Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2/2023

18-10-2021 | Original Article

The Role of Socioeconomic Adversity and Armed Conflict in Executive Function, Theory of Mind and Empathy in Children

Auteurs: Buket Kara, Bilge Selcuk

Gepubliceerd in: Child Psychiatry & Human Development | Uitgave 2/2023

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This study investigates the role of socioeconomic adversity and armed conflict in executive function (EF), theory of mind (ToM) and empathy in a rarely studied group, children living in eastern Turkey. The data were collected from 115 children (60 girls) aged 39 to 95 months (M = 68.22, SD = 14.62). Results revealed that children’s performance was low in the EF and ToM tasks, and high in the empathy task. In path analysis, controlling for age, armed conflict experience predicted lower EF (β = − 0.15) and higher empathy (β = 0.21), and socioeconomic adversity predicted lower ToM (β = 0.20). These findings contribute to our knowledge on cognitive and emotional development of children who live in such disadvantaged contexts.
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B, International Child Development Steering Group (2007) Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 369:60–70PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B, International Child Development Steering Group (2007) Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 369:60–70PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
go back to reference WHO (2020) Improving early childhood development. WHO, Geneva WHO (2020) Improving early childhood development. WHO, Geneva
4.
go back to reference Evans GW, Kim P (2012) Childhood poverty, chronic stress, self-regulation, and coping. Child Dev Perspect 7:43–48CrossRef Evans GW, Kim P (2012) Childhood poverty, chronic stress, self-regulation, and coping. Child Dev Perspect 7:43–48CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardner JM, Lozoff B, Wasserman GA, Pollitt E, Carter JE (2007) Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet 369:145–157PubMedCrossRef Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardner JM, Lozoff B, Wasserman GA, Pollitt E, Carter JE (2007) Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet 369:145–157PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Siddiqi A, Kawachi I, Berkman LVS, Hertzman C (2007) Variation of socioeconomic gradients in children’s developmental health across advanced capitalist societies: analysis of 22 OECD nations. Int J Healthc 37:63–87 Siddiqi A, Kawachi I, Berkman LVS, Hertzman C (2007) Variation of socioeconomic gradients in children’s developmental health across advanced capitalist societies: analysis of 22 OECD nations. Int J Healthc 37:63–87
7.
go back to reference Zelazo PD, Müller U (2002) Executive function in typical and atypical development. In: Goswami U (ed) Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, pp 445–469CrossRef Zelazo PD, Müller U (2002) Executive function in typical and atypical development. In: Goswami U (ed) Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, pp 445–469CrossRef
8.
9.
go back to reference Bull R, Espy KA, Wiebe SA (2008) Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years. Dev Neuropsychol 33:205–228PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bull R, Espy KA, Wiebe SA (2008) Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years. Dev Neuropsychol 33:205–228PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Gunduz G, Yagmurlu B, Harma M (2014) Self-regulation mediates the link between family context and socioemotional competence in Turkish preschoolers. Early Educ Dev 26:729–748CrossRef Gunduz G, Yagmurlu B, Harma M (2014) Self-regulation mediates the link between family context and socioemotional competence in Turkish preschoolers. Early Educ Dev 26:729–748CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Hughes C, Ensor R (2007) Executive function and theory of mind: predictive relations from ages 2 to 4. Dev Psychol 43:1447–1459PubMedCrossRef Hughes C, Ensor R (2007) Executive function and theory of mind: predictive relations from ages 2 to 4. Dev Psychol 43:1447–1459PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Rueda MR, Posner MI, Rothbart MK (2005) The development of executive attention: contributions to the emergence of self-regulation. Dev Neuropsychol 28:573–594PubMedCrossRef Rueda MR, Posner MI, Rothbart MK (2005) The development of executive attention: contributions to the emergence of self-regulation. Dev Neuropsychol 28:573–594PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Wagner S, Müller C, Helmreich I, Huss M, Tadić A (2014) A meta-analysis of cognitive functions in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24:5–19PubMedCrossRef Wagner S, Müller C, Helmreich I, Huss M, Tadić A (2014) A meta-analysis of cognitive functions in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24:5–19PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Schoemaker K, Mulder H, Deković M, Matthys W (2012) Executive functions in preschool children with externalizing behavior problems: a meta-analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol 41:457–471CrossRef Schoemaker K, Mulder H, Deković M, Matthys W (2012) Executive functions in preschool children with externalizing behavior problems: a meta-analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol 41:457–471CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Wellman HM (2014) Making minds: how theory of mind develops. Oxford University Press, New YorkCrossRef Wellman HM (2014) Making minds: how theory of mind develops. Oxford University Press, New YorkCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Jenkins JM, Astington JW (2000) Theory of mind and social behavior: causal models tested in a longitudinal study. Merrill Palmer Q 46:203–220 Jenkins JM, Astington JW (2000) Theory of mind and social behavior: causal models tested in a longitudinal study. Merrill Palmer Q 46:203–220
17.
