Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 9/2019

26-03-2019

A Daily Diary Analysis of Preschool Depressive Behaviors: Prospective Associations and Moderators Across 14 Days

Auteurs: Katherine A. Leppert, Sara J. Bufferd, Thomas M. Olino, Lea R. Dougherty

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 9/2019

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Depressive disorders can be observed in early childhood and are associated with significant concurrent and prospective impairment; however, little is known about day-to-day variations in common depressive behaviors in children. This study examined the day-to-day variability of two common depressive behaviors in preschool-aged children, sadness and irritability, and factors associated with the daily occurrence of these behaviors. Participants included 291 parents of preschool-aged children, and parents completed a 14-day daily diary. Results indicated that sleep quality did not prospectively predict next-day sadness or irritability the following day. We observed between-person stability, but within-person variability, in children’s sadness and irritability across 14 days. We observed greater between-person stability and greater within-person variability in sadness and irritability for males and for children with fewer baseline psychiatric symptoms and lower baseline impairment. Findings provide a developmental perspective on normative patterns of sadness and irritability in young children and can inform prevention and individualized intervention efforts to reduce negative sequelae in at-risk preschoolers.
Voetnoten
1
One participant completed only one daily diary, and thus within-person effects were able to be examined for 290 participants, whereas between-person effects were able to be examined for 291 participants.
 
2
We examined multiple covariance structure specifications by comparing Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) estimates; they had negligible effect on the fixed and random parameter estimates or levels of significance. Covariances were modeled as independent by using the scaled identity covariance structure when models did not converge.
 
3
The model examining average daily sadness as a moderator of the within-person variability of children’s sadness did not converge when using the AR1 covariance structure; thus, a scaled identity covariance structure was applied to make covariances between days independent and to constrain variances to be constant.
 
4
The dependent variables of sadness and irritability overlapped with items in the ECI depressive and ODD symptom scales (e.g., loses temper, easily annoyed, is angry/resentful, is irritable). However, results remained similar when overlapping items were removed from the ECI symptom scales.
 
