Top

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Gepubliceerd in:

22-03-2023 | Original Article

What Cognitions Best Predict Disturbed Anger in Adults? A Revision of the Anger Cognitions Scale

Auteurs: Raymond DiGiuseppe, Amanda Fisher, Joanne Raptis, Katharine Romero, Annette Schieffelin, William Chaplin

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 3/2023

Abstract

Background

This study aims to provide insight into the specific cognitive constructs that are most strongly correlated with disturbed anger and could guide the development of more effective cognitive-behavioral treatments. The Anger Cognitions Scale-Revised (ACS-R) presents participants with nine scenarios of anger-provoking events and asks them to indicate the degree to which the situations would trigger the experience of seven different cognitive processes: hostile attributions, negative consequences of anger, inflammatory labeling, demandingness, frustration intolerance, awfulizing, and overgeneralization. The current study tested the factor structure and the construct validity of the ACS-R in a diverse sample to examine which cognitive constructs best predict dysfunctional anger and, consequently should be targeted when treating angry clients.

Method

1024 participants with an average age of 20.4 years (SD = 6.15) completed the ACS-R and measures of dysfunctional anger and anger outcomes via online administration.

Results

Confirmatory factor analyses found that ACS-R scores best fit a bifactor model, with 7-factors representing the seven cognitive constructs with a separate set of 9-factors in which items loaded on their respective scenarios. Multiple regression analyses revealed that negative consequences of anger, hostile attributions, and inflammatory labeling contributed more significant variance in models predicting dysfunctional anger.

Discussion

Although additional research should replicate these results, our findings suggest that cognitive-behavioral treatment for dysfunctional anger might improve their outcomes if they targeted negative cognitions most strongly associated with dysfunctional anger. In addition, the inclusion of situational factors in our best-fitting CFA models suggests that assessing the circumstances in which one experiences distressing and unhelpful anger is essential in clinical practice.

vorige artikel Effects of Training Body-Related Interpretations on Panic-Related Cognitions and Symptoms

Ahmed, A. G., Kingston, D. A., DiGiuseppe, R., Bradford, J. M., & Seto, M. C. (2012). Developing a clinical typology of dysfunctional anger. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(1–2), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.008CrossRefPubMed

Akinwande, M. O., Dikko, H. G., & Samson, A. (2015). Variance inflation factor: As a condition for the inclusion of suppressor variable (s) in regression analysis. Open Journal of Statistics, 5(07), 754. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2015.57075CrossRef

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Press.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Press.CrossRef

Beck, A. T. (1999). Prisoners of hate: The cognitive basis of anger, hostility, and violence. Harper Collins Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.14.2.201CrossRef

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2014). Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734CrossRefPubMed

Brazão, N., Rijo, D., da Silva, D. R., Salvador, M., & & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2021). Personality pathology profiles as moderators of the growing pro-social program: Outcomes on cognitive, emotion, and behavior regulation in male prison inmates. Journal of Personality Disorders, 35(1), 84–113. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_424CrossRefPubMed

Brazão, N., Rijo, D., Salvador, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017). The effects of the growing pro-social program on cognitive distortions and early maladaptive schemas over time in male prison inmates: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(11), 1064–1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000247CrossRefPubMed

Brazão, N., Rijo, D., Salvador, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2018). Promoting emotion and behavior regulation in male prison inmates: A secondary data analysis from a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of the growing pro-social program. Law and Human Behavior, 42(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000267CrossRefPubMed

Bruehl, S., Liu, X., Burns, J. W., Chont, M., & Jamison, R. N. (2012). Associations between daily chronic pain intensity, daily anger expression, and trait anger expressiveness: An ecological momentary assessment study. Pain, 153, 2352–2358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2012.08.001CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Rutledge.