go back to reference Yagmurlu B, Berument SK, Celimli S (2005) The role of institution and home contexts in theory of mind development. J Appl Dev Psychol 26:521–537CrossRef Yagmurlu B, Berument SK, Celimli S (2005) The role of institution and home contexts in theory of mind development. J Appl Dev Psychol 26:521–537CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Dumontheil I, Apperly IA, Blakemore S (2010) Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence. Dev Sci 13:331–338PubMedCrossRef Dumontheil I, Apperly IA, Blakemore S (2010) Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence. Dev Sci 13:331–338PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Astington JW (2003) Sometimes necessary, never sufficient: false-belief understanding and social competence. In: Repacholi B, Slaughter V (eds) Individual differences in theory of mind: implications for typical and atypical development. Psychology Press, New York, pp 13–38 Astington JW (2003) Sometimes necessary, never sufficient: false-belief understanding and social competence. In: Repacholi B, Slaughter V (eds) Individual differences in theory of mind: implications for typical and atypical development. Psychology Press, New York, pp 13–38
20.
go back to reference Korucu I, Selcuk B, Harma M (2017) Self-regulation: relations with theory of mind and social behavior. Infant Child Dev 26:1–23CrossRef Korucu I, Selcuk B, Harma M (2017) Self-regulation: relations with theory of mind and social behavior. Infant Child Dev 26:1–23CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Imuta K, Henry JD, Slaughter V, Selcuk B, Ruffman T (2016) Theory of mind and prosocial behavior in childhood: a meta-analytic review. Dev Psychol 52:1192–1205PubMedCrossRef Imuta K, Henry JD, Slaughter V, Selcuk B, Ruffman T (2016) Theory of mind and prosocial behavior in childhood: a meta-analytic review. Dev Psychol 52:1192–1205PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Devine RT, Hughes C (2014) Relations between false belief understanding and executive function in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Child Dev 85:1777–1794PubMed Devine RT, Hughes C (2014) Relations between false belief understanding and executive function in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Child Dev 85:1777–1794PubMed
23.
go back to reference Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL, Sadovsky A (2006) Empathy-related responding in children. In: Killen M, Smetana JG (eds) Handbook of moral development. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 517–549 Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL, Sadovsky A (2006) Empathy-related responding in children. In: Killen M, Smetana JG (eds) Handbook of moral development. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 517–549
24.
go back to reference Zahn-Waxler C, Radke-Yarrow M, Wagner E, Chapman M (1992) Development of concern for others. Dev Psychol 28:126–136CrossRef Zahn-Waxler C, Radke-Yarrow M, Wagner E, Chapman M (1992) Development of concern for others. Dev Psychol 28:126–136CrossRef
25.
go back to reference McDonald NM, Messinger DS (2011) The development of empathy: how, when, and why. In: Sanguineti JJ, Acerbi A, Lombo JA (eds) Moral behavior and free will: a neurobiological and philosophical approach. IF Press, Italy, pp 341–368 McDonald NM, Messinger DS (2011) The development of empathy: how, when, and why. In: Sanguineti JJ, Acerbi A, Lombo JA (eds) Moral behavior and free will: a neurobiological and philosophical approach. IF Press, Italy, pp 341–368
26.
go back to reference Eisenberg N, Eggum ND, Di Giunta L (2010) Empathy-related responding: associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Soc Issues Policy Rev 4:143–180PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Eisenberg N, Eggum ND, Di Giunta L (2010) Empathy-related responding: associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Soc Issues Policy Rev 4:143–180PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Eisenberg N, Miller PA (1987) The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychol Bull 101:91–119PubMedCrossRef Eisenberg N, Miller PA (1987) The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychol Bull 101:91–119PubMedCrossRef
28.
29.
go back to reference Bradley RH, Corwyn RF (2002) Socioeconomic status and child development. Annu Rev Psychol 53:371–399PubMedCrossRef Bradley RH, Corwyn RF (2002) Socioeconomic status and child development. Annu Rev Psychol 53:371–399PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Brooks-Gunn J, Duncan GJ (1997) The effects of poverty on children. Fut Child 7:55–71CrossRef Brooks-Gunn J, Duncan GJ (1997) The effects of poverty on children. Fut Child 7:55–71CrossRef
31.