Literatuur
go back to reference Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Aiken, L. S., Mistler, S. A., Coxe, S., & West, S. G. (2015). Analyzing count variables in individuals and groups: Single level and multilevel models. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(3), 290–314.CrossRef Aiken, L. S., Mistler, S. A., Coxe, S., & West, S. G. (2015). Analyzing count variables in individuals and groups: Single level and multilevel models. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(3), 290–314.CrossRef
go back to reference Aunola, K., Tolvanen, A., Viljaranta, J., & Nurmi, J. E. (2013). Psychological control in daily parent–child interactions increases children’s negative emotions. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(3), 453–462.CrossRefPubMed Aunola, K., Tolvanen, A., Viljaranta, J., & Nurmi, J. E. (2013). Psychological control in daily parent–child interactions increases children’s negative emotions. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(3), 453–462.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Blaxton, J. M., Bergeman, C. S., Whitehead, B. R., Braun, M. E., & Payne, J. D. (2017). Relationships among nightly sleep quality, daily stress, and daily affect. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(3), 363–372.PubMed Blaxton, J. M., Bergeman, C. S., Whitehead, B. R., Braun, M. E., & Payne, J. D. (2017). Relationships among nightly sleep quality, daily stress, and daily affect. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(3), 363–372.PubMed
go back to reference Bouwmans, M. E., Bos, E. H., Hoenders, H. R., Oldehinkel, A. J., & de Jonge, P. (2017). Sleep quality predicts positive and negative affect but not vice versa. An electronic diary study in depressed and healthy individuals. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 260–267.CrossRefPubMed Bouwmans, M. E., Bos, E. H., Hoenders, H. R., Oldehinkel, A. J., & de Jonge, P. (2017). Sleep quality predicts positive and negative affect but not vice versa. An electronic diary study in depressed and healthy individuals. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 260–267.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bufferd, S. J., Dougherty, L. R., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2011). Parent-reported mental health in preschoolers: Findings using a diagnostic interview. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(4), 359–369.CrossRefPubMed Bufferd, S. J., Dougherty, L. R., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2011). Parent-reported mental health in preschoolers: Findings using a diagnostic interview. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(4), 359–369.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bufferd, S. J., Dyson, M., Hernandez, I., & Wakschlag, L. (2016). Explicating the “developmental” in preschool psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3 rd edition) (pp. 152–186). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bufferd, S. J., Dyson, M., Hernandez, I., & Wakschlag, L. (2016). Explicating the “developmental” in preschool psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3 rd edition) (pp. 152–186). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
go back to reference Bufferd, S. J., Dougherty, L. R., & Olino, T. M. (2017). Mapping the frequency and severity of depressive behaviors in preschool-aged children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48(6), 934–943.CrossRef Bufferd, S. J., Dougherty, L. R., & Olino, T. M. (2017). Mapping the frequency and severity of depressive behaviors in preschool-aged children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48(6), 934–943.CrossRef
go back to reference Carlson, S. M., & Wang, T. S. (2007). Inhibitory control and emotion regulation in preschool children. Cognitive Development, 22(4), 489–510.CrossRef Carlson, S. M., & Wang, T. S. (2007). Inhibitory control and emotion regulation in preschool children. Cognitive Development, 22(4), 489–510.CrossRef
go back to reference Craig, L. (2006). Does father care mean fathers share? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children. Gender & Society, 20(2), 259–281.CrossRef Craig, L. (2006). Does father care mean fathers share? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children. Gender & Society, 20(2), 259–281.CrossRef
go back to reference Curran, P. J., Bauer, D. J., & Willoughby, M. T. (2006). Testing and probing interactions in hierarchical linear growth models. In C. S. Bergeman, S. M. Boker (Eds.), Methodological issues in aging research. Notre Dame series on quantitative methods (pp. 99–129). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Curran, P. J., Bauer, D. J., & Willoughby, M. T. (2006). Testing and probing interactions in hierarchical linear growth models. In C. S. Bergeman, S. M. Boker (Eds.), Methodological issues in aging research. Notre Dame series on quantitative methods (pp. 99–129). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
go back to reference De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 858–900.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 858–900.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Dougherty, L. R., Klein, D. N., Olino, T. M., & Laptook, R. S. (2008). Depression in children and adolescents. In J. Hunsley & E. J. Nash (Eds.), A guide to assessments that work (pp. 69–95). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Dougherty, L. R., Klein, D. N., Olino, T. M., & Laptook, R. S. (2008). Depression in children and adolescents. In J. Hunsley & E. J. Nash (Eds.), A guide to assessments that work (pp. 69–95). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Dougherty, L. R., Leppert, K. A., Merwin, S. M., Smith, V. C., Bufferd, S. J., & Kushner, M. R. (2015). Advances and directions in preschool mental health research. Child Development Perspectives, 9(1), 14–19.CrossRef Dougherty, L. R., Leppert, K. A., Merwin, S. M., Smith, V. C., Bufferd, S. J., & Kushner, M. R. (2015). Advances and directions in preschool mental health research. Child Development Perspectives, 9(1), 14–19.CrossRef
