuki, S. (2008). The picture vocabulary test-revised. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagaku-sha. Ueno, K., Nagoshi, S., & Konuki, S. (2008). The picture vocabulary test-revised. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagaku-sha.
go back to reference Yoshimura, S., & Toichi, M. (2014). A lack of self-consciousness in Asperger’s disorder but not in PDDNOS: Implication for the clinical importance of ASD subtypes. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,8, 237–243. Yoshimura, S., & Toichi, M. (2014). A lack of self-consciousness in Asperger’s disorder but not in PDDNOS: Implication for the clinical importance of ASD subtypes. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,8, 237–243.
Metagegevens
Titel
Development of Episodic Memory and Foresight in High-Functioning Preschoolers with ASD
Auteurs
Mika Naito
Chie Hotta
Motomi Toichi
Publicatiedatum
19-11-2019
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 2/2020
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04274-9

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2020

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2/2020 Naar de uitgave