Top

Gepubliceerd in:

21-09-2023 | Empirical Research

Black Adolescent Self-Perceptions: The Roles of Ethnic Identity and Stress Exposure

Auteurs: Kailyn Bare, Susan D. McMahon, Kathryn Grant

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 2/2024

Abstract

Ethnic identity is associated with various positive outcomes for Black adolescents, but more information is needed about its potential to protect adolescents exposed to stress. Stressful life events predict a range of health outcomes, yet few studies have examined their association with adolescent self-perception. Ethnic identity may serve as protection from stress. This study examines longitudinal data to understand relationships between ethnic identity, stressful life events, and self-perception (i.e., social competence, behavioral conduct, and global self-worth). The sample included 140 adolescents (65% female; 93% Black) with an average age of 12.55 (SD = 0.85). Results indicate stressful life events are associated with behavioral conduct self-perception, and ethnic identity is associated with global self-worth. Ethnic identity behavior and other group orientation are associated with self-perception. Ethnic identity and ethnic identity behavior moderate the relationship between stressful life events and behavioral conduct self-perception. Understanding the connections between adolescent stressors and strengths provides insight into research, practice, and policy directions to promote positive outcomes.

vorige artikel Cultural Identity and the Academic, Social, and Psychological Adjustment of Adolescents with Immigration Background

volgende artikel Sparking Virtuous Cycles: A Longitudinal Study of Subjective Well-Being and Grit During Early Adolescence

Items removed from the other group orientation subscale include: “I sometimes feel it would be better if different racial groups didn’t try to mix together” and “I don’t try to become friends with people from other racial groups.” Items removed from the achievement subscale include: “I am not very clear about the role of my race in my life” and “I really have not spent much time trying to learn more about the culture and history of my racial group.”

Attar, B. K., Guerra, N. G., & Tolan, P. H. (1994). Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events and adjustments in urban elementary-school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23(4), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2304_5.CrossRef

Baldwin, S. A., & Hoffmann, J. P. (2002). The dynamics of self-esteem: A growth-curve analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014065825598.CrossRef

Bennett, Jr., M. D. (2007). Racial socialization and ethnic identity: Do they offer protection against problem behaviors for Black youth? Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 15(2-3), 137–161. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v15n02_09.CrossRef

Bonner, P. J., Warren, S. R., & Jiang, Y. H. (2018). Voices from urban classrooms: Teachers’ perceptions on instructing diverse students and using culturally responsive teaching. Education and Urban Society, 50(8), 697–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124517713820.CrossRef

Van Breda, A. D. (2018). A critical review of resilience theory and its relevance for social work. Social Work, 54(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.15270/54-1-611.CrossRef

van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(3), 1–67. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v045.i03.CrossRef

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Cole, D. A., Maxwell, S. E., Martin, J. M., Peeke, L. G., Seroczynski, A. D., Tram, J. M., & Maschman, T. (2001). The development of multiple domains of child and adolescent self‐concept: A cohort sequential longitudinal design. Child Development, 72(6), 1723–1746. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00375.CrossRefPubMed

Creemers, D. H., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., Prinstein, M. J., & Wiers, R. W. (2013). Damaged self-esteem is associated with internalizing problems. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 152 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00152.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Dubow, E. F., Edwards, S., & Ippolito, M. F. (1997). Life stressors, neighborhood disadvantage, and resources: A focus on inner-city children’s adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26(2), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2602_2.CrossRefPubMed

Eekhout, I., de Vet, H. C., de Boer, M. R., Twisk, J. W., & Heymans, M. W. (2018). Passive imputation and parcel summaries are both valid to handle missing items in studies with many multi-item scales. Statistical methods in medical research, 27(4), 1128–1140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280216654511.

Eisinga, R., Grotenhuis, M. T., & Pelzer, B. (2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman-Brown? International journal of public health, 58(4), 637–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3.CrossRefPubMed

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146.