go back to reference Egger, H. L., Ascher, B. H., & Angold, A. (1999). The preschool age psychiatric assessment: Version 1.1. Durham, NC: Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center. Egger, H. L., Ascher, B. H., & Angold, A. (1999). The preschool age psychiatric assessment: Version 1.1. Durham, NC: Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center.
go back to reference El-Sheikh, M., Kelly, R. J., Buckhalt, J. A., & Benjamin Hinnant, J. (2010). Children’s sleep and adjustment over time: The role of socioeconomic context. Child Development, 81(3), 870–883.CrossRefPubMed El-Sheikh, M., Kelly, R. J., Buckhalt, J. A., & Benjamin Hinnant, J. (2010). Children’s sleep and adjustment over time: The role of socioeconomic context. Child Development, 81(3), 870–883.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Enders, C. K., & Tofighi, D. (2007). Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue. Psychological Methods, 12(2), 121–138.CrossRef Enders, C. K., & Tofighi, D. (2007). Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue. Psychological Methods, 12(2), 121–138.CrossRef
go back to reference Epskamp, S., van Borkulo, C. D., van der Veen, D. C., Servaas, M. N., Isvoranu, A. M., Riese, H., & Cramer, A. O. (2018). Personalized network modeling in psychopathology: The importance of contemporaneous and temporal connections. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(3), 416–427.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Epskamp, S., van Borkulo, C. D., van der Veen, D. C., Servaas, M. N., Isvoranu, A. M., Riese, H., & Cramer, A. O. (2018). Personalized network modeling in psychopathology: The importance of contemporaneous and temporal connections. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(3), 416–427.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions: Relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72(3), 907–920.CrossRefPubMed Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions: Relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72(3), 907–920.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Jr., Waschbusch, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Lahey, B. B., Chronis, A. M., et al. (2006). A practical measure of impairment: Psychometric properties of the impairment rating scale in samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and two school-based samples. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(3), 369–385.CrossRefPubMed Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Jr., Waschbusch, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Lahey, B. B., Chronis, A. M., et al. (2006). A practical measure of impairment: Psychometric properties of the impairment rating scale in samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and two school-based samples. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(3), 369–385.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fiese, B. H., & Winter, M. A. (2010). The dynamics of family chaos and its relation to children's socioemotional well-being. In G. W. Evans & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Decade of behavior (science conference). Chaos and its influence on children's development: An ecological perspective (pp. 49–66). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.CrossRef Fiese, B. H., & Winter, M. A. (2010). The dynamics of family chaos and its relation to children's socioemotional well-being. In G. W. Evans & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Decade of behavior (science conference). Chaos and its influence on children's development: An ecological perspective (pp. 49–66). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.CrossRef
go back to reference Finsaas, M. C., Bufferd, S. J., Dougherty, L. R., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2018). Preschool psychiatric disorders: Homotypic and heterotypic continuity through middle childhood and early adolescence. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. Finsaas, M. C., Bufferd, S. J., Dougherty, L. R., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2018). Preschool psychiatric disorders: Homotypic and heterotypic continuity through middle childhood and early adolescence. Psychological Medicine, 1–10.
go back to reference Fung, C. H. L., Nguyen, M., Moineddin, R., Colantonio, A., & Wiseman-Hakes, C. (2014). Reliability and validity of the daily cognitive–communication and sleep profile: A new instrument for monitoring sleep, wakefulness and daytime function. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 23(2), 217–228.CrossRefPubMed Fung, C. H. L., Nguyen, M., Moineddin, R., Colantonio, A., & Wiseman-Hakes, C. (2014). Reliability and validity of the daily cognitive–communication and sleep profile: A new instrument for monitoring sleep, wakefulness and daytime function. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 23(2), 217–228.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gruber, J., Kogan, A., Quoidbach, J., & Mauss, I. B. (2013). Happiness is best kept stable: Positive emotion variability is associated with poorer psychological health. Emotion, 13(1), 1–6.CrossRefPubMed Gruber, J., Kogan, A., Quoidbach, J., & Mauss, I. B. (2013). Happiness is best kept stable: Positive emotion variability is associated with poorer psychological health. Emotion, 13(1), 1–6.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Houben, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Kuppens, P. (2015). The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 901–930.CrossRef Houben, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Kuppens, P. (2015). The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 901–930.CrossRef