Campbell, M, & Flanagan, R. (2001). Review of the Reynolds depression screening inventory. In B. S. Plake & J. C. Impara (Eds.), The fourteenth mental measurements yearbook. Retrieved from https://web-b-ebscohost-com.jerome.stjohns.edu/ehost/

Charles, D., Wilson, A., DiGiuseppe, R. (2016). The development of the anger management outcome questionnaire. Poster at the American Psychological Association (APA) Annual Convention, August 2016.

Cole, D. A., & Turner, J. E., Jr. (1993). Models of cognitive mediation and moderation in child depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.102.2.271CrossRefPubMed

Covin, R., Dozois, D. J., Ogniewicz, A., & Seeds, P. M. (2011). Measuring cognitive errors: Initial development of the Cognitive Distortions Scale (CDS). International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 4(3), 297–322. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2011.4.3.297CrossRef

Dahlen, E. R., & Martin, R. C. (2005). The experience, expression, and control of anger in perceived social support. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.019CrossRef

David, D., Cristeal, O., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy. Frontiers of Psychiatry, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004

Deffenbacher, J. L. (1992). Trait anger: Theory, findings, and implications. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (pp. 177–201). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Deffenbacher, J. L., & Deffenbacher, D. M. (2003). Where is the anger in introductory and abnormal psychology texts? Teaching of Psychology, 30(1), 65–67.

DiGiuseppe, R., Charles, D., Pzena, R., Cheney, B., Taboas, W. (2017). Development of an Anger Management Outcome Questionnaire. Poster presented at the 51st annual convention of the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, San Diego, CA.

DiGiuseppe, R., Gorman, B., & Raptis, J. (2020). The factor structure of the attitudes and beliefs Scale 2: Implications for rational emotive behavior therapy. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy., 38(2), 111–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00349-0CrossRef

DiGiuseppe, R., Gorman, B., Raptis, J., Agiurgioaei-Boie, A., Agiurgioaei, F., Leaf, R., & Robin, M. W. (2021). The development of a short form of an irrational/rational beliefs scale. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 39(3), 456–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-021-00386-3CrossRef

DiGiuseppe, R., Leaf, R., Gorman, B., & Robin, R. (2018). The development of a measure of irrational/rational beliefs. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapies, 36(1), 47–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-017-0273-3CrossRef

DiGiuseppe, R., & Tafrate, R. (2004). The anger disorder scale: Manual. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: MultiHealth Systems.

DiGiuseppe, R., & Tafrate, R. C. (2006). Anger treatment for adults: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.10.1.70CrossRef

DiGiuseppe, R., & Tafrate, R. C. (2007). Understanding anger disorders. Oxford University Press.

DiStefano, C., & Morgan, G. B. (2014). A comparison of diagonal weighted least squares robust estimation techniques for ordinal data. Structural Equation Modeling, 21(3), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915373CrossRef

Dodge, K. A. (1991). The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 201–218). Erlbaum.

Dowd, E. T, & Waller, N. G. (1998). Review of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In C. Impara & B. S. Plake (Eds.), The thirteenth mental measurements yearbook.

Dryden, W. (1990). Dealing with anger problems: Rational–emotive therapeutic interventions. Practitioner’s Resource Exchange Inc.

Eiden, R. D., Leonard, K. E., Colder, C. R., Homish, G. G., Schuetze, P., Gray, T. R., et al. (2012). Anger, hostility, and aggression as predictors of persistent smoking during pregnancy. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73, 926–932. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2011.72.926

Ellis, A. (1977). How to live with and without anger. Reader’s Digest Press.

Ellis, A. (1994). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy: A comprehensive method of treating human disturbance. Revised and updated. Birch Lane Press.

Epictetus (90BC/1996). The Enchiridion. Raleigh, NC: Alex Catalogue. Also available as an e-book. Boulder, CO: NetLibrary.

Fernandez, E., & Johnson, S. L. (2016). Anger in psychological disorders: Prevalence, presentation, etiology, and prognostic implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.012CrossRefPubMed

Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9, 466–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goss-Sampson, M. A. (2020). Statistical analysis in JASP 0.14: A guide for students. November 2020. (Free PDF).