32.
go back to reference Bradley RH, Corwyn RF, McAdoo HP, Coll CG (2001) The home environments of children in the United States. Part I: variations by age, ethnicity, and poverty status. Child Dev 72:1844–1867PubMedCrossRef Bradley RH, Corwyn RF, McAdoo HP, Coll CG (2001) The home environments of children in the United States. Part I: variations by age, ethnicity, and poverty status. Child Dev 72:1844–1867PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Zill N, Moore K, Smith E, Stief T, Coiro MJ (1991) The life circumstances and development of children in welfare families: a profile based on National Survey data. Child Trends, Washington, DC Zill N, Moore K, Smith E, Stief T, Coiro MJ (1991) The life circumstances and development of children in welfare families: a profile based on National Survey data. Child Trends, Washington, DC
34.
go back to reference Gillham B, Tanner G, Cheyne B, Freeman I, Rooney M, Lambie A (1998) Unemployment rates, single parent density, and indices of child poverty: their relationship to different categories of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl 22:79–90PubMedCrossRef Gillham B, Tanner G, Cheyne B, Freeman I, Rooney M, Lambie A (1998) Unemployment rates, single parent density, and indices of child poverty: their relationship to different categories of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl 22:79–90PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference McLeod JD, Shanahan MJ (1993) Poverty, parenting, and children’s mental health. Am Sociol Rev 58:351–366CrossRef McLeod JD, Shanahan MJ (1993) Poverty, parenting, and children’s mental health. Am Sociol Rev 58:351–366CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Baker CE, Brooks-Gunn J (2020) Early parenting and the intergenerational transmission of self-regulation and behavior problems in African American Head Start families. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 51:220–230PubMedCrossRef Baker CE, Brooks-Gunn J (2020) Early parenting and the intergenerational transmission of self-regulation and behavior problems in African American Head Start families. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 51:220–230PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Aber JL, Bennett NG, Conley DC, Li J (1997) The effects of poverty on child health and development. Annu Rev Public Health 18:463–483PubMedCrossRef Aber JL, Bennett NG, Conley DC, Li J (1997) The effects of poverty on child health and development. Annu Rev Public Health 18:463–483PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Fay-Stammbach T, Hawes DJ, Meredith P (2014) Parenting influences on executive function in early childhood: a review. Child Dev Perspect 8:258–264CrossRef Fay-Stammbach T, Hawes DJ, Meredith P (2014) Parenting influences on executive function in early childhood: a review. Child Dev Perspect 8:258–264CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Raver CC, Blair C, Willoughby M, Family Life Project Key Investigators (2013) Poverty as a predictor of 4-year-olds’ executive function: new perspectives on models of differential susceptibility. Dev Psychol 49:292–304PubMedCrossRef Raver CC, Blair C, Willoughby M, Family Life Project Key Investigators (2013) Poverty as a predictor of 4-year-olds’ executive function: new perspectives on models of differential susceptibility. Dev Psychol 49:292–304PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Devine RT, Hughes C (2016) Family correlates of false belief understanding in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Child Dev 89:971–987PubMedCrossRef Devine RT, Hughes C (2016) Family correlates of false belief understanding in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Child Dev 89:971–987PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Malti T, Perren S, Buchmann M (2009) Children’s peer victimization, empathy, and emotional symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 41:98–113PubMedCrossRef Malti T, Perren S, Buchmann M (2009) Children’s peer victimization, empathy, and emotional symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 41:98–113PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Nefdt K (2013) Empathy across socioeconomic status and its association with aggressive behaviour in Western Cape children (Unpublished honours thesis) University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Nefdt K (2013) Empathy across socioeconomic status and its association with aggressive behaviour in Western Cape children (Unpublished honours thesis) University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
43.