go back to reference Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel analysis. Techniques and applications (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.CrossRef Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel analysis. Techniques and applications (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.CrossRef
go back to reference Kalmbach, D. A., Pillai, V., Roth, T., & Drake, C. L. (2014). The interplay between daily affect and sleep: A 2-week study of young women. Journal of Sleep Research, 23(6), 636–645.CrossRefPubMed Kalmbach, D. A., Pillai, V., Roth, T., & Drake, C. L. (2014). The interplay between daily affect and sleep: A 2-week study of young women. Journal of Sleep Research, 23(6), 636–645.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Könen, T., Dirk, J., & Schmiedek, F. (2015). Cognitive benefits of last night's sleep: Daily variations in children's sleep behavior are related to working memory fluctuations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(2), 171–182.CrossRefPubMed Könen, T., Dirk, J., & Schmiedek, F. (2015). Cognitive benefits of last night's sleep: Daily variations in children's sleep behavior are related to working memory fluctuations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(2), 171–182.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Könen, T., Dirk, J., Leonhardt, A., & Schmiedek, F. (2016). The interplay between sleep behavior and affect in elementary school children’s daily life. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 150, 1–15.CrossRefPubMed Könen, T., Dirk, J., Leonhardt, A., & Schmiedek, F. (2016). The interplay between sleep behavior and affect in elementary school children’s daily life. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 150, 1–15.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference López-Pérez, B., Wilson, E. L., Dellaria, G., & Gummerum, M. (2016). Developmental differences in children’s interpersonal emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 40(5), 767–780.CrossRef López-Pérez, B., Wilson, E. L., Dellaria, G., & Gummerum, M. (2016). Developmental differences in children’s interpersonal emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 40(5), 767–780.CrossRef
go back to reference Luby, J. L., Heffelfinger, A. K., Mrakotsky, C., Hessler, M. J., Brown, K. M., & Hildebrand, T. (2002). Preschool major depressive disorder: Preliminary validation for developmentally modified DSM-IV criteria. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(8), 928–937.CrossRef Luby, J. L., Heffelfinger, A. K., Mrakotsky, C., Hessler, M. J., Brown, K. M., & Hildebrand, T. (2002). Preschool major depressive disorder: Preliminary validation for developmentally modified DSM-IV criteria. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(8), 928–937.CrossRef
go back to reference Luby, J. L., Heffelfinger, A. K., Mrakotsky, C., Brown, K. M., Hessler, M. J., Wallis, J. M., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2003). The clinical picture of depression in preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 340–348.CrossRef Luby, J. L., Heffelfinger, A. K., Mrakotsky, C., Brown, K. M., Hessler, M. J., Wallis, J. M., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2003). The clinical picture of depression in preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 340–348.CrossRef
go back to reference Peeters, F., Berkhof, J., Delespaul, P., Rottenberg, J., & Nicolson, N. A. (2006). Diurnal mood variation in major depressive disorder. Emotion, 6(3), 383–391.CrossRefPubMed Peeters, F., Berkhof, J., Delespaul, P., Rottenberg, J., & Nicolson, N. A. (2006). Diurnal mood variation in major depressive disorder. Emotion, 6(3), 383–391.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Röcke, C., & Brose, A. (2013). Intraindividual variability and stability of affect and well-being. GeroPsych, 26(3), 185–199.CrossRef Röcke, C., & Brose, A. (2013). Intraindividual variability and stability of affect and well-being. GeroPsych, 26(3), 185–199.CrossRef
go back to reference Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003). Adolescents' emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development, 74(6), 1869–1880.CrossRefPubMed Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003). Adolescents' emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development, 74(6), 1869–1880.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sin, N. L., Almeida, D. M., Crain, T. L., Kossek, E. E., Berkman, L. F., & Buxton, O. M. (2017). Bidirectional, temporal associations of sleep with positive events, affect, and stressors in daily life across a week. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 51(3), 402–415.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sin, N. L., Almeida, D. M., Crain, T. L., Kossek, E. E., Berkman, L. F., & Buxton, O. M. (2017). Bidirectional, temporal associations of sleep with positive events, affect, and stressors in daily life across a week. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 51(3), 402–415.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Sprafkin, J., & Gadow, K. D. (1996). Early Childhood Symptom Inventories. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus. Sprafkin, J., & Gadow, K. D. (1996). Early Childhood Symptom Inventories. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.