Harrington, N. (2005). Dimensions of frustration intolerance and their relationship to self-control problems. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 23(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-005-0001-2CrossRef

Hayes, A.F. & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s Alpha for estimating reliability. But…, Communication Methods and Measures, 14 (1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629

Howells, K. (1998). Cognitive–behavioural therapy for anger, aggression, and violence. In N. Tarrier & A. Wells (Eds.), Complex cases in cognitive–behavioral therapy (pp. 295–318). Wiley.

Hunsley, J., & Mash, E. J. (2007). Evidence-based assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 446–554. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091419CrossRef

Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2014). Modeling the structure of the Attitudes and Belief Scale 2 using CFA and bifactor approaches: Toward the development of an abbreviated version. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2013.777467CrossRefPubMed

Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2015). Irrational beliefs in posttraumatic stress responses: A rational emotive behavior therapy approach. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(2), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2013.839772CrossRef

JASP Team (2022). JASP (Version 0.16.3) Computer software. Retrieved Oct 4, 2022a from https://jasp-stats.org/.

Kaplan, D. (2000). Structural equation modeling: Foundations and extensions. Sage.

Kingery, J. N., Kepley, H. O., Ginsburg, G. S., Walkup, J. T., Silva, S. G., Hoyle, R. H., Reinecke, M. A., & March, J. S. (2009). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Children’s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire with a clinically depressed adolescent sample. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(6), 768–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903297130CrossRefPubMed

Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.

Klein Tuente, S., Bogaerts, S., & Veling, W. (2019). Hostile attribution bias and aggression in adults—A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46, 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.01.009CrossRef

Koch, T., Holtmann, J., Bohn, J., & Eid, M. (2018). Explaining general and specific factors in longitudinal, multimethod, and bifactor models: Some caveats and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 505–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000146CrossRefPubMed

Lachmund, E., DiGiuseppe, R., & Fuller, J. R.(2005). Clinicians' diagnosis of a case with anger problems. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39(4), 439–447.

Lee, A. H., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2018). Anger and aggression treatments: A review of meta-analyses. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.004CrossRefPubMed

Leitenberg, H., Yost, L. W., & Carroll-Wilson, M. (1986). Negative cognitive errors in children: Questionnaire development, normative data, and comparisons between children with and without self-reported symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, and evaluation anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 528–536. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.528CrossRefPubMed

Li, C. H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936–949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7CrossRefPubMed

Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis, 4th ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Lubke, G. H., & Muthén, B. O. (2004). Applying multigroup confirmatory factor models for continuous outcomes to Likert scale data complicates meaningful group comparisons. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 514–534. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1104_2CrossRef

Mabel, S. (1994). Empirical determination of anger-provoking characteristics intrinsic to anger-provoking circumstances. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 174–188. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1994.13.2.174CrossRef

Mardia, J. R., Kent, J. T., & Bibby, J. M. (1979). Multivariate analysis. Academic Press.

Martin, R. C., & Dahlen, E. R. (2007). The angry cognitions scale: A new inventory for assessing cognitions in anger. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 25(3), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-006-0033-2CrossRef

Martin, R. C., & Dahlen, E. R. (2011). Angry thoughts and response to provocation: Validity of the Angry Cognitions Scale. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 29(2), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-009-0104-2CrossRef

Martin, R. C., & Vieaux, L. E. (2013). Angry thoughts and daily emotion logs: Validity of the Angry Cognitions Scale. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31, 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-013-0171-2CrossRef

McDermut, W., Fuller, J. R., DiGiuseppe, R., Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. (2009). Trait anger and axis I disorders: Implications for REBT. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 27(2), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-009-0092-2CrossRef

McGill, K. A., DiGiuseppe & Zhuo, Y. (2021). The code of honor as a predictor of anger and aggression. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(2), 226–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1832169CrossRef

Muthén, B. O., & Kaplan, D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1985.tb00832.xCrossRef

Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Hayes, A. M. (2019). Emotion-centered problem-solving therapy. In K. Dobson & D. Dozois (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (4th ed., pp. 171–190). Guilford Press.