go back to reference Ekerim-Akbulut M, Şen HH, Beşiroğlu B, Selcuk B (2020) The role of theory of mind, emotion knowledge and empathy in preschoolers’ disruptive behavior. J Child Fam Stud 29:128–143CrossRef Ekerim-Akbulut M, Şen HH, Beşiroğlu B, Selcuk B (2020) The role of theory of mind, emotion knowledge and empathy in preschoolers’ disruptive behavior. J Child Fam Stud 29:128–143CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Slone M, Mann S (2016) Effects of war, terrorism and armed conflict on young children: a systematic review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47:950–996PubMedCrossRef Slone M, Mann S (2016) Effects of war, terrorism and armed conflict on young children: a systematic review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47:950–996PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Scrimin S, Moscardino U, Capello F, Axia G (2009) Attention and memory in school-age children surviving the terrorist attack in Beslan, Russia. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 38:402–414PubMedCrossRef Scrimin S, Moscardino U, Capello F, Axia G (2009) Attention and memory in school-age children surviving the terrorist attack in Beslan, Russia. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 38:402–414PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference UNICEF (1996) The impact of armed conflict on children. UNICEF, New York UNICEF (1996) The impact of armed conflict on children. UNICEF, New York
47.
go back to reference Shonkoff JP, Garner AS, Siegel BS, Dobbins MI, Earls MF, McGuinn L, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care (2011) The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 129:e232-e246 Shonkoff JP, Garner AS, Siegel BS, Dobbins MI, Earls MF, McGuinn L, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care (2011) The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 129:e232-e246
48.
go back to reference Malarbi S, Abu-Rayya HM, Muscara F, Stargatt R (2017) Neuropsychological functioning of childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 72:68–86PubMedCrossRef Malarbi S, Abu-Rayya HM, Muscara F, Stargatt R (2017) Neuropsychological functioning of childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 72:68–86PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Qouta S, Punamäki RL, El Sarraj E (2008) Child development and family mental health in war and military violence: the Palestinian experience. Int J Behav Dev 32:310–321CrossRef Qouta S, Punamäki RL, El Sarraj E (2008) Child development and family mental health in war and military violence: the Palestinian experience. Int J Behav Dev 32:310–321CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Rule BG, Ferguson TJ (1986) The effects of media violence on attitudes, emotions, and cognitions. J Soc Issues 42:29–50CrossRef Rule BG, Ferguson TJ (1986) The effects of media violence on attitudes, emotions, and cognitions. J Soc Issues 42:29–50CrossRef
51.
52.
go back to reference Sams DP, Truscott SD (2004) Empathy, exposure to community violence, and use of violence among urban, at-risk adolescents. Child Youth Care Forum 33:33–50CrossRef Sams DP, Truscott SD (2004) Empathy, exposure to community violence, and use of violence among urban, at-risk adolescents. Child Youth Care Forum 33:33–50CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Farrell AD, Bruce SE (1997) Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. J Clin Child Psychol 26:2–14PubMedCrossRef Farrell AD, Bruce SE (1997) Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. J Clin Child Psychol 26:2–14PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T (2011) Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage 54:2492–2502PubMedCrossRef Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T (2011) Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage 54:2492–2502PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (2006) Turkey migration and internally displaced persons survey. Ismat, Ankara Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (2006) Turkey migration and internally displaced persons survey. Ismat, Ankara
58.
go back to reference Human Rights Inquiry Committee of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (2013) Inquisition report for violation of right to live due to terrorist incidences and violence. TBMM Yayinlari, Ankara Human Rights Inquiry Committee of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (2013) Inquisition report for violation of right to live due to terrorist incidences and violence. TBMM Yayinlari, Ankara
59.
go back to reference Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (2014) 2013 Turkey demographic and health survey. Elma, Ankara Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (2014) 2013 Turkey demographic and health survey. Elma, Ankara
62.
go back to reference Kara B, Selçuk B (2020) Under poverty and conflict: well-being of children living in the east of Turkey. Am J Orthopsychiatry 90:246–258PubMedCrossRef Kara B, Selçuk B (2020) Under poverty and conflict: well-being of children living in the east of Turkey. Am J Orthopsychiatry 90:246–258PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Turkstat (2018) Turkey in statistics 2017. Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara Turkstat (2018) Turkey in statistics 2017. Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara
64.
go back to reference Cowell JM, Lee K, Malcolm-Smith S, Selcuk B, Zhou X, Decety J (2016) The development of generosity and moral cognition across five cultures. Dev Sci 20:1–12 Cowell JM, Lee K, Malcolm-Smith S, Selcuk B, Zhou X, Decety J (2016) The development of generosity and moral cognition across five cultures. Dev Sci 20:1–12
65.