go back to reference Sprafkin, J., Volpe, R. J., Gadow, K. D., Nolan, E. E., & Kelly, K. (2002). A DSM-IV–referenced screening instrument for preschool children: The early childhood Inventory-4. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(5), 604–612.CrossRef Sprafkin, J., Volpe, R. J., Gadow, K. D., Nolan, E. E., & Kelly, K. (2002). A DSM-IV–referenced screening instrument for preschool children: The early childhood Inventory-4. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(5), 604–612.CrossRef
go back to reference Stringaris, A. (2011). Irritability in children and adolescents: A challenge for DSM-5. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(2), 61–66.CrossRef Stringaris, A. (2011). Irritability in children and adolescents: A challenge for DSM-5. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(2), 61–66.CrossRef
go back to reference Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). The everyday emotional experience of adults with major depressive disorder: Examining emotional instability, inertia, and reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 819–829.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). The everyday emotional experience of adults with major depressive disorder: Examining emotional instability, inertia, and reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 819–829.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Tolan, P. H., & Dodge, K. A. (2005). Children's mental health as a primary care and concern: A system for comprehensive support and service. American Psychologist, 60(6), 601–614.CrossRefPubMed Tolan, P. H., & Dodge, K. A. (2005). Children's mental health as a primary care and concern: A system for comprehensive support and service. American Psychologist, 60(6), 601–614.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wakschlag, L. S., Choi, S. W., Carter, A. S., Hullsiek, H., Burns, J., McCarthy, K., Leibenluft, E., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2012). Defining the developmental parameters of temper loss in early childhood: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(11), 1099–1108.CrossRefPubMed Wakschlag, L. S., Choi, S. W., Carter, A. S., Hullsiek, H., Burns, J., McCarthy, K., Leibenluft, E., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2012). Defining the developmental parameters of temper loss in early childhood: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(11), 1099–1108.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wichers, M. (2014). The dynamic nature of depression: A new micro-level perspective of mental disorder that meets current challenges. Psychological Medicine, 44(7), 1349–1360.CrossRefPubMed Wichers, M. (2014). The dynamic nature of depression: A new micro-level perspective of mental disorder that meets current challenges. Psychological Medicine, 44(7), 1349–1360.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wiggins, J. L., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Estabrook, R., Brotman, M. A., Pine, D. S., Leibenluft, E., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2018). Identifying clinically significant irritability in early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(3), 191–199.CrossRef Wiggins, J. L., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Estabrook, R., Brotman, M. A., Pine, D. S., Leibenluft, E., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2018). Identifying clinically significant irritability in early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(3), 191–199.CrossRef
go back to reference Willett, J. B., Singer, J. D., & Martin, N. C. (1998). The design and analysis of longitudinal studies of development and psychopathology in context: Statistical models and methodological recommendations. Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 395–426.CrossRefPubMed Willett, J. B., Singer, J. D., & Martin, N. C. (1998). The design and analysis of longitudinal studies of development and psychopathology in context: Statistical models and methodological recommendations. Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 395–426.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Skinner, E. A. (2011). The development of coping across childhood and adolescence: An integrative review and critique of research. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(1), 1–17.CrossRef Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Skinner, E. A. (2011). The development of coping across childhood and adolescence: An integrative review and critique of research. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(1), 1–17.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
A Daily Diary Analysis of Preschool Depressive Behaviors: Prospective Associations and Moderators Across 14 Days
Auteurs
Katherine A. Leppert
Sara J. Bufferd
Thomas M. Olino
Lea R. Dougherty
Publicatiedatum
26-03-2019
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 9/2019
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00535-4

Andere artikelen Uitgave 9/2019

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 9/2019 Naar de uitgave