Fichman, M., & Cummings, J. N. (2003). Multiple imputation for missing data: Making the most of what you know. Organizational Research Methods, 6(3), 282–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428103255532.CrossRef

Fife, J. E., Bond, S., & Byars-Winston, A. (2011). Correlates and predictors of academic self-efficacy among African American students. Education, 132(1)

Fisher, A. E., Fisher, S., Arsenault, C., Jacob, R., & Barnes-Najor, J. (2020). The moderating role of ethnic identity on the relationship between school climate and self-esteem for African American adolescents. School Psychology Review, 49(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2020.1760690.CrossRef

Fisher, S., Reynolds, J. L., Hsu, W. W., Barnes, J., & Tyler, K. (2014). Examining multiracial youth in context: Ethnic identity development and mental health outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1688–1699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0163-2.CrossRefPubMed

Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019). Evaluating effect size in psychological research: Sense and nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919847202.CrossRef

Graham, J. W., Olchowski, A. E., & Gilreath, T. D. (2007). How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prevention science, 8(3), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-007-0070-9.CrossRefPubMed

Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Halpert, J. A. (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 447 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.447.CrossRefPubMed

Grindal, M., Kushida, M., & Nieri, T. (2021). Ethnic identity achievement, identity verification, and self-worth. Identities in Action: Developments in Identity Theory, 39-60

Gummadam, P., Pittman, L. D., & Ioffe, M. (2016). School belonging, ethnic identity, and psychological adjustment among ethnic minority college students. The Journal of Experimental Education, 84(2), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2015.1048844.CrossRef

Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC). Denver, CO: University of Denver

Harter, S. (2012). Self-Perception Profile for Children: Manual and Questionnaires (Grades 3–8). Denver, CO: University of Denver

Holmes, K. J., & Lochman, J. E. (2009). Ethnic identity in Black and European American preadolescents: Relation to self-worth, social goals, and aggression. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(4), 476–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608322955.CrossRef

Hope, E. C., Chavous, T. M., Jagers, R. J., & Sellers, R. M. (2013). Connecting self-esteem and achievement: Diversity in academic identification and dis-identification patterns among Black college students. American Educational Research Journal, 50(5), 1122–1151. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831213500333.CrossRef

Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356–e366.CrossRefPubMed

IBM Corporation. (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 26.0)

Jones, S. C., Anderson, R. E., Gaskin-Wasson, A. L., Sawyer, B. A., Applewhite, K., & Metzger, I. W. (2020). From “crib to coffin”: Navigating coping from racism-related stress throughout the lifespan of Black Americans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(2), 267 https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000430.CrossRefPubMed

Kim, K. J., Conger, R. D., Elder, Jr, G. H., & Lorenz, F. O. (2003). Reciprocal influences between stressful life events and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. Child Development, 74(1), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00525.CrossRefPubMed

Kushner, S. C. (2015). A review of the direct and interactive effects of life stressors and dispositional traits on youth psychopathology. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(5), 810–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0523-x.CrossRef

Lakin Gullan, R., Hoffman, B. N., & Leff, S. S. (2011). “I Do But I Don’t”: The Search for Identity in Urban African American Adolescents. Penn GSE perspectives on urban education, 8(2), 29 PMID: 25485041; PMCID: PMC4256673.

Lee, R. M. (2003). Do ethnic identity and other-group orientation protect against discrimination for Asian Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(2), 133 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.133.CrossRef

Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Mahoney, J. L., Larson, R. W., & Eccles, J. S. (Eds.). (2005). Organized activities as contexts of development: Extracurricular activities, after school and community programs. Psychology Press.

March-Llanes, J., Marqués-Feixa, L., Mezquita, L., Fañanás, L., & Moya-Higueras, J. (2017). Stressful life events during adolescence and risk for externalizing and internalizing psychopathology: A meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(12), 1409–1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0996-9.CrossRef

McCamey Jr, J. D., & Payne, T. B. (2015). A Strength-based Approach to Working with African-American Youth in Poverty. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 4(4), 213–223.