go back to reference Zelazo PD, Anderson JE, Richler J, Wallner-Allen K, Beaumont JL, Weintraub S (2013) NIH toolbox cognitive function battery (CFB): Measuring executive function and attention. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 78:16–33PubMedCrossRef Zelazo PD, Anderson JE, Richler J, Wallner-Allen K, Beaumont JL, Weintraub S (2013) NIH toolbox cognitive function battery (CFB): Measuring executive function and attention. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 78:16–33PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Wimmer H, Perner J (1983) Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition 13:103–128PubMedCrossRef Wimmer H, Perner J (1983) Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition 13:103–128PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Gopnik A, Astington JW (1988) Children’s understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction. Child Dev 59:26–37PubMedCrossRef Gopnik A, Astington JW (1988) Children’s understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction. Child Dev 59:26–37PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Astington J, Jenkins J (1995) Theory of mind and social understanding. Cognit Emot 9:151–165CrossRef Astington J, Jenkins J (1995) Theory of mind and social understanding. Cognit Emot 9:151–165CrossRef
69.
go back to reference Flobbe L (2006) Children’s development of reasoning about other people’s minds (Unpublished master thesis) University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Flobbe L (2006) Children’s development of reasoning about other people’s minds (Unpublished master thesis) University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
70.
go back to reference Macksoud MS (1992) Assessing war trauma in children: a case study of Lebanese children. J Refug Stud 5:1–15CrossRef Macksoud MS (1992) Assessing war trauma in children: a case study of Lebanese children. J Refug Stud 5:1–15CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Gray MJ, Litz BT, Hsu JL, Lombardo TW (2004) Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment 11:330–341PubMedCrossRef Gray MJ, Litz BT, Hsu JL, Lombardo TW (2004) Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment 11:330–341PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Cutting AL, Dunn J (1999) Theory of mind, emotion understanding, language, and family background: individual differences and interrelations. Child Dev 70:853–865PubMedCrossRef Cutting AL, Dunn J (1999) Theory of mind, emotion understanding, language, and family background: individual differences and interrelations. Child Dev 70:853–865PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Pears KC, Moses LJ (2003) Demographics, parenting, and theory of mind in preschool children. Soc Dev 12:1–20CrossRef Pears KC, Moses LJ (2003) Demographics, parenting, and theory of mind in preschool children. Soc Dev 12:1–20CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Hoff E, Laursen B (2019) Socioeconomic status and parenting. In: Bornstein MH (ed) Handbook of parenting: biology and ecology of parenting. Routledge, New York, pp 421–447CrossRef Hoff E, Laursen B (2019) Socioeconomic status and parenting. In: Bornstein MH (ed) Handbook of parenting: biology and ecology of parenting. Routledge, New York, pp 421–447CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Balcetis E, Lassiter GD (eds) (2010) Social psychology of visual perception. Psychology Press, New York Balcetis E, Lassiter GD (eds) (2010) Social psychology of visual perception. Psychology Press, New York
76.
go back to reference Hackel LM, Looser CE, Van Bavel JJ (2014) Group membership alters the threshold for mind perception: the role of social identity, collective identification, and intergroup threat. J Exp Soc Psychol 52:15–23CrossRef Hackel LM, Looser CE, Van Bavel JJ (2014) Group membership alters the threshold for mind perception: the role of social identity, collective identification, and intergroup threat. J Exp Soc Psychol 52:15–23CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Gönültaş S, Selçuk B, Slaughter V, Hunter JA, Ruffman T (2020) The capricious nature of theory of mind: does mental state understanding depend on the characteristics of the target? Child Dev 91:e280–e298PubMedCrossRef Gönültaş S, Selçuk B, Slaughter V, Hunter JA, Ruffman T (2020) The capricious nature of theory of mind: does mental state understanding depend on the characteristics of the target? Child Dev 91:e280–e298PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Ekerim-Akbulut M, Selçuk B, Slaughter V, Hunter JA, Ruffman T (2020) In two minds: similarity, threat, and prejudice contribute to worse mindreading of outgroups compared with an ingroup. J Cross Cult Psychol 51:25–48CrossRef Ekerim-Akbulut M, Selçuk B, Slaughter V, Hunter JA, Ruffman T (2020) In two minds: similarity, threat, and prejudice contribute to worse mindreading of outgroups compared with an ingroup. J Cross Cult Psychol 51:25–48CrossRef
79.
go back to reference UNICEF (2016) Annual Report 2015. New York: UNICEF UNICEF (2016) Annual Report 2015. New York: UNICEF
Metagegevens
Titel
The Role of Socioeconomic Adversity and Armed Conflict in Executive Function, Theory of Mind and Empathy in Children
Auteurs
Buket Kara
Bilge Selcuk
Publicatiedatum
18-10-2021
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Child Psychiatry & Human Development / Uitgave 2/2023
Print ISSN: 0009-398X
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01270-y

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2023

Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2/2023 Naar de uitgave