Randel, J. L. (2020). The Psychometric Properties of an Anger Management Routine Outcome Monitoring Measure (Order No. 28148585). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2467848921). Retrieved from https://jerome.stjohns.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/psychometric-properties-anger-management-routine/docview/2467848921/se-2

Reynolds, W. M., & Kobak, K. A. (1998). Reynolds Depression Screening Inventory: RDSI: Professional Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Romero, K., & DiGiuseppe, R. (November 2022b). Identifying subtypes of dysfunctional anger: a latent profile analysis of the anger disorders scale (ADS). In Poster presented at the 56th annual convention of the association of behavioral and cognitive therapies, New York, NY.

Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36.CrossRef

Scaini, S., Piron, R., Nicoli, S., Fiore, F., DiGiuseppe, R., Ruggiero, G. M., & Caruso, C. (2022). A cross-validation of the Anger Cognitions Scale-revised: Cognitions and anger in an Italian adolescent sample. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 40(2), 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-021-00411-5CrossRef

Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–338.CrossRef

Seneca. (1958). On anger. In Moral Essays (Vol. 1, pp. 106–355). Translated by J. W. Basore. Loeb Classical Library 214. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Slade, M. (2002). Routine outcome assessment in mental health services. Psychological Medicine, 32(8), 1339–1343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004974CrossRefPubMed

Soto, B., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2016, October). Which Beliefs Best Predict Anger? In Poster session presented at the 50th Annual Convention of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, New York, NY.

Spivack, G., Platt, J., & Shure, M. (1976). The social problem-solving approach to adjustment. Jossey-Bass.

Stevanovic, D., Lalic, B., Batinic, J., Damjanovic, R., Jovic, V., Brkic-cvetkovic, S., & Jancic, J. (2016). Children’s negative cognitive error questionnaire–revised: The factor structure and associations with anxiety and depressive symptoms across age, gender, and clinical/community samples. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(4), 584–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9767-zCrossRef

Stewart, S. M., Kennard, B. D., Lee, P. W., Hughes, C. W., Mayes, T. L., Emslie, G. J., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2004). A cross-cultural investigation of cognitions and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.2.248CrossRefPubMed

Sukhodolsky, D. G., Smith, S. D., McCauley, S. A., Ibrahim, K., & Piasecka, J. B. (2016). Behavioral interventions for anger, irritability, and aggression in children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2015.0120CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2018). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.

Walitzer, K. S., Deffenbacher, J. L., & Shyhalla, K. (2015). Alcohol-adapted anger management treatment: A randomized controlled trial of an innovative therapy for alcohol dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 59, 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2015.08.003CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wydo, M. R., & Martin, R. C. (2015). An assessment instrument for anger management in correctional settings: the angry cognitions scale-prison form. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapies, 33, 374–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-015-0219-6CrossRef

Titel: What Cognitions Best Predict Disturbed Anger in Adults? A Revision of the Anger Cognitions Scale
Auteurs: Raymond DiGiuseppe
Amanda Fisher
Joanne Raptis
Katharine Romero
Annette Schieffelin
William Chaplin
Publicatiedatum: 22-03-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 3/2023
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10362-z

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Background

Method

Results

Discussion

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2023

Perfectionism as Possible Predictor for Treatment Success in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Metacognitive Training as Third-Wave Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Longitudinal Relations Between Emotion Regulation and Internalizing Symptoms in Emerging Adults During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Beyond Positive Affect: Discrete Positive Emotions Differentiate Major Depression from Social Anxiety Disorder

Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioral Group Interventions: A Systematic Review

Predictors of Full Recovery in Individuals with Emotional Disorders: One-Year Follow-Up Secondary Analysis of the PsicAP Randomized Controlled Trial

Compulsive Sexual Behavior in Adolescents: The Roles of Personality, Attachment Orientations, Cognitive Mechanisms, and Psychopathology