McKnight, C. G., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. (2002). Relationships among stressful life events, temperament, problem behavior, and global life satisfaction in adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 39(6), 677–687. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10062.CrossRef

McMahon, S. D., & Watts, R. J. (2002). Ethnic identity in urban Black youth: Exploring links with self‐worth, aggression, and other psychosocial variables. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(4), 411–431. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.10013.CrossRef

McMahon, S. D., Felix, E. D., & Nagarajan, T. (2011). Social support and neighborhood stressors among Black youth: Networks and relations to self-worth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9386-3.CrossRefPubMed

McMahon, S. D., Singh, J. A., Garner, L. S., & Benhorin, S. (2004). Taking advantage of opportunities: Community involvement, well-being, and urban youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(4), 262–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.06.006.CrossRef

McMahon, S. D., Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., & Ey, S. (2003). Stress and psychopathology in children and adolescents: Is there evidence of specificity? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(1), 107–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0523-x.CrossRefPubMed

Neblett, Jr, E. W., Rivas‐Drake, D., & Umaña‐Taylor, A. J. (2012). The promise of racial and ethnic protective factors in promoting ethnic minority youth development. Child Development Perspectives, 6(3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00239.x.CrossRef

Newman, D. A. (2014). Missing data: Five practical guidelines. Organizational Research Methods, 17(4), 372–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114548590.CrossRef

Nurius, P. S., Green, S., Logan-Greene, P., & Borja, S. (2015). Life course pathways of adverse childhood experiences toward adult psychological well-being: A stress process analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 45, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.008.CrossRef

Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current directions in psychological science, 23(5), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414.CrossRef

Orth, U., & Luciano, E. C. (2015). Self-esteem, narcissism, and stressful life events: Testing for selection and socialization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(4), 707 https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000049.CrossRefPubMed

Osborne, J. W., & Waters, E. (2002). Four assumptions of multiple regression that researchers should always test. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 8(1), 2 https://doi.org/10.7275/r222-hv23.CrossRef

Paschall, K. W., Gershoff, E. T., & Kuhfeld, M. (2018). A two decade examination of historical race/ethnicity disparities in academic achievement by poverty status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 1164–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0800-7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Phinney, J. S. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489272003.CrossRef

Phinney, J. S., & Ong, A. D. (2007). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of counseling Psychology, 54(3), 271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.271.CrossRef

Phinney, J. S., Cantu, C. L., & Kurtz, D. A. (1997). Ethnic and American identity as predictors of self-esteem among African American, Latino, and White adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(2), 165–185. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024500514834.CrossRef

Ponterotto, J. G., Gretchen, D., Utsey, S. O., Stracuzzi, T., & Saya, Jr, R. (2003). The multigroup ethnic identity measure (MEIM): Psychometric review and further validity testing. Educational and Psychological measurement, 63(3), 502–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403063003010.CrossRef

Raghunathan, T. E., Lepkowski, J. M., Van Hoewyk, J., & Solenberger, P. (2001). A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Survey Methodology, 27(1), 85–96.

Reynolds, J. E., & Gonzales‐Backen, M. A. (2017). Ethnic‐racial socialization and the mental health of African Americans: A critical review. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9(2), 182–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12192.CrossRef

Rivas‐Drake, D., Seaton, E. K., Markstrom, C., Quintana, S., Syed, M., & Lee, R. M., Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: Implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Development, 85(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12200.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

RStudio Team (2021). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA URL http://www.rstudio.com/

Sacks, V. & Murphey, D. (2018). The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences, nationally, by state, and by race or ethnicity. Retrieved August 15, 2019, from Child Trends Website: www.childtrends.org/publications/prevalence-adverse-childhood-experiences-nationally-state-race-ethnicity.

Sandler, I. N., & Block, M. (1979). Life stress and maladaptation of children. American Journal of Community Psychology, 7(4), 425–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00894384.CrossRefPubMed

Shen, A. C. T. (2009). Self-esteem of young adults experiencing interparental violence and child physical maltreatment: Parental and peer relationships as mediators. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(5), 770–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508317188.CrossRefPubMed

Sinharay, S., Stern, H. S., & Russell, D. (2001). The use of multiple imputation for the analysis of missing data. Psychological Methods, 6(4), 317 https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.317.CrossRefPubMed

Smith, C. O., Levine, D. W., Smith, E. P., Dumas, J., & Prinz, R. J. (2009). A developmental perspective of the relationship of racial–ethnic identity to self-construct, achievement, and behavior in Black children. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(2), 145 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015538.CrossRefPubMed

Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Kornienko, O., Douglass Bayless, S., & Updegraff, K. A. (2018). A universal intervention program increases ethnic-racial identity exploration and resolution to predict adolescent psychosocial functioning one year later. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0766-5.CrossRefPubMed

Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2011). Ethnic identity. Handbook of identity theory and research, 791–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_33.

Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Gonzales‐Backen, M. A., & Guimond, A. B. (2009). Latino adolescents’ ethnic identity: Is there a developmental progression and does growth in ethnic identity predict growth in self‐esteem?. Child Development, 80(2), 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01267.x.

Verkuyten, M. (1994). Self-esteem among ethnic minority youth in Western countries. Social Indicators Research, 32(1), 21–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01078464.CrossRef

Vincent, C. G., Randall, C., Cartledge, G., Tobin, T. J., & Swain-Bradway, J. (2011). Toward a conceptual integration of cultural responsiveness and schoolwide positive behavior support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 13(4), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300711399765.CrossRef

Wang, M. T., Henry, D. A., & Del Toro, J. (2023). Do black and white students benefit from racial socialization? School racial socialization, school climate, and youth academic performance during early adolescence. American Educational Research Journal, 60(2), 405–444. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831222113477.CrossRef

Wantchekon, K. A., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2021). Relating profiles of ethnic–racial identity process and content to the academic and psychological adjustment of Black and Latinx adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(7), 1333–1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01451-x.CrossRefPubMed

Wicklin, R (2016), “Sometimes You Need to Reverse the Data before You Fit a Distribution,” The DO Loop, 2 Nov. 2016, blogs.sas.com/content/iml/2016/11/02/reverse-data-before-fit-distribution.html.

Williams, J. L., Aiyer, S. M., Durkee, M. I., & Tolan, P. H. (2014). The protective role of ethnic identity for urban adolescent males facing multiple stressors. Journal of youth and adolescence, 43, 1728–1741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0071-x.CrossRefPubMed

Work, W. C., Cowen, E. L., Parker, G. R., & Wyman, P. A. (1990). Stress resilient children in an urban setting. Journal of Primary Prevention, 11(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01324858.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Black Adolescent Self-Perceptions: The Roles of Ethnic Identity and Stress Exposure
Auteurs: Kailyn Bare
Susan D. McMahon
Kathryn Grant
Publicatiedatum: 21-09-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 2/2024
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01852-0

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2024

Are All Negotiations Equally Favorable? The Role of Adolescents’ Negotiation Style, Social Domain, and Mothers’ Authoritarian Beliefs and Family History

Associations among Parental Phubbing, Self-esteem, and Adolescents’ Proactive and Reactive Aggression: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study in China

Endorsement of Masculine-Typed Behaviors Decreases During Middle Adolescence: The Contextualizing Role of Peer Experiences for Adolescents Living in the United States

Neighborhood Disadvantage and Parenting in Early Adolescence Predict Epigenetic Aging and Mortality Risk in Adulthood

Psychosocial Determinants of Sleep Behavior and Healthy Sleep Among Adolescents: A Two-Wave Panel Study

Protective Factors for Antisocial Behavior in Youth: What is the Meta-Analytic Evidence?